UNIVERSITI PUTRA MALAYSIA

SHAZELIA ASHIKIN BT SULAIMAN

FK 2015 68

UTILIZATION OF ARTIFICIAL AQUIFER PHYSICAL MODEL TO AID TECHNICAL LEARNING OF GROUNDWATER HYDROLOGY

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UTILIZATION OF ARTIFICIAL AQUIFER PHYSICAL MODEL TO AID

TECHNICAL LEARNING OF GROUNDWATER HYDROLOGY

By

SHAZELIA ASHIKIN BT SULAIMAN

Thesis Submitted to the School of Graduate Studies, Universiti Putra

Malaysia, in Fulfilment of the Requirements for the

Degree of Master of Science

February 2015

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COPYRIGHT

All material contained within the thesis, including without limitation text, logos, icons, photographs and all other artwork, is copyright material of Universiti Putra Malaysia unless otherwise stated. Use may be made of any material contained within the thesis for non-commercial purposes from the copyright holder. Commercial use of material may only be made with the express, prior, written permission of Universiti Putra Malaysia.

Copyright © Universiti Putra Malaysia

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Abstract of thesis presented to the Senate of Universiti Putra Malaysia infulfilment of the requirement for the degree of Master of Science

UTILIZATION OF ARTIFICIAL AQUIFER PHYSICAL MODEL

TO AID TECHNICAL LEARNING OF GROUNDWATER HYDROLOGY

By

SHAZELIA ASHIKIN BT SULAIMAN

February 2015

Chairman: Mohamed Azwan bin Mohamed Zawawi Faculty: Engineering A study of hydrogeological process involves movement of water beneath the ground surface. Water content in the aquifer influences the quantitative determination of aquifer hydraulic parameters. The limited opportunity to explore and demonstrate groundwater processes is the reason why students have inappropriate understanding of groundwater concept. The visualisation of groundwater flow is quite difficult as it deals with subsurface condition which cannot be seen. In research, field experiments on groundwater are difficult to carry out because time consuming and involves uncertainty in aquifer conditions. Physical models have been used in classroom as a tool for teaching hydrogeology. Further understanding was developed by demonstration and observation of groundwater flow using simple sand tank. Previous research implemented sand tank under controlled conditions to investigate the mechanism and flow process of groundwater. A large artificial physical aquifer model was developed in this study as an alternative to show the students the real aquifer condition and hydrogeology processes. The model consisted of three different layers of soils, in which water table level was controlled using water tank at both sides of the physical model structure. Hydraulic parameters of the artificial aquifer and performance of production well were evaluated by pumping tests. The groundwater flow in the artificial aquifer model was simulated accordingly to Darcy‟s law. Analysis of pumping test was computed by an Aquifer Test software. Well performance measurement provided by a step drawdown pumping test estimated the efficiency of well as 99%. The artificial aquifer model was verified by constant rate discharge pumping test and found to be a leaky aquifer. The pumping test analyzed the aquifer with transmissivity of 78.50m2/day and hydraulic conductivity of 7.37m/day while recovery test analyzed the transmissivity to be 8.22m2/day and hydraulic conductivity of 7.34m/day. Both test analyzed the storage coefficient as 0.5. This artificial aquifer physical model was designed and developed to enhance student‟s understanding of groundwater theory. Through hands-on pumping test on the aquifer model, students would be able to visualize clearer the groundwater processes.

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Abstrak tesis yang dikemukakan kepada Senat Universiti Putra Malaysia sebagai memenuhi keperluan untuk ijazah Sarjana Sains

