UNIVERSITI PUTRA MALAYSIA

INTEGRATING ROOT CROP RESEARCH AND EXTENSION FOR SUBSISTENCE HOUSEHOLDS IN THE

PHILIPPINES: AN INDEPTH INQUIRY

PERFECTO URDANETA BARTOLINI

FPP 1999 75

INTEGRATING ROOT CROP RESEARCH AND EXTENSION FOR SUBSISTENCE HOUSEHOLDS IN THE

PHILIPPINES: AN INDEPTH INQUIRY

By

PERFECTO URDANETA BARTOLINI

Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfilment of the Requirp�ents for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy

in the Faculty of Educational Studies Universiti Putra Malaysia

March 1999

DEDICATION

For Carla Evelyn

This piece of work is dedicated .

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

I ' d be remiss in my duties if I would fail to

express my indebtedness to the following people ,

institutions , friends and famil ies whose kind support and

help made the actual real isat ion of this piece of work

possible :

The International Development Research Centre

( IDRC ) Ottawa , Canada for providing the scholarship grant

to complete my doctoral studies . Specif ical ly to Dr . Anne

K. Bernard , Dr . Pedro V . Flores , Miss June Tan and the

Programme Off icers and staff of IDRC , S ingapore , who were

all very instrumental in providing assistance .

The Visayas State Col lege of Agriculture (ViSCA)

through the Scholarship Committee and my home office

unit , the Phil ippine Root Crop Research and Training

Centre through Dr . Manuel K. Palomar , for grant ing my

leave and approval of my studies .

iii

My thesis supervisory committee : Assoc . Prof . Dr .

Hj . Az imi Hj . Hamzah , maj or supervisor ; and members ,

Assoc . Prof . Dr . S aidin Teh , Dr . Md . Sal�eh Hj Has san and

Dr . Raj a Ahmad Taj uddin Abdul Rashid Sha for their kind

support , assistance and expert guidance in accompl ishing

this work to its f inal form .

My indebtedness to Prof . Dr . Alang Perang Abdul

Rahman Zainuddin and Assoc . Prof . Dr . Rahim Md . Sail f or

some ins ights in my research topic .

The staf f of the Faculty of Educational Studies who

were always ready to extend a helping hand in times of my

predicament and need of assistance : Centre Director and

As soc . Prof . Dato ' Dr . Mohd . Nasir I smail , Mrs . Junainah

A . Manan and Mrs. Fat imah Sham Binte Saad .

All my beloved friends whose sincere assistance and

encouragement made my l i fe bearable and enduring through

di fficulties .

iv

Mr . Paul and Mrs . Enya Concepcion Manalo and

children who afforded me the comforts of. home away f rom

home and whose generosity sparked my enthusiasm to

persevere in my work . My indebtednes s to Mr . Paul Manalo

for edit ing my manuscript .

My steadfast friends : Linda A . Lumayag , Nerissa D .

Salayo , Zenaida R . Reyes and Juan D . Albaladej 0, whose

beauti ful friendship , fun and togetherness helped me

overcome my extreme boredom .

My wife Evelyn , whose love , patience and

understanding has given me courage and strong

determination to pursue this dream .

My children , Imelda and Perfecto , Jr . who are always

my j oy and constant inspiration to go on this life ' s

j ourney .

v

TABLE OF CONTENTS

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS LIST OF TABLES LIST OF FIGURES

i i i xvi

xvi i xvii i

xx xxiv

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ABSTRACT ABSTRAK

CHAPTER

I

I I

INTRODUCTION ................ , '" .............. .. 1 Poverty Among Subsistence Households in the Phil ippines .. __ ..................... _ ............. __ 1 Towards Poverty Redres sal in the Phil ippines Land for the Landle s s........................ 4 Land reform in Other Countries_ .... ___ 8

Japan-_._................................................................................. 9 China ..................................... _ ........................................... _..... 10 I s rae 1 ............................................ _ ....................... ___ ..... 11 Mexico ........... __ ........... _ . ....................... _ ... _........ 13

Socio-economic Development in the Rural Are a s ................................................... _........................ .......... 17 Reorienting Research-Extension for Small Farmer Development....................................... 1 9 The Context o f the Study ................................................ 2 1

Importance o f Root Crops in the Country........................................................................... 2 1 The Establ ishment of the Root Crop research Institute ( RCRI ) ..... __ ...... 2 2

Proj ect Background..................................................................... 2 4 Statement o f the Problem................................................... 2 5 Obj ect i ves. _____ . __ . ___ . ____ ._. ___ . . . _._._._._._. __ . __ . 27 Significance of the Study................................................ 2 8

