UNIVERSITATEA LUCIAN BLAGA SIBIU FACULTATEA DE ISTORIE ŞI PATRIMONIU

Sorin Marcel COLESNIUC

THE ZAU CULTURE

­ ABBREVIATION ­

Coordonator ştiinţific:

Prof. univ. dr. Gheorghe LAZAROVICI

SIBIU 2008

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INTRODUCTION

The idea of us deal with this problem belongs to the teacher Gheorghe Lazarovici, as a result of our participation in the archaeological site Gura Baciului and Cheile Turzii in time student (years 1993­1995), during which I learned modern methods of processing of archaeological material on yard, and after completion of archaeological excavations (description, coding, introduction to databases and information processing of these bases). Teaching methods, as a student, we could not refuse an invitation to continue our work when we offered the opportunity to join us in doctorate with a theme and a chance to process the continuing archaeological materials from a vast area, with modern methods of processing.

In recent times, the dynamism of excavations and research in November, some modern, large area (Gura Baciului, Cluj ­ Memorandiştilor and Piaţa Unirii, Miercurea Sibiului, Taga), more systematic excavations with long years of research (Iclod, Suplacu de Barcău), Rescue excavations (Pericei, Suplac III­Port, Lumea Nouă, Halmeu ­ Vamă and numerous surveys of his M. Gligor). When we talk about research referring to the new synthesis of Z. Maxim, D. Ignat, and S. Băcueţ, M. Gligor, all modern synthesis, the materials are published on the archaeological complex or levels.

Of course, do not forget to mention the research synthesis modern Architecture Neolithic and Age Copper, a recent paper on the Neolithic Romanian Mrs. Cornelia­Magda Lazarovici and Mr. Gheorghe Lazarovici, but the study group's Zau Mr. Gheorghe Lazarovici in the years 2007­2008.

Zau is a culture of the Neolithic civilization developed, with origins in the early Neolithic and in the end or the beginning chalcolithic era copper. Zau culture has four stages of evolution (I­IV): Phase I (the genesis) framed in the early Neolithic ­ a development of local communities Starčevo­Cris, Phase II ­ in the Middle Neolithic; Phase III ­ in the late Neolithic, Phase IV ­ In eneoliticul early age or at the beginning of copper. All these are verified by data C14, direct (or complex levels of culture) or indirect, of cultures cities, which have relations with stratigraphic levels or complex culture Zau. We could not do this work if we had not had access to databases, information, images and new materials, available from our teacher, Gh. Lazarovici, who do this for all students.

CHAPTER I. THE GEOGRAPHICAL

Geo­climatic conditions were critical to the evolution of the human prehistory. Prehistoric human life was, without doubt, related to the environment in which he went there. Human communities have environmental fallow clear forests and grasslands to grow plants and build settlements.

Plain Transylvania Someş located between rivers and Mures, Transylvania Plain consists of a hilly relief,

with broad valleys and ponds along their release subject to landslides. Geological formations housing in the basement, and salt deposits of methane gas. Made up of short hills with an average height of 500 m and wide valleys, Transylvania Plain area that includes the resort and archaeological Zau most points where they were discovered archeological materials belonging culture Zau.

Someş Plateau Someş Plateau can be considered the gateway linking the regions of Transylvania in the

north­western Romania. It consists of a series of separate islands of the lens, with formations of limestone and sandstone that make up a tough relief fragmented. Plateau is favorable fruit

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growing, plant cultivation and livestock. Someş Plateau is the Someş river streaked with its many tributaries.

Apuseni Mountains Apuseni Mountains is a mountain chain, part of the Western Carpathians, which are

bounded to the north of Barcău River, south of the Mureş River, west of Plain and West Hills and east of the hilly Depression of Transylvania. They constitute a true bastion of Transylvania Plateau and West Hills. Apuseni mountains are young, the crinkle, trained in orogeneza Alpino­Carpathian­Himalayană. They are composed of a mosaic of rocks between prevailing limestone, which explains the large number of caves. The relief is well developed, consisting of: keys, defiles and caves. Altitudes not exceeding 2,000 meters, but media varies around 1000 meters.

Waters Transylvania Plateau is crossed by water resources that spring of mountains. Rivers

crossing Transylvania are Mureş, Someş and Olt and many of their tributaries. Apuseni Mountains and they are crossing or they start several rivers including: Breakfast Someşul River, White River, Black River, Barcău River, Crasna. There are numerous valleys that form the main routes connecting.

Soils The most widespread are chernozem leachate, rich in humus and high fertility; brown

forest soil and brown podzolit; aluvionar the meadow soils; lăcoviştile black soil and wet meadow.

Salt An important role in the development of big resorts Neolithic had salt. Thus, the Iclod

is a rich archeological area, and in only seven km is a series of springs and salt baths. At Gherla is a culture Zau, Phase III. Another large resort is the Neolithic archaeological from Cluj ­ Napoca, in the vicinity of deposits and Băilor salt from Cojocna. At Viişoara and Turda are other resorts, also near the mountains of salt in the Turda area.

ClimateThe climate is a temperate­continental transition, with oceanic influences and

mediteraniene southwest. The average annual temperature is between 6 and 10 degrees C and rainfall between 800 and 1,000 mm annually. Winters have a climate of shelter, because the position of the Carpathian arc, but also influences oceanic climate with a wet and moderate heat. In general prevailing winds from the west. In areas near the mountain, the temperature is lower than in the area of the river Mures, where all year long entering masses of hot air. Rainfall is not uniform in the Transylvanian Plateau. The lowest are at the foot of rain in the Apuseni Mountains in Transylvania Plain. In general, the climate can be considered temperate or boreal, with hot summers and cold winters, although there are differences across the Transylvania. Throughout the year, masses of different origin of air entering the area intracarpatic. In spring and early summer in the area get Transilvaniei Atlantic air masses from the west, northwest and southwest. During the summer of entering air masses south of tropical origin, in the form of hot wind. Winter and early spring are part of Transylvania mass of cold air, often Gero, from the north­west. In December and January permeate from the arctic area, wind.

Fauna It is very diverse, the most common species are: fox, wolf, marten, deer, squirrel and

bear. Some of these animals have inhabited since the Neolithic Transylvania, others have disappeared (ie bourse). Osteology measured from: Gura Baciului, Zau de Câmpie, Iclod, Taga and Cheile Turzii brought numerous arguments on the Neolithic era fauna developed.