PENGGUNAAN MODEL AKUIFER BUATAN FIZIKAL UNTUK MEMBANTU

PEMBELAJARAN TEKNIKAL HIDROLOGI AIR BAWAH TANAH

Oleh

SHAZELIA ASHIKIN BT SULAIMAN

Februari 2015

Pengerusi: Mohammed Azwan bin Mohammed Zawawi Fakulti: Kejuruteraan

Kajian mengenai proses hidrogeologi melibatkan pergerakan air di bawah permukaan tanah. Kandungan air di dalam akuifer mempengaruhi penentuan parameter hidraulik bagi akuifer secara kuantitatif. Peluang yang terhad untuk meneroka dan menunjukkan proses air bawah tanah menjadi sebab mengapa pelajar mempunyai kefahaman yang kurang tepat mengenai konsep air bawah tanah. Visualisasi aliran air bawah tanah adalah agak sukar kerana ia berkaitan dengan permukaan bawahan yang tidak dapat dilihat sepanjang kajian. Dalam penyelidikan kajian lapangan tentang air bawah tanah kadang-kala sukar untuk dijalankan kerana memakan masa dan melibatkan ketidaktentuan keadaan akuifer. Model fizikal pernah digunakan di dalam kelas sebagai alat untuk pengajaran hidrogeologi. Pemahaman lebih lanjut dapat dikembangkan melalui demonstrasi dan pemerhatian aliran air bawah tanah menggunakan tangki pasir yang ringkas. Kajian terdahulu menggunakan tangki pasir di bawah keadaan terkawal untuk menyiasat mekasnime dan proses aliran air bawah tanah.Model akuifer buatan yang besar telah dibangunkan dalam kajian ini sebagai alternatif untuk menunjukkan keadaan akuifer sebenar dan proses hidrogeologi kepada pelajar. Model ini terdiri daripada tiga lapisan tanah yang berbeza, di mana paras air dikawal menggunakan tangki air pada kedua-dua belah struktur model. Parameter hidraulik akuifer buatan dan prestasi telaga pengeluaranjuga telah dinilai oleh ujian pengepaman.Aliran air bawah tanah di dalammodel akuifer buatan disimulasi mengikut kaedah undang-undang Darcy. Analisis ujian pengepaman telah dikira dengan perisian Aquifer Test. Pengukuran prestasi telaga yang dilakukan oleh ujian pengepaman surutan berperingkat pengeluaran menganggarkan kecekapan sebanyak 99%. Model akuifer buatan dibuktikan sebagai akuifer bocor dengan ujian pengepaman luahan tetap. Ujian pengepaman juga menganalisis akuifer dengan nilai keterusan sebanyak 78.50m2/hari dan kekonduksian bernilai 7.37m/hari. Manakala ujian pemulihan menganalisis akuifer dengan nilai keterusan 8.22m2/hari dan kekonduksian bernilai 8.22m2/hari. Pekali simpanan pula bagi

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kedua-dua ujian adalah 0.5. Model fizikal akuifer buatan telah direka dan dibangunkan untuk meningkatkan kefahaman pelajar tentang teori air bawah tanah. Melalui amali ujian pengepamanpada model akuifer ini, pelajar akan dapat gambaran lebih jelas tentang proses air bawah tanah.

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

In the name of Allah, the Most Gracious and the Most Merciful. I am very grateful to Allah for the blessing to be able to complete my thesis.

Special appreciation goes to my supervisor, Mr. Mohamed Azwan Mohamed Zawawi, for his supervision and constant support. His invaluable help of constructive comments and suggestions throughout the experimental and thesis works have contributed to the success of this research.

Not forgotten, my appreciation to the committee members Dr. Aimrun Wayayok and Dr. Md Rowshon Kamal for the support and guidance regarding this topic. Special thanks to Prof. Amin and Mohd Salleh for the physical model being utilized in this study. Humble appreciation also goes to all the staff and technicians of the Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia for the co-operation and technical support provided.

Sincere thanks to all members of Soil and Water Conservation Laboratory especially Mr. Hafiz, Mr. Izzudin and Abdul Muizz for their helps and moral supports upon the completion of my project.

Last but not least, my deepest gratitude goes to my parents, Mr. Sulaiman Hashim and Mrs. Asmah Mustafa and also my brothers for their endless love, prayers and encouragement.

May Allah bless all of the people for giving me the utmost support in completion of this project.

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APPROVAL SHEET

I certify that a Thesis Examination Committee has met on 13 February 2015 to conduct the final examination of Shazelia Ashikin binti Sulaiman on her thesis entitled “Utilization of Arificial Aquifer Physical Model to Aid Technical Learning of Graoundwater Hydrology” in accordance with the Universities and University CollegesAct 1971 and the Constitution of the Universiti Putra Malaysia [P.U.(A) 106] 15March 1998. The Committee recommends that the student be awarded the Master of Science.