LITERATURE REVI EW ................ _ ........................................ _ .... . 3 0 Who are Subsistence Farmers? __ ... _... 3 1 Subsistence Farmers in the Phil ippines......... 3 3 Subsistence Farmers i n Other Countries......... 3 8

Cairo, Egypt_ .. _ ........... _............................................. 3 8 Korem Ethiopia .......... __ . 4 1 Varanas i , India ............................... _............................ 43 San Martin, Guatemala............................................. 45 Caribbean .. ,,' '''' ... " .. "' .. "'" .. ,,",.. "" ...... __ 4 7

Subsistence Farmers Constraints to Agricultural Production-................ _ ......... _ ....... _.. 4 9

vi

Reaching Out and Assisting the Subsistence Farmers ______________________ __

Research and Technology Development: Focus on the Subsistence Farmers ________ __

Farmer Participation in Research and Development ...... _ .. ________________________ ___

Diagnosing and Establishing a Common Def inition of Problems _._. ________ __

On-farm Research Analysis._ ... ____ .. _ ........ , .... _

Technology Evaluation and Adoption by Subsistence Farmers_ .... ________ _

Farmer Firs t - and-Last Models .... ____ ________ _

primary Elements and Distinct Features of Different Farmer- First-and-Last Methodologies ... _._. __ ... ___ . ...... .. . ... . _ ... ______ _

On- farm Research Methodology ________ _

CIMMYT Approach.....-...... ... __ ._ ...... _ ..... ...... _ .. Farming Systems Research-......... .. ... _.

Sondeo Approach.._... .. ...... _ .. _,_ .. __

Farmer-Back- to - Farmer Model_. ________ _

ICRAF ' s Diagnosis and Design (D and D for Agro- forestry) _ ...................... .

Farmer Firs t - and-Last Model __________ .

Farmer Participatory Research---____ .

Summary of Methodological Features of Farmer First-and- Last Model s __ . __ .. ,_ .... _ ..

Research-Extension Integration, Coordination Linkage and Cooperation. ....... _

Concepts of Integration, Coordination and Linkage _ .... ___ .... ___ , ______ _

As Appl ied and Tested in the Integrated Root Crop Programme ( IRCP) ____

Conceptual Framework... ........... , .... _. __

Research-Extension-Farmer Linkage ___

Research - Farmer Linkage . ...... .... _ . ..... _ .. _ ..

Research -Extens ion Linkage .... _ ...... __

Extension - Farmer Linkage .... _._ ........... _ ..

Empowerment Role _ ______ ...... ____ ...... ____ __

Human Resource Development Role .. _ .. _

Problem-solving and Education Role .. __ .

Some Valuable Lessons Learned from ExtensioD _____________ ...... ______ __

I I I RESEARCH METHODOLOGY __________________ __

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8 1 82 83

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100 101 103 105 106 107

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109 Methodological Background.. .. ...... ... _ ...... _ 109 Appropriateness o f Research Design 112 Approaches in Data Gathering 113

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Focus of the Study_._._. __ . __ . __ ._._._._._._._._._._. __ ._._ .. . .. __ 114 Selection of Infonnants/Respondents_._._._._.__ 115 Data Collection-__ . __ ._._. ____ . __ ._._._. __ ._. ___ . .. __ .___ 117

Indepth In terviews .. _._._._ . ___ ._._._. __ . __ ._._._.___ 118 Document Analys is __ ._._._._. __ ._. ___ ._. __ . __ . 122 Part icipant Observation. ___ -..:.-.-__ 127

Data Analysis and Interpretation-. . 129 Data Categorisation .. .-............... .-...... __ ..... __ 131 Open Coding _ .................................... _ ....... _ ......... _ 133 Axial COding_ ..................................... _.__ 133 Selective Coding .......... _ ....................... .-............... _ 137 Expl icating the Story Line ............ _ ........ __ 14 1 Entering a New World: My Reflections in Doing Qual i tative Study.__ .u. __ 143 Indepth Interviews_ ............................. __ ...... _ 14 7 Transcribing._ ................. ............................. __ ........ _ 152

Organisation of the Chapters .. _. ___ .____ 153

IV THE INTEGRATED ROOT CROP PROGRAMME : ITS BEGINNINGS .................. . .... ... ........ '" .,. ...... ... ... 157 The Beginning of the Integrated Root Crop Programme ( IRCP ) .. _._._._._. __ . ___ . __ ._ 157 The Original Integrated Root Crop Programme proposal s._. __ . ___ ._. __ . __ . ___ ._. 159

Component I: Integration, Evaluation and Training .. _._ . __ . _____ ._.__ 160 Component II: Production, Animal Breeding, and Process ing ................... _ ............... _. 164 Component II: Enhancing Acces s to Appropriate Root Crop Technologies . . ___ 165