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Vegetation The vegetation consists largely of: pastures, meadows, forests and coniferous and

broad­leaved trees. Meet here and forests of beech and holm. Among the trees met: oak, Teiului, hornbeam, acacia. Also, meet: the sky and garni, ash and maple, apple wild. In the area of the middle class Mureş, grass vegetation is dominated by Făget, with emphasis expansion graminee. According to studies, during the Neolithic more were spruce forests, hazelnut and oak.

CHAPTER II. DATA GENERAL

RESEARCH HISTORY

The first discovery of this culture dates back to the nineteenth century and the first high school collections were those of: Gherla, Cluj, Aiud (Herepely), etc. Among the first collectors were counted: Orosz Zsigmond ­ all over Transylvania, Takacs ­ Oradea, Cluj, Kovrig ­ Turda. Archaeological discoveries of Culture Zau have been cited, reviewed and placed chronologically first Fr. Tompa, then: I. Nestor, P. Pattaya, J. Korek, the materials being collected and referred to in some works of synthesis. Bibliography is extremely reeds, but publications have had historical and cultural meanings than the first synthesized in large repertoire: Orban Balas, F. Tompa, or works of repertoire, especially his I. Martian and M. Roska. Some have defined the meaning of modern culture Körös, Tisa and bandceramic groups. The most complete collection of painted ceramic materials in Transylvania we at M. Roska, in a summary of the year 1943. In subsequent years, as a result of excavations in Alba Iulia ­ Lumea Nouă and then the Limba (Dumbrava, com Ciugud), Dumitru and Ioan Berciu will define complex Lumea Nouă. N. Vlassa and M. Rusu have defined the issues of culture Tisa and Tisa painted, as are the materials of culture Zau. Based on the painted pottery and excavations of the Cheile Turzii (D. and I. Berciu and Al. Aldea) deadline for the Lumea Nouă was extended to the discoveries of Cheile Turzii, the idea confined N. Vlassa because his excavations not appear vinča materials as Lumea Nouă or Limba. They led him on Gh. Lazarovici to extend the deadline to CCTLNI groups: Cluj ­ where it was painted pottery and ceramics Turdaş (Turdaş in effect again at Vinča C1­C2, not Turdaş­Vinča) and Cheile Turzii ­ only ceramic painted. Systematic excavations at Iclod, Taga, Cheile Turzii, Zau, Suplacu de Barcău and the rescue excavations in Cluj have formed the basis of new tests.

NAME

These names are added to various terms representing a range of cultural groups that define different aspects or historical area such as the Iclod group Suplac, painted pottery Lumea Nouă ­ Cheile Turzii, culture Turdaş ­ Lumea Nouă, the Cheile Turzii, Cluj group ­ Pericei group Tăulaş ­ term used different materials for different N. Vlassa, appearance or family painted a culture or group Turdaş after Gh. Lazarovici, differing views on Fl Draşovean and SA. Luca. Publication of an extensive study by Magda and Gh. Zau Lazarovici about culture, pa.rticularly the large number of images from the last study on aestor problems at the whole pattern (which I had access manuscripts), or restricted versions, we have offered the opportunity to corroborate various dispersed information and use this term, which covers largely realities of Transylvania and the north­west of them. Recently, Gheorghe Lazarovici has reviewed the complex and archaeological materials from the Zau Field ­ Kindergarten, which occurred turdăşene materials. Also, he reconsidered his excavations V. Zau Lazarovici from the field and concluded that the materials Turdaş only in three levels to Zau. They have allowed coordination stratigraphic data with new data C14 in Transylvania, increasingly numerous. Information on stratigraphic vertical and horizontal of the Lumea Nouă and the relationship with the group / culture Turdaş group hairdryer and we work in a doctoral

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colleague Mihai Gligor, along with profiles and information older. The conclusion reached by Gh. Lazarovici is that all these archaeological materials found around the Apuseni Mountains, in Plain, hills and mountains of Transylvania, belonging to the Neolithic civilizations developed the author calls a "culture Zau." Zau culture includes, according to opinion researcher, four phases, as follows: Phase I ­ has its beginning in the early Neolithic, Phase II ­ evolve in the middle Neolithic; phase III ­ falls in late Neolithic; phase IV ­ is a phase or stage the revocation, a period in which they place some synthesis (eg synthesis Iclod­Petreşti) framed in the early era of copper after some or chalcholithic after another.

ORIGIN

The origin of this large complex is in the early Neolithic, as otherwise prove the main features of ceramics, which are kept throughout the evolution of this civilization. The report on developments in phases or stages, some attributes or their frequency change caused most of the new contacts with the civilizations that come in the area or expand. Leadership and fine ceramics in the semifinals of the Zau (levels were marked in relation to complex levels of excavation with Zau 1a, 1b, 2a, 2b, 2c, 3a, 3b, 3c) shows a civilization ready made, how otherwise shown, and other attributes (mixture, smoothing, burning, painting and others). It is possible therefore to be earliest stages, here or elsewhere, because research has been conducted on an area restricted to the extent Compared with the settlement.

Categories Ceramic categories are: fine ceramics, semifina, coarse. Are dominant semifina round

and fine ceramics, which shows that the Zau resort is growing as a major resort. The maximum operation is from ­345 to ­305 cm deep. Some complex at the base layer of culture, which have left traces of floors or Vetra, are cut in most of the holes pole excavate the lowest characteristic settlements with large homes, mostly in the form of tell. The lot of material that is working on Zau fragments of 14,950, of which 14,900 have clear terms of discovery (section, plaid, deep, complex). Predominates ceramic semifina round with over 370 fragments, followed by the fine by about 150 and with the usual coarse, or 125 fragments. Of all the groups Zau, ceramics dominate the semifinal round of about 6400 fragments, followed by the coarse by 29% and 27% fine (both around 4300, and 4200 fragments). This shows that we have a dynamic place, with joints practice, but also aesthetic.

Mixing Aestecul paste is the mud, with mud and sand, with broken pissed; with mud, chaff and

broken pissed, fine sand and chaff. Pisses are broken throughout civilization, is a degreasing agent used in Starčevo­Cris IVA. Zau to appear in different proportions, more is at ­290 to ­ 345 cm deep. Evolution of the mixture Zau, in stages I to IV, the complex: fine sand and small, broken pissed with mud and chaff (occurring in the early stages in the complex); sand and mud, but mud and myself are common to all stages in the Zau 1 , Ceramics with fine sand is 19.5%, followed by ceramics mixed with mud 15.8% and 14.5% sand and mud and sand 14.2%. In conclusion, it is a specific technology that has resulted in a high­quality ceramics. Sand mixed with small proportion is 4.8%, which is the richest man in L11 60 fragments, ie 2% of the ceramic Zau 1.

