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UNIVERSITI PUTRA MALAYSIA
EFFECT OF SILVICULTURAL TREATMENTS ON BULUHMADU (GIGANTOCHLOA ALBOCILIATA (MUNRO) KURZ)
FOR SHOOT PRODUCTION
JOHAR BIN MOHAMED
FH 2012 20
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BULUH MADU (GIGANTOCHLOA ALBOCILIATA(MUNRO) KURZ) FOR SHOOT PRODUCTION
JOHAR BIN MOHAMED
MASTER OF SCIENCEUNIVERSITI PUTRA MALAYSIA
2012
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HT UPMEFFECT OF SILVICULTURAL TREATMENTS ON BULUH MADU
(GIGANTOCHLOA ALBOCILIATA (MUNRO) KURZ) FOR SHOOT PRODUCTION
By
JOHAR BIN MOHAMED
Thesis Submitted to the School of Graduate Studies, Universiti Putra Malaysia,in Fulfilment of the Requirement for Degree of Master of Science
November 2012
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Special dedicated to
My Mother and Father
My Brothers and Sisters
My Beloved Wife
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Abstract of thesis to the Senate of Universiti Putra Malaysia in fulfilment of the requirement for the degree of Master of Science
EFFECT OF SILVICULTURAL TREATMENTS ON BULUH MADU(GIGANTOCHLOA ALBOCILIATA (MUNRO) KURZ) FOR SHOOT PRODUCTION
By
JOHAR BIN MOHAMED
November 2012
Chairman : Associate Professor Azmy Bin Hj. Mohamed, Phd
Faculty : Forestry
Bamboo recources in Malaysia are limited and usually acquired from forest wildly and also
small scale bamboo plantation. It has high potential and demand in the local market and
worldwide. Most of the bamboo shoots in the local market are still being imported from other
countries, especially China, Taiwan and Thailand. Therefore, this study was carried out to
determine the best Silviculture treatment (planting technique, fertilizer regime, harvesting
method) and their interaction for commercial shoot production. 480 seedlings were arranged
using Split-Split-Plot design while the data was analyzed using SPSS 12.0. The parameters
were number of culm, heigh of culm, number of shoot, height of shoot and weight of shoot.
There are significant difference p at ≤0.05 level for fertilizer regime; which chicken dung give
highest of all parameters compared to NPK. Harvesting method showed significant difference
at p ≤0.05 with 51%-75 % harvesting method for number of culm and height of clump, but no
significant for number of shoot, height of shoot and weight of shoot. Planting technique also
showed significant difference at p ≤0.05 level for height of clump but no significant different
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for other parameter. However, there was significant difference at p ≤0.05 level for interaction
between harvesting method and planting technique for number of culm and height of clump.
The significant difference also showed for interaction between fertilizer regime and planting
technique for shoots parameters. Rainfall have high effect to bamboo shoot production.
Commercial bamboo plantation for shoot production need a good irrigation system for water
supply, using chicken dung (organic fertilizer), control harvesting method with range 51 % -
75 % harvesting for sustainable yield and maintained residues.