The Proposed Integrated Root Crop Extension Model ___ . ______ ._._. __ ._. __ . __ . . . . __ 166

Inventory or Asses sment and Select ion of Root Crop Technologies___ 168 Uni f ied Pre -proj ect Survey/Socio-Economic Survey ........................................... _ .......... _ 169 Consumer Study. ____ . __ ._. ____ ._. __ ._._. .. __ ._ 170 Regional Socio-Economic Data Bases _____ 170 Identi f icat ion of Target Groups __ .___ 172 Development of Communicat ion Plan and Extension Support Material s .. _ . __ . 172 Design and Development of Extension Training Programrnes._. __ ._._ 173 Piloting __ . ____ ._._._. ___ . __ .. _ n. _... . . .... 174

vii i

Product ion and Dissemination of Extension Support Materials for Pilot Regions ..... __ ._ .. _._ ......... _. ___ ...... _. . . . ... 174 Feedback Mechanism and Process Documentation.... ..___ .... _ . . . ". 176 Continuation of Information Services to Scientists and Researchers and Regional Networking 177

Integrated Root Crop Programme ( IRCP) Obj ectives._ ___ . . . _.. 178 Pre- Implementat ion Workshop__________ 179 The Pre - Proj ect Implementation and Planning Workshop at the Far Eastern Hotel ___ . 1 8 0 Proj ect Plans and Outputs o f the Pre- Proj ect Implementation and Planning Workshop at the Far Eastern Hotel ______ 1 8 3 IRDC Review Meeting Report . ... 190 Integrated Root Crop Programme Components .. __ 191 Research Extension Relevance of Root Crops for Subsistence Households in the Phil ippines _ _ . _____ .. _________ ....... __ . 1 9 6 F indings ................... _ .... _ ... _ ... .:.._ ........ _ .. _ .. . .. __ ._ ....... _.... . 199

V IMPLEMENTATION OF THE INTEGRATED ROOT CROP PROGRAMME ( IRCP ) ...................... . .. ...... _ .............................................. 2 0 2 Integrat ion ... "could have made a di f ference in proj ect implementat ion . " ._._ ...... _._ ...... __ .. _ ....... . Concept of In tegra t iOD-... _ ....... _ ... _ .. __ ... _ .............. .

Probl ems of Integra t ion. .. _._ ... __ ....... __ ._ ....... _ ....... . Proj ects Started at the Same Time._._ ..... .

The Human Factor and the Background of the Researchers .. _ ..... __ ._._. __ ....... _. __ ..... .

Basic Researchers Were Included in the Programrne .. _ . __ ._. ____ . . __ .. _

Old and Continuing Proj ects ................................ .

Integration as Applied in the Projects .............. .

Functional Integration. ___ .. ___ ,_ ... _. __

Vertical Integration. ..... _ . ... ____ . __ ......... __ ._ ..

Horizontal Integra t iOD-__ ... __ .... _. ___ ..

Integrat ion Should Be Planned .... __ . ___ . _ _ .. _ ..

Integrat ion in the Technical Field-__ ._ .. .

Ef fectivity of Integration in the Progranune .. .

Coordinat ion ... \\was to mechanical" Linkages ------------------------------_._.-----.-

Linkages with the Department of Agriculture (DA) __ . __ . ___ _

ix

2 0 2 2 0 6 2 0 7 2 0 7

2 0 8

2 0 9 212 212 2 13 2 13 2 14 2 15 2 1 6 2 1 7 2 1 8 2 2 4

2 2 4

Linkage with the University of the Philippines at Los Banos (UPLB) 231 Linkage with other Agencies_ .• __ .•. __ .. 2 3 2 Linkages Among Technical Departments_... 2 3 3 Research- Extension Linkage_ ..•...•...... ___ . 2 3 5

The Uni f ied Surveys of Root Crop Subsistence Farmers and Users... 2 3 6

Rationale _ .... ___ ...... _ .... __ ..... ___ ...... 2 3 6 Obj ectives __ . . .................. 2 3 7 Unified Survey . _________ ... 2 3 8 Basel ine Survey._ .•.• _. __ •. 2 4 1 Sampl ing._ •...•.• _ .. _ .• _ •.•.•.. __ •.• _ •. _ _ ._ .. . ..... , ... ... ..... 2 4 1 Inst rument and Training_... .. 2 4 2 Expected Output : 6 months (July -December 19 8 9 ) ._. ____ ... 2 4 2 The Unif ied Survey at Palembao : The primary Pilot Site __ ._.____ 2 4 3 Reactions from the Interviews _ 2 4 4 Reactions from Farmers .... _. ____ ._ .• _... 2 4 5 Problems Met ..• _ ...• __ .•. _____ . __ ._._... ...... 2 4 6 What IRCP Staf f Perceived o f the Unified Survey ..• _ ...•. _ •.•. _ •.• _ •.•. __ •... __ ._. __ ..... . . 2 4 6 Rapid Rural Apprai sal __ . _____ . _ _ ._. 2 4 8