Surfacing When handling area is used for painting or slip angobă white and red, to cover the

surface irregularities. They will maintain throughout the development, with some slight modifications. For example, in the early stages angoba white slip or designed to prepare the surface for painting. After contact with communities Turdaş or hairdryer, when mixed organic material is replaced by mineral materials (sand with small, very fine sand, sand with a rich mineral content), angoba White is very good quality and is used as decor. Angoba and slip but at the Zau I do not exceed 1.4% of the total, of which angoba is 0.8%. Slip fall is 0.5% of the

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total (around 100 fragments) and angoba white is 0.7% of the total. However specific culture Zau.

Burning Combustion good I Zau oxide in the percentage is over 40%, followed by the weak

oxidizing 21% ­ this because of mixing with mud and chaff. At ­340 cm depth are 250 fragments, and at ­320 cm are 345 fragments. However, the appreciation without combustion analysis can lead to errors and therefore not insist on these problems now. Ceramic with fine sand is in proportion of 8.8% (about 750 fragments) which is the most numerous of the platform 6 (about 190 fragments = 2.1%), the platform of phase Starčevo­Cris IVA, which may play a role for the cultivation of genetically Zau. The materials in the area of Gura Baciului IV, the research of N. Vlassa, what Gh. Lazarovici he defined as a stage of development or training to culture Zau (Zau IA). On Wednesday town in complexes B9 and B10, sand and scum dominate, followed by fine sand, but the complex earlier. They show clear traditions for early Neolithic culture Zau. Din terms of ornamentation, the Back's angobă with white or red, can see obvious links with policrome horizons, horizons that have influenced the formation Zau culture and with neighboring groups Pişcolţ­painted ceramic Szatmár. The nearest resorts with ceramic policromă in Transylvania are Leţ and recalls and Ocna town, but the materials were not published. On Limba and materials are of different periods in a settlement very stretched, but very few of them have been published. The data C14, quite early time horizon to indicate the beginning of the process of genesis. Unfortunately, the materials are not published statistics, the only reference quality. Stratigraphic observations of Limba ­ Bordane offers the best observation of the beginning of the process of genesis. In whorehouseul 1 (1995), which contains pottery Vinča A3, was discovered a boat full of culture Zau (awarded Lumea Nouă complex). Top post quem is Limba ­ Bordane, where materials are still very early Vinča (A1/A2 ­ A2). Based on excavations and Băcueţ S. Gh. Lazzarovici the port = Corău III, found in some situations stratigraphic, painted materials that type are Zau after the group Pişcolţ. Moreover, in the same resort was asked a horizon above Starčevo Cris IV­A (a horizon ante quem), after coming discoveries Pişcolţ I or II can.

Spreading Range of culture Zau almost the entire area of Transylvania, but the center is the Plain

of waves of Transylvania, Neolithic settlement of the Zau, roughly in the center of the area. Discoveries repertoire includes a number of 140 municipalities, some with more points that have been discovered archeological materials. Of these, some are unsafe, but being assigned to different groups of painted pottery or period, we could reconstruct the painted pottery with a Zau. Borders can not be drawn between groups, examples being: Synthesis Iclod ­ Petreşti and Gilău group ­ a possible penetration from the north­west to the Plain of Transylvania, especially that of this group are not complex but only published excerpts ceramic disparate elements common: Zau , Or Pişcolţ Petreşti. Zau culture (cultural complex Cluj ­ Cheile Turzii ­ Lumea Nouă ­ Zau ­ Iclod ­ Suplac) is widespread in southern and grass to forests. The western limit is in the eastern Pannonia Plain (Alföld) in the Apuseni and go east until Plain and Transylvania Plateau. In the area of the Carpathians Răsăriteni things are known only in the south, in the Olt area schools, caused by Policromia I ­ Cris Starčevo­IIIB to let, while the north is only stage IIIC, after the first presence hairdryer ­ Petreşti.

TIMELINE

Zoia Maxim, the work "Neo­eneoliticul Transylvania presents four C14 data from the Neolithic settlement of Zau Field. Evidence from levels: Take, housing 11, Ly­8934; I / II hole 32, Ly­8932; II, hole 8 housing 8A, Ly­8931; housing 8A, Ly­8933. At that time, the results seemed less credible, so that the horizons were synchronized with Vinča C1, as the layer appeared Turdaş imports, but also because of a negative curve. In 2007 and 2008,

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together with Professor Gheorghe Lazarovici, we reviewed and reviewed the materials and advanced levels and in particular selective materials from Cluj. Recently Gh.. Lazarovici corrected earlier statements indicating that: "The beginnings to inhabit the Zau are after 5300 CAL BC (probably Ly­8934 6230 ± 55 coal from Housing 11, the IA), contemporary with the discoveries of Chinese Village, Tărtăria ­ Milady and Tărtăria ­ Whorehouseul 2 (niv. 17­18), so a Vinča A2/A3, respectively Starčevo­Cris IVA. In conclusion, the term "culture Zau" covers most of the issues mentioned, indicating that the materials of early stage IA (training) does not meet the Neolithic settlement of the Zau Field ­ Kindergarten (researched area). It is very possible that stage they are in areas întinselor settlements from Zau, Limba, Cluj, Alba Iulia­Lumea Nouă, although Paul and I. M. Gligor opts for late stages, Vince B2­C or contact with the hairdryer. C14 data in the context of other discoveries in the same time, in Transylvania, we can give more precise timing ranged from stage IB to the Zau Zau stage IV, based on data from Ayutthaya ­ the Lumea Nouă. Based on these data, the evolution of culture Zau would be between 5,350 (of stage IA) and 4650 CAL BC. Details will present the evolution of the stage, a long evolution, around six­seven centuries. This is because, in the formation of culture Petreşti, many researchers have considered this complex and the Lumea Nouă, as it was defined then, on the other hand, synthesis Iclod ­ Petreşti (Zau level IV) plays role for the cultivation of genetically Petreşti or closing for Zau (Iclod former group). Imports from Petreşti Taga confirmed the present, but mostly provides jaloane of relative chronology for the resort.