Members of the Thesis Examination Committee were as follows: Hasfalina bt. Che Man, PhD Associate Professor Faculty of Engineering Universiti Putra Malaysia (Chairman) Mohd. Amin b. Mohd. Soom, PhD Professor Ir Faculty of Engineering Universiti Putra Malaysia (Internal Examiner) Thamer Ahmed Mohamed, PhD Professor Faculty of Engineering Universiti Putra Malaysia (Internal Examiner) Muhammad Mukhlisin, PhD Associate Professor Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Malaysia (External Examiner)

_________________________

ZULKARNAIN ZAINAL, PhD Professor and Deputy Dean School of Graduate Studies Universiti Putra Malaysia Date:

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This thesis was submitted to the Senate of Universiti Putra Malaysia and has been accepted as fulfilment of the requirement for the degree of Master of Science. The members of the Supervisory Committee were as follows:

Mohamed Azwan Mohamed Zawawi Lecturer Faculty of Engineering Universiti Putra Malaysia (Chairman) Aimrun Wayayok, PhD Senior Lecturer Faculty of Engineering Universiti Putra Malaysia (Member)

Md Rowshon Kamal, PhD Senior Lecturer Faculty of Engineering Universiti Putra Malaysia (Member)

__________________________

BUJANG KIM HUAT, Phd Professor and Dean School of Graduate Studies Universiti Putra Malaysia Date:

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Declaration

I hereby confirm that: this thesis is my original work; quotations, illustrations and citations have been duly referenced; this thesis has not been submitted previously or concurrently for any

otherdegree at any other institutions; intellectual property from the thesis and copyright of thesis are fully-

ownedby Universiti Putra Malaysia, as according to the Universiti Putra Malaysia(Research) Rules 2012;

written permission must be obtained from supervisor and the office of DeputyVice-Chancellor (Research and Innovation) before thesis is published (in theform of written, printed or in electronic form) including books, journals,modules, proceedings, popular writings, seminar papers, manuscripts,posters, reports, lecture notes, learning modules or any other materials asstated in the Universiti Putra Malaysia (Research) Rules 2012;

there is no plagiarism or data falsification/fabrication in the thesis, andscholarly integrity is upheld as according to the Universiti Putra Malaysia(Graduate Studies) Rules 2003 (Revision 2012-2013) and the Universiti PutraMalaysia (Research) Rules 2012. The thesis has undergone plagiarismdetection software.

Signature: _______________________ Date: __________________

Name and Matric No.: Shazelia Ashikin Bt Sulaiman (GS33612)

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Declaration by Members of Supervisory Committee

This is to confirm that: the research conducted and the writing of this thesis was under

oursupervision; supervision responsibilities as stated in the Universiti Putra

Malaysia(Graduate Studies) Rules 2003 (Revision 2012-2013) are adhered to.

Signature: _______________________________ Name of Chairman of Supervisory Committee: Mohamed Azwan Mohamed Zawawi Signature: _______________________________ Name of Member of Supervisory Committee: Aimrun Wayayok, PhD Signature: ________________________________ Name of Chairman of Supervisory Committee: Md Rowshan Kamal, PhD

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TABLES OF CONTENTS

ABSTRACT ABSTRAK ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS APPROVAL DECLARATION LIST OF TABLES LIST OF FIGURES LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AND SYMBOLS

Page i ii iv v vii xi xiii xv

CHAPTER 1

2

3

INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background 1.2 Research gap 1.3 Objectives 1.4 Scope and limitation LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 Groundwater in Hydrologic Cycle 2.2 Concepts and Definitions in Groundwater System

2.2.1 Types of Aquifer 2.2.2 Aquifer Recharge and Discharge 2.2.3 Cone of Depression in the Aquifer

2.3 Physical Aquifer Model 2.3.1 Physical Features of the Model 2.3.2 Monitoring Mechanism of Groundwater Flow in the Physical Model 2.3.3 Hydraulic Head Control in the Physical Model 2.3.4 Aquifer Hydraulic Parameters 2.3.5 Physical Properties of Jenderam Hilir