Pi t fal l s in Integra t ioO-•.•. _._ ... ___ ._ •. __ .. _ .•. _....... 2 4 9 Findings .. _ ..•...... _. __ ._. __ . __ ._. __ ._ ... . ,. '" ......... '" ... ... .... . 2 6 2

VI EXTENS ION PROGRAMME : FOCUS ON THE PILOT S ITE................................................................................................... 2 6 5 Palernbao : The Primary Pilot Site_ .•. _ •.•. _._... 2 6 5

Select ion of the Pilot Site._ .•. _ ...•.. _ _ ..... . ... 2 65 Palernbao : A Poor Site .. _ .• _ ... _ •.•. _._ •. __ ._ ... 2 67 Problems in the Pilot Site .. _ .• _ ...•.•.•. _._..... 2 6 9 Criteria in Selecting the Pilot Site...... 2 7 0

Saram Province : The Municipal ity of Pal ernbao __ ... _. __ . __ ._ .•. ___ . ____ . __ ..... .. , ............. ,. '" ... .... 271

The Pilot Barangays .. _ .. _______ • ___ .... 2 73 Socia-economic Characterist ics_. ____ .... 274 Farming System and Crop Product ion.. _ _ . ..... 276 Root Crops Grown._. __ .•. __ ...•. _ •.•.•...• _ ...•.•. __ ._.... 276 Animal Product ion_ ........ _. ___ .•. ___ ._... 2 8 0 Farmers ' Problems._._. _. ___ .. 2 8 0 Manong Pedong ( A Sunsistence Farmer) ..... , 2 8 6

Sagbon : The Secondary Pilot Site._. 2 9 0 Crops Grown ___ ._ 2 9 0 Linkage with the Department of Agriculture (DA) ______ .... .._ 2 9 1

x

Selection of the Secondary pilot Site ... _. 296 Communicat ion Strategy .. __ .• __ ._ .• _ .• ___ 296 Farmers ' Field Day._ ...•.. __ .• ____ ._ •. _ •.•. _ . . . __ .•.. 2 9 7 Farmer Participation. .•. _____ ._.__ _ 2 9 7 Sagbon : Technically Was a Non-site ... _ ....... 2 9 8 Sagbon Was a Sweet Potato Growing Area ... 2 9 9

The pilot Sites : Similarities and Differences_3 01 At Palembao , the Primary Pilot S ite_ .. . . 301 At Sagbon , the 'Secondary Pilot Site _____ 3 1 0

Findings._. __ ._ .•.•. __ ............. _.... 3 12

VII TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER STRATEGIES .......... _._ ..... ......... -.... 3 15 Fielding the Field Team.._ .•.• _..... .. .. _u . . ..... 3 15

Selection of the Field Team _____ •. 3 1 6 Field Team Orientation. ...•.• _ •.•.•. _ •.•.•. _. ___ .• _ .. 317 Field Team As signment ...... _ •.•.• . ___ ._ .•. ___ ....... 3 17 Feedbacks ..... ___ •. ____ ._ .•.•...•...•.•.• _.. 3 18 Extens ion Methods._ •.•.•. _._ .•.•.•. __ .•. ___ .• ___ ...... . 3 2 0 Meet ings ... __ • __ ._ •. __ • ___ . ...... 3 2 2 Choice of the Demonstrat ion Farm Site...... 3 2 3 The Staf f House and Training Hal l _____ ... 324

Termination of Field Extension Staf f.. ___ ... _._...... 324 Activities of the Field TeaID-____ . 3 2 7