CHAPTER III. EVOLUTION

Stage IA (5350 ­ 5250 BC CAL)

Because of the mixture with chaff in paste and various types of paintings, we can say that the main factors were: Starčevo­Cris culture and Policromia early (like Leţ) and not Vinča A3, whereas forms of pasta dish profile and vinčiana have not sent. At the conclusion reached more specialists, the first being D. Berciu. We do specify that the Leţ Zau are at approximately 200 km. The frequency of a fine ceramics mixed with fine sand ­ 233 fragments (about 7% of Zau I) and 236 fragments at ­320 cm, shows a vinčiană influence. At the edge of the area, the group Pişcolţ I not seeing the same situation. There are still elements Vinča, while the Zau missing. Among the discoveries Limba is a piece of tronconică bowl, painted with the top concave, which could be early, if they take the Vinča or polychrome, what form does not appear in discoveries Zau early. For these reasons, Gh. Lazarovici considered the earliest material may be elsewhere and not just at Zau. The moment is appropriate training can archaeological materials dating back to the stage Vinča A3, painted pottery associated with the Limba (of the cup feet high, bowl tronconice etc.). At Lumea Nouă Zau there are elements of I, not only from stage III, as interpreted stratigraphic Iuliu Paul. He has placed the Lumea Nouă after Vinča B1­B1/B2.

The issue "complex Lumea Nouă"

Neolithic settlement in the Lumea Nouă, painted materials are associated with those belonging Vinča B. Some colleagues talk and Vinča, but in published reports is not very clear. D. Berciu a very early fall, but not a clearly defined relationship with Vinča; otherwise then there is a periodizare, discoveries being defined as Turdaş ­ Vince. The earliest belonged to the lower level of Turdaş Valley Nandrului. I. Paul considers later, contemporary with linear Precucuteni and ceramics (?). They had no association with the materials vinčiene, or no turdăşene them, considering crops and Vinča Turdaş as one and the same. At Tărtăria Zau there is material from the B1 level Vinča, and elsewhere (Limba). The problem remaining to be demonstrated is: what levels occur Vinčaene the earliest Zau materials or painted, called

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"Lumea Nouă". There is a head protomă idol as a vessel, whose style and angobă red is typical of the culture Zau. Resorts that belong to this phase, with an evolution from Starčevo­ to Cris Zau, it would be at Gura Baciului IV, where N. Vlassa made small survey and archaeological materials have been published by Gh. Lazarovici and Z. Maxim. At Cluj – Stăvilar, with the material published by Z. Maxim, mostly to evolve culture Zau (angoba white, some reasons incision, the vessel concave feet), with some elements Starčevo­Cris (pit) and linear trend towards (bands in zig­Zag). At Vlaha, painted brown with narrow lanes is a lot of ceramics with chaff and angobă white, which continues the evolution of GuraBaciului IV and pier. In the dynamism of cultural communities Zau, we can see that observations of the stratigraphic Zau not confirm an earlier stage, nor any association with any materials Vinčaene, although there are common technologies. The materials I have not Vinčaene elements, as it is assumed that it would be in the Lumea Nouă. You may also find that one of the attributes that are retained from Phase I to Phase III, is white slip or angoba necessary especially in situations in which we find in the mud or paste tailing. As an example, at Gura Baciului (Starčevo­Cris culture) were discovered over 500 pottery fragments with angobă. Zau come from about 200 fragments with angobă, of which over 67% are associated with painting. Gh. Lazarovici made a statistic: 10% of the early stages, 26% are classified stage IIIA, and others are in combination with materials Turdaş, hairdryer, and Iclod Petreşti. Of these ceramic materials discovered at Zau, 25% are white background (predominantly the slip, followed angoba), while the slip red or red angobă are 1­2 percent. Mixture should be noted that the chaff is not a genetic argument for this group, he was present at all the civilizations of complex vinčian edge. There must be mentioned and other attributes common to almost all phases, such as painting in black or red on white background, painted with black bands late, or red line, willing to cross, interior and exterior. Among the types of vessels to mention the rotund, cups with foot tall or short, with lip lobate bowl, dish or mouth patrulatere quadrilateral. We find that these items have a different dynamic from one stage to another and from one area to another. In Starčevo­Cris culture, from stage IV, SC, in paste mixture find that pisses degreasing broken and mud elements encountered in most categories of ceramics culture and the group's Zau Pişcolţ. Limba materials to appear in a settlement of more than 20 hectares, where they found various stages of development. C14 data from Limba to the horizon Vinča, early data confirms the Zau, Zau marking the beginnings of culture and the first phase of this culture, which Gh. Lazarovici sees as a possible form of the Limba, or elsewhere, but vinčian without mixture. Also, she believes that forms Vinča A2 ­ A3 from Vararie are contemporary with Policromia spiralieră, a fact confirmed by the C14. In conclusion, the space that is producing these phenomena is quite stretched, it includes: Transylvania (less the south­east), Crisan north, the area Oasului; Tisza elbow and upper Tisza. At the top are different. Another important aspect is clear: in the northwestern Transylvania and northern Crişanei Pişcolţ group is formed, related or even dependent culture or Zau phenomena which have given rise, but the group Alföld. In Depression Şimleului and on the upper course of Barcău, in the area Suplac ­ Pericei, cultures and Pişcolţ Zau IB / IIA living, which is necessary culture Zau, that appears to D. Ignat as Suplac I and as Cluj ­ Pericei at S. Băcueţ. Also, the group Esztár not be broken by the phenomena of the East. In conclusion, a clearer definition of stage IA is not yet possible.

Stage IB (5250 ­ 5200)

Stratigraphy On each of the profiles of the Zau can see the layers, but some complex beyond the area

investigated. The earliest complex, with multiple levels of housing, are L9 and L11. The first horizons have homes with large holes in steps. Other observations of Stratigraphy and compared important logical analysis derived from Suplac I and Port ­ Corău III. How are statistical data, we can not work with them only selectively.

The bill ceramics. Category

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Statistical data, which are not included complexes, confirmed the levels of housing and stages of restorations of housing. Sometimes on the same plane are more homes in different periods, some with different orientation. As easily observed, ceramics dominate semifinal round in all stages of housing. Fine pottery from the Ib (Phase IB) has the highest proportion. The resort reached its peak in phase II, while it is destroyed communities turdăşene, which is a big banquet with the slaughter of large numbers of animals, including more cattle, pigs and deer.