Aquifer 2.4 Soil Particle-Size Analysis 2.5 Equipment Selection 2.6 Verification of Darcy‟s law flow 2.7 Pumping test

2.7.1 Determination of optimum pumping discharge 2.7.2 Step drawdown Pumping Test 2.7.3 Constant Rate Pumping Test 2.7.4 Recovery Test

2.8 Analysis of Aquifer Test software MATERIALS AND METHODS 3.1 Methodology 3.2 Development of Artificial Aquifer Model

1 1 2 3 3 4 4 5 5 7 8 8 8 10 11 11 13 14 16 16 17 17 17 21 25 26 28 28 29

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4

5

3.2.1 Soil Type Analysis 3.2.2 Installation of Semi-confined Artificial Aquifer 3.2.3 Well installation 3.2.4 Piping system in the model 3.2.5 Configuration of Equipment for Pumping Test

3.3 Natural Groundwater Flow Simulation 3.4 Determination of Optimum Pumping Discharge Rate 3.5 Pumping Test

3.5.1 Stepdrawdown Pumping Test 3.5.2 Constant Rate Discharge Pumping Test 3.5.3 Recovery Test

3.6 Analysis of Pumping Test RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS 4.1 Physical Artificial Aquifer Model 4.2 Simulation of Groundwater Flow

4.2.1 Relationship of flow rate and hydraulic head gradient 4.2.2 Determination of hydraulic conductivity

4.3 Analysis of Optimum Pumping Discharge Rate 4.4 Analysis of Pumping Test

4.4.1 Step drawdown pumping test 4.4.2 Constant rate discharge pumping test 4.4.3 Recovery test

CONCLUSIONS

30 33 33 37 39 40 43 43 44 44 45 45 46 46 49 49 50 51 52 52 58 64 71

REFERENCES 72 APPENDIX 76 BIODATA OF STUDENT 79

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LIST OF TABLES

Table Page

1 Hydrogeological paramaters data of Jenderam Hilir aquifer

14

2 Unified soil classification ASTM D2487 15 3 Relation of well loss coefficient to well condition 20 4 Range of interval between water-level measurements

in the pumping well 21

5 Range of interval between water-level measurements in the observation well

22

6 Method of pumping test analysis 24 7 Method of recovery test analysis 25 8 Method of analysis used in Aquifer Test software 26 9 The sieve size opening arranged in the test 31 10 Settling times for soil fractions in pipette method 32 11 Soil grading procedure 32 12 Properties of soil 33 13 Summary of production and monitoring wells 36 14 Equipments used for the pumipng test on the artificial

aquifer model 39

15 Time intervals for water level measurements during pumping test activities

44

16 Discharge rate for each step in step drawdown pumping test

44

17 Results of groundwater flow simulation test 49 18 Calculation of hydraulic conductivity from the

groundwater simulation 51

19 Discharge rate of pumping test versus difference of drawdown in well

51

20 Types of pumping test and its analysis 52 21 Step drawdown pumping test data in well DW1 53 22 Summary of step drawdown pumping test data 55 23 Efficiency of well determined from aquifer loss and

well loss using Aquifer Test 58

24 Constant rate pumping test data for well DW1 59 25 Constant rate pumping test data for well MW3F 60

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26 Hydraulic parameters obtained from the constant rate pumping test

63

27 Recovery test data for well DW1 64 28 Recovery test data for well MW3 65 29 Hydraulic parameters obtained from the recovery test 66 30 Krasny‟s classification of Transmissvity magnitude 67 31 Residual drawdown data 68 32 Comparison of the hydraulic conductivity parameters 70