Established Demonstration Farm.. ___ .. _ .. _._..... 3 2 7 Produ c t ion Area.. •.• __ ._ •..... _ •...•.. _ .•.•.•. __ .•.•.•. __ ._. . 327 Propaga t ion Area_. __ •.•.•.•.•...•.•. __ ..• _ .• _._ •.•. _.. . . 328 Communi ty Organi s ing .. _ ....•...•...•.•.•. _ .•.•.•.•.• _...... 328 The Communi ty Organi ser .... ..... _ ..•.•.• .•.•.•. _ .. _..... 3 2 9 Conducted Organisational Meetings __ ._... 3 3 0 Registration o f Farmers Assoc iat ions .. _..... 3 3 2 Conduct of On- Farm Research. .•.• _ •.• _. .. 333 Obj ectives of On- Farm Research.-. __ .. _ ..... 333 Selection of Farmer Cooperator_. ____ ..... 334 Appropriate Technologies for On - Farm Research._ ... _ .. _ .. _ _ ..•. _ •...... _ ..•... ___ .. 337 Moni toring and Evaluat ion. .•.•.• _ .• ___ .•.•.•. __ ._. 3 3 9 Conduct of Trainings and Meetings ___ ..... 3 4 0 Fa rme rs Cl a s se s ..................... _ .•.•.•.•. __ •....... __ ....... . 3 4 1 Fie 1 d Tr i p ...... _ •.•.•. _ .•.•.•.• .•...•.•.•.•.•.•... _. _____ . __ .... . . 342 Farmer Cooperators ' Visit to Santiago Southern Lemar Province.. . 343 Conduct of Farmers I Needs Assessment_..... 344 Farmers Dialogue ......... _. __ • __ •.•.•.• _ _ •. __ .•. _. . 3 4 6 Distribute Root Crop Planting Material s 3 4 8

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Establi shed Community Newsboard ...•.•.• _ •. __ •.. 349 Farmers Training Conducted... ___ ._._._. __ . __ . . 351 Sponsored Contests and Awards.............................. 359

Reorganisation of the Field Team. . __ ...................... _.. 364 React ions of Cooperators to the New Field Team 364 Feedback About OFR Implementat ion 365

Farmers Association Act ivities . _ ... __ .... 365 Barangay Pahangdon Farmers Association... 365 Barangay Natad Farmers Associat ion..-._. . 375 Barangay Lagbason Farmers Associatio�.. . 378 Barangay Nadaginot Farmers As sociation ... . 379 Barangay Pandan Farmers Associatio� ........ . . 379 Barangay Laksa Farmers Associat ion .. _........... . 385

Farmers Poor Attendance in Meetings Trainings , Farmers Clas ses and P intakas i......... . . 394 The Field Team and Technology Trans fer S trategies .... _ .. _ •. _. ___ ._ .. _____________ ._. ___ ._. 396

Creation of the Field Team. ...... _............................. 396 Orientat ion and Brief ing of the Field Team._. ____ . ___ . ________ •. _ . __ ._ . . . 396 Duties and respons ibilities........................... 397 Stress and Strife .. __ _ _ .•. _ _ ... __________ .. 398 Field team St rategy Not Cost Effect ive ... . 400 St rong Linkage and Collaboration wi th the Department of Agriculture (DA) ............ . . 401 Benefits of Farmers from Trainings .. _. __ ._. __ 402 Termination of the Extens ion Staff .. . . .... .. . . 406 Farmers Attitude .. _._. ___ • ____ .•. ___ . ______ .• _ ... 407

Findings......................................................................................................... . . 408

vm MANAGEMENT , I SSUES AND PROBLEMS IN IRCP............ . . 411 Management of IRCP __ ._. __ ._ .. ___ • ____ .. ____ ... 411

General Programme Manager_. _____ .__ 411 Technical Programme Manager _____ .•. __ . __ 412 The Programme Management Committee (PMC) 413 Personnel Management .. __ .• __ .• ____ .•. _ .•. ____ .•. __ .... 414 Programme Coordination and Integration ..... . 414

Shortcomings of Management................................................... 415 Over-extens ion of Responsibility ..•. ____ .•.. 415 No Consultation with Research Staf f___ 416 Characterist ics of the IRCP Leadership__ 416 IRCP Management Given Poor Rat ings .. 418 Biased on Fund Allocat io�_. _______ ._ 418 There Must Be Transparent Management ..... _ 419

xi i

Major Constraints in Programme Implementation 4 2 0 "Don ' t Put Into Our Mouths More Than

Wha t we Can Chew" . __ . __ ._._. _______ ._. ____ _

Withholding of Technological Informa t ion __ ._. _____ ._. ____ ._._. __ ._. _ _ ._ ... _. __ ..

Problems in the Production of Communication Materials .. __ . ______ _____ _

Could Not Produce Extension Support Materials on Time .. ___ ______ _

Difficulty in Getting Assistance from Subj ect Matter Specialists ___ . ___________ __

Delayed Publ icat ion of Communication Materials ___ . ___ . __ .______ , __ . __ . ____ _

Problem of Working with so Many People ... Heavy Academic Load _____ . __ . _______ _

Use of IRCP Vehicles .. _. __ . __ . _____ _

Is sues and Problems ...... .................................................... _ ....... .. Problems with Research Staff_, __ .. _____ __

Very Slow Progress of IRCP ................ _ ... __

IRCP Is Heavily Staffed--. ___ .. __ . _ ____ _

Linkage with the Department of Agricul ture .. _._._._._. __ ._._._._. __ . __ . ________ ... ___ ._ .. Feedback System on Dissemination and Adopt ion ................................. _ ..................... ........................ .