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Abstrak tesis yang dikemukakan kepada Senat Universiti Putra Malaysia sebagai memenuhi keperluan untuk ijazah Master Sains
KESAN RAWATAN SILVIKULTUR TERHADAP BULUH MADU (GIGANTOCHLOA ALBOCILIATA (MUNRO) KURZ) UNTUK PENGELUARAN
REBUNG
Oleh
JOHAR BIN MOHAMED
November 2012
Pengerusi : Profesor Madya Azmy Bin Hj. Mohamed, Phd
Fakulti : Perhutanan
Sumber buluh di Malaysia adalah terhad dan biasanya diperolehi daripada buluh yang tumbuh
liar di hutan dan juga dari ladang buluh berskala kecil. Ia mempunyai potensi dan permintaan
dalam pasaran tempatan dan antarabangsa. Kebanyakan rebung di pasaran tempatan masih
diimport dari negara-negara lain terutamanya dari China, Taiwan dan Thailand. Sehubungan
itu, kajian ini telah dijalankan untuk menilai rawatan silvikultur yang terbaik (teknik
penanaman, regim baja dan kaedah penuaian) dan interaksi diantara rawatan-rawatan
silvikultur tersebut untuk penghasulan rebung secara komersial. 480 anak benih telah disusun
menggunakan rekabentuk Split Split-Plot dan kemudian data dinalisis menggunakan perisian
SPSS 12.0. Parameter yang di gunakan ialah bilangan batang, tinggi batang, bilangan rebung,
tinggi rebung dan berat rebung. Terdapat perbezaan yang ketara pada aras p ≤0.05 untuk rejim
baja; tahi ayam memberikan hasil tertinggi terhadap semua parameter berbanding NPK.
Kaedah penuaian menunjukkan perbezaan yang ketara pada aras p ≤0.05 dengan kaedah
penuaian 51 % -75 % untuk bilangan batang buluh dan ketinggian rumpun, tetapi tidak ketara
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untuk bilangan rebung, ketinggian rebung, dan berat rebung. Teknik penanaman juga
menunjukkan perbezaan yang jelas pada aras p ≤0.05 untuk ketinggian rumpun tetapi tiada
perbezaan yang ketara bagi parameter lain. Walau bagaimanapun, terdapat perbezaan yang
ketara pada aras p ≤0.05 untuk interaksi antara kaedah penuaian dan teknik menanam
terhadap bilanagan batang buluh dan ketinggian rumpun buluh. Perbezaan yang ketara juga
didapati daripada interaksi antara rejim baja dan teknik penanaman bagi parameter-parameter
rebung. Jumlah hujan memberi kesan yang tinggi kepada pengeluaran rebung. Perladangan
komersial buluh untuk pengeluaran rebung memerlukan sistem pengairan yang baik untuk
bekalan air, dengan menggunakan tahi ayam (baja organik), kaedah kawalan penuaian dengan
julat 51% - 75% penuaian untuk pengeluaran yang berterusan dan mampan serta untuk dirian
tinggal.
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
In the name of Allah, the Almighty...
Firstly, the highest gratitude to my supervisor Assoc. Prof Dr. Azmy Bin Hj. Mohamed for his
guidance, assistancee, advice and comments through this study. His valuable comments,
support, counseling and encouragement gave me guidance for the complition of this study.
I am greatly indebted to my committee members Assoc. Prof Dr. Zaidon Bin Ashaari for their
assistance, suggestion, valueble comments, encouragements and moral support during this
study.
Sincere thanks to all the lecturers and staff of the faculty especially Dr. Mohd Roslan Bin
Mohd Kassim for his help, assistance and support.
My deepest appreciation and thanks to my father Mohamed Bin Sayuti, my mother Azizah
Binti Aziz and my wife Nor Hashimah binti Anuar for their love, concern, encouragement,
constructive comments and continuous support. Special thanks and appreciation to my
brothers and also my sister for their concern, inspiration and strong support in my study.
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APPROVAL
I certify that a Thesis Examination Committee has met on 20 November 2012 to conduct the final examination of Johar Bin Mohamed on his thesis entitled “Effect of Silvicultural Treatments on Buluh Madu (Gigantochloa albociliata) for Shoot Production” in accordance with the Universities and Univerty Colleges Act 1971 and the Constitution of the Universiti Putra Malaysia [P.U (A) 106] 15 Mac 1998. The Committee recommends that the student be award the Master of Science.