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LIST OF FIGURES

Figure Page

1 Hydrologic cycle 4 2 The global water inventory 5 3 Aquifer types and formations 6 4 Groundwater recharge process 7 5 Cone of depression formed in the aquifer 8 6 Schematic representation of a 2D sand tank model to

conduct unconfined aquifer test by Lee et al (2001) 9

7 Aquifer model developed by Close et al (2008) 10 8 Two dimensional physical model by Kanel et al (2008) 11 9 Area of interest in Jenderam Hilir 13 10 Textural classification system 15 11 Unified soil classification ASTM D2487 16 12 Schematic illustration of Darcy‟s experiment 18 13 Principle of a stepdrawdown test 23 14 Typical diagnostic plot in hydrogeology 28 15 The structure of the artificial aquifer model 29 16 The structure of water tank that is attached to the

aquifer 30

17 Locations of production and monitoring wells (upper view of the artificial aquifer model)

34

18 Well with its gravel pack 35 19 Diagram of penetration screen and gravel pack 37 20 The artificial aquifer model from front view 38 21 Configuration of equipment for pumping test 40 22 Water level was raised in inlet water tank before it

flowed throughout the artificial aquifer model 42

23 Three layers of soil inside the artificial aquifer model 46 24 Artificial aquifer model from top view 47 25 The location of well points on the artificial aquifer

model 47

26 Full view from the right side of the artificial aquifer model

48

27 Full view from the left side of the artificial aquifer model 58 28 Plot of change in head versus average flow rate 50 29 Discharge rate versus different of drawdown plot 52 30 Time drawdown data of stepdrawdown pumping test in

linear scale 55

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31 Time discharge data of stepdrawdown pumping test 56 32 Time drawdown data of step drawdown pumping test in

semi-log scale 57

33 Hantush Bierschenk well loss analysis 57 34 Time drawdown data of constant rate pumping test on

well DW1 and MW3F 61

35 Diagnostic plots of constant rate pumping test 62 36 Analysis plot of constant rate pumping test for well

DW1 and MW3F 63

37 Time recovery data for well DW1 and MW3F 66 38 Analysis plot of recovery test for well DW1 and MW3F 67 39 Theis recovery method fpr MW3F 69 40 Theis recovery method fror MW3F 70 41 Measuring the initial water level using water level

indicator 76

42 The set up for measuring water level using logger 76 43 Installation of gravel pack of the well 77

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LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AND SYMBOLS

m : Meter

mm : Millimeter

m/day : Meter per day

m2 : Meter square

m3/hr : Meter cubic per hour

m2/day : Meter square per day

L/hr : Litre per hour

m3/day : Meter cubic per day

S : Storage coefficient

A : Area

K : Hydraulic conductivity

T : Transmissivity

D : Diameter

BQ :Aquifer loss

CQ2 :Well loss

Q : Discharge

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CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1. Background Hydrogeology is a study of water movement in the soil of the earth‟s surface. This water movement known as groundwater flow is an integral part of the water cycle. Water evaporates from the earth‟s surface such as ocean, lake or through transpiration from plants, condenses to form clouds and return to the earth‟s surface as precipitation. The precipitation in a form of snow or rain will infiltrate into the subsurface to become groundwater. Possessing appropriate understanding of the water cycle, including groundwater formation and movement is a fundamental component of scientific literacy (Dickerson et al., 2006). Groundwater moves from locations of higher pressure to lower pressure and completely fills the void spaces beneath the earth surface. This geologic water-bearing formation, known as aquifer can yield significant amounts of water through pumping which can be used for domestic or agricultural uses (Harter, 2003). Groundwater recharge is a process where excess water infiltrates throughout porous spaces in the aquifer. The groundwater moves in a constant motion either vertically or horizontally and emerges as discharge from various sources and locations. Dickerson et al. (2006) made a survey and highlighted in the report that the term groundwater was seldom mentioned in the context of water cycle in the standard teaching document. Thus students are unable to imagine such abstract phenomena directly and misunderstanding of groundwater concepts occurs due to the lack of exposure about groundwater in teaching and learning process. The limited opportunity to explore the process of groundwater movement in classroom is the reason why student unable to visualize what exists and occurs inside the structure of the earth. Hilton(2008) reported students should be provided with hands-on learning activities to improve their imagination ability regarding groundwater concepts. The rise of the environmental awareness concerning water resources does increase the importance of an appropriate perception on groundwater. The history of public misconceptions provided by Meyer (1987), which describe most groundwater occurs in very small pore spaces in unconsolidated materials lead to further study on how to enhance teaching and learning of groundwater among students. It is necessary to create clear picture of what happened to the water underground, where it cannot be seen to develop understanding of groundwater concepts (Dickerson et al., 2006). Thus artificial physical aquifer