Dissemination and Transfer of Proces s ing Technology._. ______ . __ . __ . ____ ._ ..

Internal Evaluation System. .................................. . Poor At tendance and Schedules of Meet ings .. _._ ..... ____ ._._._._. ___ ._._. ____ ._._ . . __ ..

Issues Discussed During Meet ings. ___ . __ ._ ..

Staff Participation in the Discuss ions Changing Report Format __ . ________ . __

Phas ing __ __ . _______ . __________ ._. _

Monitoring and Evaluation _____ _____ _

IRCP: It Is Beyond Root Crops ____ ._._

Use of IRCP Vehicle : Mitsubishi L-3 0 0 Leadership in I RCP __ ._. __ . __ ._. _________ ._. __ ..

Distribution of Planting Material s._ ...... .

Lack of Planting Material. ........................................ .

Weaknesses of the Integrated Root Crops Progranune Model ...... _ ................................................................. _ ......... .

Problems in Integration�._. ________________ _

Inclusion of Past Proj ects ___________ ____

Phasing_ .. ____ ._. __ . _________ _

Weaknes s in Leadership. __________ ,

Pre- Implementation Workshop_ ... _ .. _ .. _ .. . ______ __

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Proj ect Implementation. ___ •.• ___ . ___ .•.•. ____ .. 450

People are Indi vidualistic .. ____ .•.•. _ __ 45l. IRCP Is Too Big .............................................. _ ......... _ .. _... 452

The Complexity of IRCP ... _ ............................... ................... __ .. 452 The Implementation of IRCP ___ . ___ ._. _____ .___ 453 Findings .......................................... _ ............. __ ..............

. ............ __ ..... 459

IX BENEFITS, LESSONS AND INSIGHTS DERIVED FROM THE INTEGRATED ROOT CROP PROGRAMME. __ .. 462 Maj or Benefits from the Integrated Root Crop Programme ...................... _ ............. __ .... _ ....... _ ......... _ _ .... 462

Change in Working Attitude of Researchers .. _. __ •. __________ , __ _

Strengthening of ESCAAS as an Inst itut ion. Acquisi tion of Vehicles and Laboratory Equipment Training ___ ._._. ___ . __ . __ . ___ •. ____ ., __ _

Impact of IRCP on the Farmers. Lessons and Insights by IRCP Staff

462

463

464 464 465

Derived f rom the Programme .......................................... _ ........ 465 IRCP : \\a big learning experience" ___ . __ .. 465 Participatory Planning .. _. _____ . ___ ._. ____ .. 465 The Value of Cons tant Communication.. ____ 466 Compartmentali zed Research Hindered Integration. ...................................................................................... 466 The Importance of Sound Management .. _ _ ._._._.. 467 Good Planning Was a Must. ______ ._. _____ . 468 IRCP Needed a Ful l Time Management .. ____ ._._._. 469 Good Experience for Individual Researchers .. _ .•. _._. ___ . __ . __ . ___ . ______ ._._ . 471 Integration as a New Experience_._._. ____ ._._._472 Farmers Experimentation with the Technology .. __ . __ ._. ___ . _____ ._._. _ _ . ____ .•.•. _____ . 473 Conditions Contributing to Success in IRCP. __ ._. ____ ._._._. ___ ._._. __ . ______ ._. ____ . __ .. 474

Suggestions for Ef fective Implementation of the Integrated Root Crop Programme........................ 475

Part i cipatory Management __ ._. __ ._ .•.•.•.•. ___ ... 476 Transparency in Management .. _. __ . ___ . ____ ._.. 476 Good Planning_. ____ ._._. ___ . ___ ._. __ ._________ 477 Clear Goal Setting _________ . 478

Importance and S ignificance of the IRCP............... 479 Findings............................................................................................................ 485

xiv

x SUMMARY , CONCLUS IONS , IMPLICATIONS AND RECOMMENDATI ONS .................................. ............. _ .. _ ............. _._ ......... .. 487 Sununary ... .................. ................... __ ............ ..................................................... ... 487

The Study ...... ___ ..... _ .... .. _ ..... __ . __ ._.... . ... . ........... 487 The Obj ec t i ve s ...... _ ................. _ .. _................. . . . . . 4 8 8 The Methodol ogy ........... _ ... _ ..... _ .... ___ ; .. _ ... _ .. . . . . ,. ... 4 8 9 The Context o f the Study ...... ___ ..... ___ .. 4 9 0 The Findings ..................... .............................. _ .................. _..... 4 9 0