Color Since the oldest levels there is a wide variety of colors, from dark brown to prevail,

being a color tight. Ceramics with burnt flecuri presumed open to uncontrolled flame. Colors to high temperatures have shades of: brick­red, brown, burgundy, brown whitish (PAL) and pale gray. Following developments on the color of the complexes Zau, we see that the consignment of materials amounting to more than 2,600 fragments. From the hole 5 (regarded as the remains of a banquet) and has a large number of ceramic fragments (1,012), along with bones and horns. Many of the complexes were investigated between 100 and 200 fragments. Were not taken into account in the neighborhood. Need to point out that the G4 and G5 belong Turdaş migration, which brings ceramic incision and change the appearance of civilization on large, pushing the limits of culture to the northern Transylvania, on the border with Transcarpathia, the Halmeu ­ Vamă. Dominant colors are gray and black G = B = brick­ red, A = black, H = brown, being between 1% and 15%. Ceramic black fish is the stage house, the housing 9, but is also in the turdăşan and hairdryer. Lack ornaments incision, flutes (Vinčaene or turdăşene) and the high proportion of paintings were allowed to separate culture Zau as a civilization apart from Vinča and Turdaş. Feature stage IB, as it appears in the complex (L9 and L11), is closed brown pottery and bricks, as occur in the lower levels, followed by the orange. Analyzing the colors only on the level 1b (Zau phase IB), we see that the predominant color of brown for this phase, followed by brown and brick­red with flecuri. Colors of brown, brick­red and orange us remember the material from Wednesday town of vinčiene advanced levels, which could have a genetic role, especially that there flute ornaments are reduced in number. The orange is the ratio of 6.8%. It would be possible for communities and local Vinča from Transylvania, have a role for the cultivation of genetically Zau. The statistical data presented clearly shows an evolving dynamic, with good­quality ceramics. On Wednesday town was discovered in early Vinčaene complex, a ship with white angobă and vague traces of painting. There are complex with painted ceramics (inf. prof. SA Luca and Gh. Lazarovici).

Mixing In mixing paste, the most common degreasing is fine sand (or is associated with lutul

which is made of ceramics), in a 233 fragments. Unlike culture Vinča, which is a mineral blend, here we mix with mud, mud and broken, and gritty mud, mud and sand, and others. Scum appears in quite a few combinations, it is not necessary when there is mud with a high content of organic material. At the depth of ­345 cm is the most rich, how precisely and above. The raw material is a predominantly kaolin clay (in the final 38, 40, 61, 62) and clay ilitică (in the final 35­37, 42­43, 61­62) with clay minerals.

Surfacing Surface treatment vessel is different. The statistics on a lot of in: fragments 2945, in

stages IB ­ IC, allow us some indication general, ceramics has benefited from a simple smoothing (64%), followed by the polished ceramic (18.4%) and a species anetezită or netezită with sinks (11.7%). Tests have found geological Surfacing area or with an object, either with a fluid mixture of water and clay of good quality (archaeological ­ slip). Angoba and slip are reduced in number in the statistics because they were treated to back decorations or painting, however not exceeding species painted. Complexes early (L9 and L11) have a high percentage of materials 3.4% and 2.6%. Slip is more common in ­320 cm. The

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percentage of small angobă be pursued in other states, it is considered a typical (but often grudging), and many of the species anetezite had failed to slip.

Burning Combustion oxidizer is proporíe 40%, followed by the weak oxidizing 21.9% (which

explains grind), good reductase 17.5% and 5% good. Combustion was judged by the color of the structure and core, the color of the vessels and last but not least ­ resistance to breaking, often tested. Of course, many of these criteria are subjective, quality is not constant, but we still information bogate.Cea highest temperature was around 900oC (four samples) and the lowest temperatures have not fallen below 600oC. Mechanical resistance is relatively good, as geological descriptions.

Ornaments Ornaments, the number of 374 for stage IB and IC have traces of painting 18%, which

shows the degree of degradation of the painting. Not just models are important in themselves but also their combination. The most numerous are ­240 cm (stage IB) and ­320 cm (stage IC).

Forms The condition is very fragmented forms, which is why a study on ceramic fragments is

uncertain. There are also statistics on the types of lips, but they have nothing to be compared. Consignment of about 1,000 fragments, in stages I­IIB Zau, the most numerous are the type M, followed by: D, B and A. For stage IB (­490 cm) are the most numerous types: D, E , N (the N is ­460 cm less), and at ­345 cm are: F, L, D, I, M. forms are not related to fashion, but mostly functional. There are some mixtures because of ditches, but they do not affect too much, because of the large number of fragments. However, a standardization allows high definition directions and guidance in time and space. Moreover, the standards have been painted motivisticii ago to 80 years for Hubert Schmidt Cucuteni culture, and then developed by others (Nitu, Mantu, Maxim). Sometimes the reason is the cruţat he consisting of a thick line, waves. Back vessel is often divided into four cadrane by a cross on the inside or outside, then the spaces are filled with lines, spirals, twist, roll. Some reasons are reasons to the origin of polychrome, with the same white background and the same shades of colors. Such reasons are group Pişcolt and those from Pericei, Suplac, Doh and others. On them will return.

Other resorts At Lumea Nouă materials appear levels Painted since the earliest. I. Berciu report late

comic painted on the body or under the lip from the oldest levels, but not illustrated, remained unpublished. Some similar in different resorts in Transylvania, N. Vlassa it has assigned some aspect Tăulaş, sometimes painted Tisa culture in Transylvania. In stratigraphic the Lumea Nouă, published by Paul and I. M. Gligor resume, you can find a number of complex crossing layer of culture. In his excavation I. Berciu are painted materials from the base layer of culture, with the N. Vlassa them in 1972. Of N. Vlassa placement of the stratigraphic profile of Cluj and would result in the publication that are Vinča B1 level. Technical reasons and should advocate for their employment in stages IB, but especially CI culture Zau. We do not want a typology of their separation, but N. Vlassa it has placed: 1­2 in the bottom, and 3­4 in the upper layer II. Keys to Turzii in different caves, but without reliable data stratigraphic appear similar materials illustrated by J. Chapmann. From Limba (Dumbrava, embedded in Alba Iulia), and D. I. Berciu published a series of archaeological materials. In his excavations, and Paul M. I. hind was a vessel whose ornamental painting reminds us of the levels of the Zau 1. In material from Zăuan, attributing phase Pişcolţ I are some clear Policromă bill. Gh. Lazarovici reminded that the same kind of angobă and painting, with positive for yellow or brown, as in polychrome, was discovered at the north, the groups Pişcolţ (phase I) and Szatmár.