Member of the Thesis Examination Committee were as follows:
Ebil Yusof, PhDSenior LecturerFaculty of ForestryUniversiti Putra Malaysia(Chairman)
Mohd Nazre Saleh@Japri, PhDAssocciate ProfessorFaculty of ForestryUniversiti Putra Malaysia(Internal Examiner)
Mohd Zaki Hamzah, PhDAssociate ProfessorFaculty of ForestryUniversiti Putra Malaysia(Internal Examiner)
Ab Rasip Ab Ghani, PhDChairmanGaharu Emas PlantationKoperasi Gaharu Rawang Bhd (KGRB)(External Examiner)
________________________SEOW HENG FONG, PhDProfessor and Deputy DeanSchool of Graduate StudiesUniversiti Putra Malaysia
Date:
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This thesis submitted to the Senate of Universiti Putra Malaysia and has been accepted as fulfilment of the requirement for the degree of Master of Science. The members of the Supervisory Committee were as follows:
Azmy Hj. Mohamed, PhDAssociate ProfessorFaculty of ForestryUniversiti Putra Malaysia(Chairman)
Zaidon Ashaari, PhDProfessorFaculty of ForestryUniversiti Putra Malaysia(Member)
_____________________________BUJANG BIN KIM HUAT, PhDProfessor and DeanSchool of Graduate StudiesUniversiti Putra Malaysia
Date:
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DECLARATION
I declare that the thesis is my original work except for quotation and citation which have been duly acknowledged. I also declare that it has no previously, or concurrently for any degree at Universiti Putra Malaysia or other institutions.
______________________JOHAR BIN MOHAMED
Date: 20th November 2012
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TABLE OF CONTENT
Page
DEDICATION iiABSTRACT iiiABSTRAK vACKNOWLEDGEMENTS viiAPPROVAL viiiDECLARATION xLIST OF TABLES xiiiLIST OF FIGURES xivLIST OF PLATES xv
CHAPTER
1 INTRODUCTION1.1 Introduction 1
1.1.1 Bamboo Shoot 41.2 Problem statement 41.3 Objectives 7
2 LITERATURE REVIEW2.1 Bamboo 8
2.1.1 Bamboo Usage 92.1.2 Bamboo Characteristic 102.1.3 Bamboo Stand 13
2.2 Bamboo Shoot’s Nutrient 152.3 Market and Demand of Bamboo 162.4 Management of Bamboo Stand 182.5 Gigantochloa albociliata (Buluh madu) 212.6 Silviculture regime 25
2.6.1 Propagation and Planting 252.6.2 Fertilizer 27
2.6.2.1 Manures (Chicken Dung) as Organic Fertilizer 29
2.6.2.2 NPK as Chemical Fertilizer 312.6.3 Harvesting 33
2.7 Soil 342.7.1 The Influence of Soil in Plant Growth 342.7.2 Physical and chemical characteristic of soil 35
3 METHODOLOGY3.1 Study Area 37
3.1.1 Description of Study Area 373.2 Planting Material 383.3 Silvicultural teratment 40
3.3.1 Planting Technique 41
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3.3.2 Fertilizer Regime 423.3.3 Harvesting Method 43
3.4 Experimental Design 443.5 Data Collection 483.6 Data Analysis 49
4 RESULT AND DISCUSSION4.1 Introduction 504.2 One Silviculture Treatment
4.2.1 Planting Technique 504.2.2 Fertilizer Regime 514.2.3 Harvesting Method 52
4.3 Two Silviculture Treatments 534.3.1 Interaction between Fertilizer Regimes with
Harvesting Method 534.3.2 Interaction between Fertilizer Regimes with
Planting Techniques 544.3.3 Interaction between Harvesting Method with
Planting Techniques 55
4.4 Three Silviculture Treatments 564.5 Rainfall 574.6 Soil Physical Propperties 604.7 Discussion 60
5 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION5.1 Conclusion 645.2 Recommendation 64
REFERENCES 68APPENDICES
APPENDIX A 75APPENDIX B 77APPENDIX C 81APPENDIX D 82APPENDIX E 83APPENDIX F 84
BIODATA OF STUDENT 85