Conclusions ................. ........ _ ............................... _ .. _ ... _ .. ___ . __ ....... 4 9 5 The Operations , Functions , Proces ses and Consequences of the Integrated Root Crop Progranune ( IRCP) .. ___ .. _ ... __ .. ___ 4 9 5 Appropriateness of the Integrated Approach in Research and Extension _ . . _.... 5 0 3 The Components and/or Elements and Obj ectives of the Integrated Research and Extension Progranune .. _._._... 5 0 8 The Nature o f the Integrated Root Crop Programme : Its Strengths and Weaknes ses 512 Insights and Lessons from the Integrated Root Crop Prograrmne._ ..... _ . __ .. _. 514

Impl i cat ions ...... _ ........... ................. _........... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . 518 Rec ormnenda t i ons ............ _ ............... __ ... _._._. __ .... . . .... . .. , .. , .. , .. , 521

A Unif ied Theme and a Conunon Focus or Goal ................ _ ......................... ......... '.'.'.' .'.'.'_.'.' __ '." 5 2 2 Conunon Commodity and Framework. .................... _._ ... _ ...... _ ..... _ ..... . . . .. ... . . . .. , . .. ... 5 2 2 Obj ectives , Strategies Schedules and Activities .... _ .... _ ...... _ ............ _._._._...... . . . . . . . . 5 2 4 An Integrated Proj ect Implementation , Monitoring and Evaluation Plan ...... __ ........... 5 2 5 Proper Phas ing of Proj ects and Ac t i vi tie s .. _ ...... _. __ ... __ ........... _ .... ___ ._ .. . ... . , ........... " 5 2 7 A Democrat ic , Transparent and Part i c i pa tory Managemen t .. .. _ ..... _. __ ... _._._ ... _._ ... _.. 529

GLOSSARy .......................................................................................................... _............... 5 3 0 B IBL I OGRAPHY .. _ .•. __ .•. _ .•. _ .•.•. _._ ..... _ ............ .... .. . " ....... . . . . , . . , .... ...... '" " . 5 3 2 APPEND I CES_._ ..... __ ._._._. __ ._._._._._._ ....... _ ...... ..... .. . '" ........... , .. . .. , ... . , .. , .. , 542 B I OGRAPHI CAL SKETCH .. _ •.•.•.•.•.•.•.•.•.•.•.•.•. _ •.•. _._......... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 5 9

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LIST OF TABLES

Table

1 Distinctive Features and Elements of

Page

Farmer- First-and-Last Models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86

2 Summary on the Number of Programmes, Proj ects and Studies of the Integrated Root Crop Programme . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 8 9

3 Categorisation o f Palembao Landholders . . . . 272

4 Number of Years in Sweet Potato Farming . . . 29 1

5 Proj ect Phases and Sequence of Impl ementation of the Integrated Root Crop Research and Extension Programme . . . . . . 528

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure

1 Conceptual Framework of an Integrated Research- Extension- Farmer

Page

Linkage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 8

2 Diagram on the Funct ional Relationships of the Core Categories . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 2 6

3 A Proposed Integrated Root Crop Extension Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 9

4 Schematic Diagram on Technology Transfer .

5 Schematic Diagram of Extension

1 7 1

Support and Linkages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . '" 173

6 Schematic Diagram of Unif ied Survey 2 13

7 Causal Diagram of Farmers ' Problems in

Pilot Barangays at Pal embao, Saram _ . . . 2 5 2

8 An Integrated Root Crop Research and Extension Programme Model ... . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 7 7

xvii

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

ESCAAS - Eas tern State Coll ege of Agri cul ture and Appli ed Sciences

ReRI Root Crop Research Insti tute

RC-ISC - Root Crop Infor.mation Centre

AT Agricultural Technician

BAR Bureau of Agricultural Research

BARC Barangay Agrarian Reform Off icer

CARL Comprehensive Agrarian Ref orm Law

CARP Comprehensive Agrarian Ref orm Programme

CIAT Centro Internacional de Agricul tura Tropical

CLOA Cert if icate of Land Owner Award

C I P Centro Internacional de la Papa

CO Community Organiser

DA Department of Agricul ture

DAR Department of Agrarian Reform

DBP Development Bank of the Phil ippines

DOLE Department of Labour and Employment

DTI Department of Trade and Industry

EP Emancipation Patent

xviii

FA

FAO

lORe

Farmers Association

Food and Agriculture Organisation

International Development Research Centre

IRCP Integrated Root Crop Programme

MAO Municipal Agricultural Off icer

MARO Municipal Agrarian Reform Off icer

NPA New Peoples ' Army

OFR On-Farm Research

PCT Programme Core Off icer

PIT Project Implementation Team

PMC Programme Management Committee

PAGASA - Philippine Atmospheric Geophysical Astronomic Services Administration

PAO Provincial Agricultural Off icer

RC-FAC - Root Crop Farmers Advisory Council

SALT Sloping Agricultural Land Technology

UPLB University of the Philippines at Los Banos

xix

Abstract of thesis presented to the Senate of the Universiti Putra Malaysia in partial fulfillment of

the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy.