11

Stage IC (5200 ­ 5150), Zau 340 ­ 335

Stratigraphy and Chronology

Stratigraphic vertical is difficult to track because many întretăieri complex, holes, pits and holes in foundations with deposits of Offerings to found. A total of four large complex to mark start of the new architecture Zau, since that is a first sort of housing. The quantity of pottery is not very large in comparison with previous and subsequent levels, as thick floors 10 to 25 cm occupied a large part of the area. Data C14 situated between the horizon housing 11 of the previous P8a and housing. Unfortunately there are some negative for the first curve. Housing P8 is recast in the same space. C14 data for this period, the area of the Miercurea Sibiului, Vince A3­B1 are about deruntante, but some are converging. On Wednesday town Zau materials are more than Pişcolţ hurry, the ship painted in a rest home with the angobă white. Data from Limba ­ Bordane are from the same time, having yet to end the phenomen of the early Neolithic. Liaison with Policromia is unmistakable.

The bill ceramics. Category At this level semifinal round and fine ceramics. A large proportion of fine ceramic

painting are of good quality. Materials from this level, including the depths of ­340 to 330 cm, total 179 fragments representing 1.2% of the total material, but they know a particularly dynamic developments in painting.

Mixing ceramic At this level prevailing fine sand to depths of 335 and 340 cm. In the second series are

observed agglomerations (cluster): one of sand, mud and chaff, the other mineral materials, predominantly silicele. Mixing with chaff is a feature older ­ it appears to Gura Baciului IV Iclod ­ Doroaie, Vlaha ­ Ulita small.

Surfacing Consignment of materials is quite small. We see that prevails ceramic surfacing well

surfacing.

Burning At this level, the most common is burnt ceramic oxide. On the basis of ceramic colors

red and cherry shows a burning good, strong. In fact, one can see good quality painted fragments. Ceramics from Zau is a very good quality. Based on analysis by geologists, the temperature of combustion, to some, was 9000C (samples 38, 40, 61, 69), and those with chaff or mud combustion temperature was between 600­7000C (samples 35, 40 , 60, 62). It is the conclusion is that craftsmen are in full search. The evolution of architecture is seen in technology and ceramics. The evolution from ­320 to ­305 cm is determined, we believe, the existence of workshops (a large oven) and some holes with clay and minerals used in painting ships. Species black, fine, polished, is obtained from these minerals made from somewhere and kept in pits, some lined with rind or skin. Reasons painted diversifying. Bands appear in parallel lines with red or brown on white or colored background. Spiralele lines are narrow. Painted stripes are thin, but late îmnulţesc bands, painted cross or painted on the shoulder of the cup and foot vessels with the foot. Reasons to cruţate white spaces is growing, while painting the lines with red teeth are organized in metope. Sometimes bands are late in the cross, as on the ship from the Lumea Nouă. C14 data from this level indicates a horizon Vinča B, so I. Paul's views on a date post Vinca B1/B1 is not confirmed. They are contemporary and earlier are most likely imported from neighboring civilization, culture Zau (eponimă resort) is about. 90 km of Alba Iulia. Moreover, the Tărtăria, which is far (down the River), the type of ceramic fragments Zau there are fewer and they fall to the horizon.

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Other resorts The closest resemblance to this level is painting a bowl lobate in Alba Iulia (looked

like), decorated with the cross on the outside and tape in the cross inside the vessel, and the space is filled with positive or negative reasons. Some of them may represent animals or weapons (dagger or ax), where fantasy is not going too far. The ship being broken, you can not appreciate what was on the other side of the cross. Stage IC is contemporary with the Pişcolţ IB / IIA, during which maintain elements of polychrome, with száma group, and which, along with painting, remains ornaments incizizate AVK, which răresc but not disappear. It maintained the tradition alveolele Starčevo ­ Cris both in our areas and in NE Hungary and Ukraine Transcarpathia. They spend on large areas of central Crişana to Transkarpatia at Zastavna ­ Mala Hora, near Munkacevo and Rivne ­ Kismezö. These discoveries are the time horizon with prismatic idoli and incisions, so at SC IVAB associated with a characteristic painting Pişcolţ I / II, III. C14 data from Sonkad are contemporary with those of I Zau. Differences are not essential to the previous period, remains the same elements, but their percentage varies from one level to another and new items appear. On Zau ­ Garden 1b lines of white points, which appear in Policromie and Pişcolţ IB ­ I Szatmár, which are associated bands late on white background or backdrop of the vessel. Such materials, but a less good bill, is in Port­L16 where they were and furnaces, which can burn ceramic or cremate the dead. Port ­ Corău III. In time phase IC to Port Zau, excavations in the area of Gh. Lazarovici, there is a level Pişcolţ IB and II, after which the material is phase II Zau. In excavations colleagues from Zalău inventory tomb M 18 in Port and in the box NV, are materials Zau IC. In fact, these materials are regarded as having the top of the layer from Port­L15 and L18. The ceramic tomb of M7, the Port could be early, but painted lines parallel to the lip, and the scenes străchinii, indicating a horizon something later in phase II Zau. Suplacu de Barcău. Gh. Lazarovici believes that this period and the next phase of the materials they belong to the huts from Suplac I ­ I Corău, which is also observed traditions of Policromiei. The ship painted in grave Suplac­M1, by painting it, but especially reasons, could belong to this stage, or following, but these wreath at the start of this phase Zau. At Suplac ­ there Corău I Zau materials of stage IC. Cluj­Napoca ­ Piaţa Unirii. From old excavations there is also material, but they were collected from a rescue excavation and published by N. Vlassa on two levels, although the layers were thick in the area of 3­4 meters in thickness of approx. 2 Ma first level (the bottom) are more horizons for living. It is possible that materials on the street Dec. 30 considered Cris (because of mixing with husk) belong to this stage (see repertoire discoveries). Among the materials from the Unification there is a quadrilateral vessel, decorated with paintings of yellow and red, with very thin walls, what seems to be imported from Szalálhát culture. Szalálhát contemporary culture is to Vinča B, and the data confirms sincronismele with C14 Zau, IC phase­II. But there are materials in phase II. Bands in the double cross on the edge of bowl lobate are more evolved, in which considerations we believe they may be later, as I said otherwise and Suplac, but this manner of decoration begins now. Important to note is that neither in Cluj­Piaţa Unirii and the Zau did not emerge Vinčaene materials. Snippet painted in yellow or red is a raw import of Szakalhat culture, or the nearest distance of a resort Szakalhat is 204 km (Vărşand). The main feature in Alba Iulia ­ Lumea Nouă pottery is vinčiană, where there are thousands of fragments. It should be noted that the fragments are painted less than a hundred pieces. Thus, the term of the Lumea Nouă can be applied to a ceramic species (likely import) is not a civilization. Nor explained the genesis of Berciu not go. Painted pottery from Turdaş, referred to, belongs to the group after Tăulaş Gh. Lazarovici or type Tăulaş after SA Luke, based on the findings of Cave bailer. But such material appears in other parts (in Cluj­Napoca ­ Memorandişti), Zlaşti; In all of the resorts are weather Turdaş evolved ­ Vince C.