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model is used to demonstrate the conceptual of groundwater study. Physical models have served important functions in engineering research, practice, and education for hundreds of years (Ferguson, 1992). Models play an important role in determining the quantifying process in the field(Singha and Loheide II, 2011). Students will estimate rates, mechanisms and the magnitude of parameters controlling groundwater flow and contaminant transport better by testing the hypothesis made on the models. Groundwater model is used as a tool for further understanding about the flow of water in the aquifer. Singha (2011)used 2-D ant farm sand tank to provide undergraduate students visual processes of hydrogeological concept. The concept is demonstrated through the observation of groundwater flow as well as the effects of pumping on the aquifer. Physical model is also utilized in the laboratory as an alternative for studying flow and transport in the subsurface (Close et al., 2008). Some field experiments are difficult to carry out because time consuming and involves uncertainty of aquifer conditions. Researchers run the experiment on artificial aquifer under controlled laboratory conditions to investigate the mechanism and flow process of groundwater. There is a need to utilize similar laboratory scale aquifer model and to be evaluated in the same way as a real aquifer. Its ability to demonstrate groundwater concepts such as simulation of natural groundwater flow condition, hydraulic gradient and observing the effects of well pumping to the aquifer would be able to enhance the comprehension of students and also to overcome researcher‟s problem in groundwater study. Data collected from the model can be used either for advance investigation or to relate it with real site case.

1.2. Research gap Aquifer physical model has been used to provide visual processes of hydrogeological in teaching and also as an alternative to study groundwater under certain conditions in the laboratory. All the aquifer physical models described in the previous research and studies are consisted of homogenous type of aquifer and small in size which can be mobilized to any place required. The artificial aquifer in this study though, reproduced according to a real aquifer condition respectively. The condition in groundwater research area in Jenderam Hilir, Selangor, was referred and thus a heterogenous and anistropic layer of aquifer was developed and utilized as an artificial aquifer model. The model is larger than the common size of the aquifer model in previous research and has complex functions which enhance its ability to show the hydrogeological processes.

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1.3. Objectives The hydrologic cycle is often illustrated simply as water transfer between land and ocean. However, hydrologic cycle needs to be viewed at a wide range for better understanding and water resources management. The water cycle illustration often lack of its integral part, which is known as groundwater process. The groundwater cycle should be emphasized during class by addressing appropriate information of the groundwater mechanism in water cycle. However, assessment and practice to assist students to study the groundwater occurrence are limited due to the difficulties in observing the groundwater movement. Physical model is one of the teaching techniques to enhance student‟s understanding of groundwater theory. It provides students, quick understanding of groundwater concepts through demonstration for clearer visual of groundwater process. The use of the simulation technique is a strategic approach to ensure understanding in complex mechanism of groundwater flow. By observing the groundwater system directly and implementing the real-world activities on this physical aquifer model, students will be able to relate this mechanism on the real aquifer condition. The objective of this study was to analyze and evaluate the actual subsurface structure of an aquifer by utilizing artificial aquifer model in order to improve teaching and learning of groundwater concepts. The artificial aquifer model demonstrates processes involved in groundwater theory, including groundwater flow, well hydraulics and also hydraulic parameters of the aquifer. The specific objectives of this research were: i. To utilize an artificial aquifer model resembling the real aquifer, related to

aquifer condition of groundwater research area in Jenderam Hilir, Selangor. ii. To demonstrate natural groundwater flow using artificial aquifer model based

on Darcy‟s law. iii. To analyze the performance of pumping well developed in the physical

model using step drawdown pumping technique. iv. To evaluate the hydraulic parameters of the artificial aquifer developed using

constant rate discharge pumping technique.

1.4. Scope and Limitation The scope of the research covered only on the development of the artificial aquifer model which included the study of the hydraulic parameters and the properties of well. The study was carried out to an extent this artificial aquifer model would work and represents the real aquifer condition. Errors are expected due to the limited confined structure of the aquifer model and artificial structure of the soil. Thus the observation performed on this model might be slightly different with the theoretical observation.

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