INTEGRATED ROOT CROP RESEARCH AND EXTENSION

FOR SUBSISTENCE HOUSEHOLDS IN THE

PHILIPPINES: AN INDEPTH INQUIRY

By

PERFECTO U. BARTOLINI

March 1 9 9 9

Chairman: Assoc. Prof. Dr. Hj . Azimi Hj . Hamzah

Faculty: Educational Studies

The establishment of the Root Crop Research

Institute (RCRI) at Eastern State College of

Agriculture and Applied Sciences (ESCAAS), at Bucgay,

Lemar Province (All names of persons, places and

institutions in italics are fictitious.) triggered the

impetus for root crop research and extension. The

maj or programme of RCRI is the Integrated Root Crop

Programme (IRCP). This study focused on the IRCP's

operations, functions, processes and consequences as

an integrated research and extension programme for the

subsistence farmers and their households in the

xx

Philippines . The methodological approaches employed

were indepth interviews,

participant observation

qualitat ive research .

document

under the

analysi s

umbrella

and

of

The study revealed that the researchers and

proj ect implementers of IRCP faced the dilemma and

confusion on how to operate a large scale integrated

proj ect that cons ist of four programmes , 11 proj ects

and 32 studies . Integration was found to be ef fect ive

in management but there was a short fall in the

interact ion among researchers , extension workers and

farmers. However , they did experience a form of

teamwork . The f indings indicated that there was an

attempted linkage among proj ects , staff and

institutions. The linkage between the Department of

Agriculture and IRCP was not fully realised . The

respondents perceived an autocratic leadership s tyle

as a weaknes s in management . The components/elements

in IRCP was found to fall short of the i r expected

outcome s .

xxi

The pilot baranggys (villages) at Palembao, Sararn

were not appropriate for sweet potato technol ogy

transfer because the farmers were ggQi ( taro ) and

cassava growers . Although, IRCP embarked on vigorous

root crop technology transfer strategies but the

subsistence farmers were reluctant to adopt these

technologies . Subsistence farmers planted watermelons

instead because of high income . Al l the farmers

associations were engaged in sari -sari

stores because these were profitable.

(variety)

Among the maj or conclusions are : (1) a

compartmental ised research sys tem hampers integrat ion;

(2) accommodating more proj ects and researchers

expanded the programme and gave rise to competition of

resources ; (3) integrat ion was partial and incomplete ;

(4) IRCP ' s strength i s teamwork ; (5) the lack of

organisational mechanism for check and balance in

management fosters an autocrat ic style of management ;

(6) programme components/elements

shortfalls vis - a-vis specific

have achieved

obj ectives ; (7)

subs istence farmers adopt a technology that will

increase their income ; and (8) members of farmers

xxi i

associations tended to be suspicious to fellow farmers

and even to out siders.

The study recommends a modified Integrated Root

Crop Research and Extension model with a unif ied f ocus

and goal .

xxii i

Abstrak tesis yang dikemukakan kepada Senat Universiti Putra Malaysia sebagai memenuhi syarat untuk

memperolehi Ijazah Doktor Falsafah

PENYELIDIKAN DAN PENGEHBANGAN BERSEPADU BAGI TANAMAN RENEK UNTUK KELUARGA MISKIN DI

FILIPINA : SATU PENELITIAN TERPERINCI

Oleh

PERFECTO U . BARTOLINI

Mac 1999

Pengerusi: Prof. Madya Dr. Haji Azimi Haji Hamzah

Fakulti: pengajian Pendidikan

Penubuhan Roo t Crop Research Ins ti tu te (ICRI) di

Eas tern Sta te College of Agricul ture and Appl i ed

Sci ences (ESCAAS), di Bucgay, Lemar Province (semua

nama responden, tempat dan institusi dalam bentuk

italik adalah rekaan) menjadi penggerak kepada

kegiatan penyelidikan dan pengembangan teknologi

tanaman berumbi di Filipina. Program utama RCRI ialah

Integrated Root Crop Programme (IRCP). Kajian ini

memberi tumpuan terhadap operasi IRCP, fungsi, proses

dan kesan sebagai program pengembangan dan

penyelidikan yang bersepadu untuk petani sara hidup di

xxiv