PHASE II

STAGES II ­ IIB (5150 ­ 5050)

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Stratigraphy and chronology. Overlaps housing, restoration of housing, levels of transgression in the vicinity of

housing with a great wealth of ceramics (1,090 fragments totaling 7.7% of total materials from Zau), indicating a very intense, a development architecture. Intense activity disturbed by ditches in steps of the house, past levels. That explains the discovery of older material at this level or correlations with greater depths, appear as if serieri.

Mixing After the quantity of ceramic fragments confirmed comment stratigraphic on the

construction of new complex at approx. 15 cm above. Moreover, the levels of housing were between 10 and 20 cm thick. Ceramics containing fine sand in clay or added as degreasing, is rich with more than 300 fragments, which appear at a depth of ­320 cm. It is followed by the sand and then with mud, which has a very fine structure and lacks crystal clay. Sand and mud increases (more) at higher levels. This proves searches pottery craftsmen from Zau. The same thing happens in the case of sand and sand with small or large bobul.

Surfacing From layer to ­320 cm derived 25% of ceramics, and from ­305 cm only 4%. Most

species are rich surface smooth as polished species which are more numerous in the L9. Netezită ceramics represent 63.3%, 21.7% the polished, and the netezită and slashing 10%, which shows the obvious intention to make pottery and ceramics for luxury. On the other hand, at this level have been asked earthen pits for confeţionarea fine ceramics, black, or in the vicinity of each housing, which demonstrates the possibility of some workshops.

Burning Oxidizer combustion is dominant, followed by the good reductase, which shows a good

control of combustion in furnaces. In one of the complex were discovered remains of a large oven, with an area of about 2m2. Such home­workshop, with a very large oven, has been researched in Zorlenţu Mare on the horizon Vinča B1, so contemporary.

Ornaments Of the total of 371 fragments from levels 1 to Zau, the most numerous are ­320 cm

deep, marking the peak of decorării ceramics. Very likely pottery workshops have influenced this percentage, but also develop the resort, if we Gandin architecture housing. The level cm ­ 305, ornaments made 16.8%, almost 340 cm, which was 22%. See dominance of the reasons bands late on the body or back, which allowed us to appreciate and membership in other states that are also ornaments, even if they are not on our statistical data. Many are curved bands of parallel lines arranged vertically, horizontally or obliquely. We amit of the phase II Pişcolţ.

Lips of vessels You can see four of the dominant forms of the level and types for their culture and the

former group (CCTLNZIS). In addition to the E (bitronconic bowl), which appears in a single copy at ­305 cm and could be an indicator for the genesis of Policromie Vinča or other offers no correlation, but marks the dynamics forms and their characteristics.

MATERIALS AND SELECTIVE The CONTEMPORANIA

On Zau, at ­305 cm depth were found, along with elements that remain, new items (tapes late, the late spirals substantive cream, white, pale brown) associated with spiral thin, wide strips in the cross bar or with hatchings points. These are items that appear in Iclod ­ A cemetery and sometimes the cemetery B, considered "Phase I Iclod. How does not appear such material in the settlement were considered to be related to rituals of submission and the

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production inventory mortuary. From Limba­Bordane comes a second vessel decorated with the teeth and bands painted on the arcade back angobă white. This latter scene is most often from ­320 to­290m. It is very likely to belong to another complex, possibly more recently than previously. Zau there is to strip late, but are not bordered by black stripes or dark. The reason appears in the early Policromia let, but also evolved from the Circle, Gradeşnica, Sapareva Banja and others. Such reasons appear to Tărtăria as imports at Vinča B, data confirmed the comments but stratigraphic and absolute chronology. Painting is red and the edges are sealed (black or brown). All these goods are of good quality, polished to back angobă white. Missing ornaments incision or flute.

Cheile Turzii Painted pottery is extremely rich materials from numerous caves in the Cheile Turzii.

They come in particular from his excavations N. Vlassa (unpublished material, stuck in warehouses Museum of Turda ­ in repairs). There are some references and a few drawings from J. Chapman, of Cave Binder. From his excavations N. Vlassa there late red bands bordered by thin strips of shade May closed (red or brown). Clear that we could not see the material. From Cheile Turzii, the recent excavations at which I took part in the vicinity of the oven area workshop Age copper in a hole (G5) from the layer of culture (the digging is uncertain, being destroyed for atelierul the Copper Age ) Was discovered a fragment of the cup. Type of technology and decoration of ceramics culture are characteristic Zau, phase II. Decor lines of waves is met at this time of the discoveries Vadul Crişului ­ Devenţ Cave, and still there are lane bordered by palm lines of darkness. Cup and the reasons have analogues in Vel'ke Raškovce ­ 1­3 in the complex horizon Kopušani which shows the existence of genetic and historical links. From the caves there are over 150 pottery fragments painted only in his excavations N. Vlassa, but only if the ornaments incision on 2­3 fragments and those insignificant, and not necaracteristice stratigraphic position (is not no Vince, no Turdaş or linear) . The details were necessary because the similarities with Lumea Nouă (where the painted pottery is restricted in number) is associated (90%) material Vinča Turdaş or hairdryer. Cheile Turzii materials may not be related to stratigraphic conditions because of inaccessible deposits Museum in Turda. J. Chapmann published in his notes (after his discoveries N. Vlassa) some materials from Cave Binder. Some are arcade with teeth, others are general. Cluj were found painted ceramic fragments, isolated, with early material similar to the Zau and keys. Distance is not much of the Cheile Turzii in Cluj, especially in the later stage Zau culture is widespread across the area.

Cluj­Napoca Discoveries in the area of Cluj, in this stage or later, may be the expansive resort in the

town center. On Str. Brătianu (in literature house) was published a white vessel with angobă quality, with reasons to cross the tape on the inside with a spiral to cross. Another piece bands are parallel lines. Also in the area of Cluj, the Someşeni, comes a fragment vessel quality red­ brown, gender Zau, the painting quality and incisions, but the reasons incision and polishing vrunei not belong to other cultures. They remember the particulars of Policromie or Pişcolţ I, but the painting is red, high­quality, and the white background represent the vessel.

Comments on areas of northwestern This causes us to stay within this period. Technical ceramics go to crops: polychrome,

Zau I­II or Pişcolţ I / II, IIA. In phase I Pişcolţ hole = 4 / 1976 there are positive reasons and white scrap angobă white. In phase II Pişcolţ white background no longer appears as a feature of culture Zau. Painting quality exist in Pişcolţ II, with which contemporary exte this stage. Very likely this influence horizons of the country NV, as may prove to stage IIIA, the Halmeu ­ Vamă, but does not preclude a reverse process, but it must be proved. In the early stages of the group IIA Pişcolţ changes in technology ceramics, which meet at a Pişcolţ ­ Lutărie Gr­ II/1971. It is the same way but the reasons differ, the same back painting. Might materials from Tire, awarded D. Ignat Suplac phase I, but not painted ceramics and the award is

15

uncertain. Also in the north­west and discoveries are from Doh ­ Râturi. There is evidence, on the one hand, an evolution of ornaments with arcade with teeth to the strip bar and arcade line. Show and bands of organized angular lines 5­6. Ranking analogues are keys to Turzii, Cluj ­ Brătianu and the Lumea Nouă, see an excavation of the year 1963. Pasta ceramics links culture Zau, the same white slip. At Ciumesti there is new material from the collections some old C14? indicates 5150­5050.

Lumea Nouă However I try to see just a level or complex material in the Lumea Nouă site is not

possible. From PhD thesis of Mihai Gligor is not a complex (housing, grave, grave or hut) with only Lumea Nouă materials. The same horizon ship belongs to the Lumea Nouă in 1963.

Iclod Iclod at the center of the resort Iclod ­ Zone B Iclod phase I, is head of a trench or a

hole with adânimea over 2 m (G 114), with materials very early with a feature for Zau paste ­ Kindergarten, level 2c without painting, derived from the technical phase of the 2nd level. In Vadu Crişului materials are in the stage house and new, some that appear to be Pişcolţ II, others may be or may Baden Turdaş late in a kind of simple Silvaniei area after mixing with mud and broken. Comic line or network are combined with points late. All these elements, along with the turdăşene, based Iclod phase I, but they do not appear to Vadu Crişului. It should be noted lip lobate held up well, painted on the outside, specific stages of culture medium Zau.

Pericei At the price, the housing B3 and L7, a painted pottery with spiral narrow, spiral in the

middle of triangles or curved lines. Pasta is mixed with sand, but mostly with mud. The presence of a fragment excision would imply a later date. During this period, along with the old (narrow arcade), there are arcades and wide bands to cross the interior, alternated with triangles, decorated with point line. All these are transmitted in the group stages following Iclod only that the Iclod pasta is better quality, not at all organic matter and appears only in graves, more than a tradition, the settlement no longer appears ­ painting is 1%.

Porţ ­ Corău III La Porte has been discovered in the house L16, one of the most interesting complex,

with the foundation trench similar to those found in cultures Vinča B1 and Culture Banat II. Ceramics are painted parallel bands, bordered by thicker lines and feet of the cup painted basis, sometimes on the lip vessels, a characteristic element for Zau stages II.

Gilău This period they belong to the earliest material from Gilău I (material from excavations

Amaliei Mozolics) related to culture Zau. The others are later (at Gilău materials from excavations of Dan Isaac are late, see phase IIC), mixing with the chaff and mud, but slip spades, as the painting that would derive from the kind Cave Binder. The term Gilău group is a reality that must be studied. Now is a process going on and vice versa communities Iclod I get to the border with Transcarpathia, in Maramures. Trials can be caused by coming into area communities turdăşene leading large transformation in Transylvania, Crisan and north­eastern Hungary. In fact it is possible that in older stages to be spent also entering from the north­ west. The shapes of the vessels in the group Gilău show their origin in the north­western Romania, as the Vărzarii. The most clear example of synthesis between material and Pişcolţ Zau is the hole in the ship from Vărzarii the ornaments of the two civilizations are intertwined: the pasta is Pişcolţ but vessels from the hole Vărzarii differ from those Pişcolţ. There are other forms Pişcolţ group Suplac. Painting is a group Gilău Pişcolţ III.

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STAGES IIB. SELECTIVE MATERIALS.

Chronology absolute For this level we have a radiocarbon date of P8, hole 8, Ly­8933 calibrated, which we

believe fits with the probability of 54% 5080­4940 BC CLB. In terms of stratigraphic Conditions, it is the level 2b Zau, from P8. It is earlier data from Orăştie­Turdaş. On Zau, at depths ­295 ­315 cm in different plaid, with stratigraphic data does not exist yet, were discovered some materials with pasta for poor quality and decor slightly changed compared to the usual. They led him on Gh. Lazarovici to consider imports or as a result of population movements. Although all the reasons are at this level, pasta is different. They could be affected in the areas of the northwest as a result of the movement to the north­west communities Zau, in areas with sources of bitumen (Suplac, Derna, Tătăruş). This may be the vessel from Wednesday to take the town acelelaşi processes (or similar) but more will be able to say after the publication of materials. In Cluj, the rescue excavations at the Bibliotheca Academy, comes some material with a paste sand, burning with a good white slip, város, painted with bands in the cross bar. Such pieces appear to Zau. There are some fragments painted with black stripes on the rim, and sometimes painting the outside tronconice bowl, with one or two protuberance lobate under lip.

Cluj­Napoca, Bd Heroes ­ Memorandişti Public Maxim Zoia some frgmente painted as from the Heroes Bd. It is possible that

point is the same as Memonradiştii. The manner of painting on white background város and painting with traces of plaid could date the most early in this weather, but some are later, while others come from Piaţa Unirii.

The Suplacu de Barcău Incision and painted pottery has been analyzed, typological, by D. Ignat, but the

painting was kept precarious, is difcil to identify the exact reasons and the relationship with pasta. All of these are a catalog of ornamental reasons, incisions and painting, published by Zoia Maxim. Certainly that housing continues in stage IC Zau, attributed Corău phase I. Some materials related to polychrome, but the common group Pişcolţ I­IIA, but are characteristic of material culture Zau. Among the reasons Suplac themselves, most are typical for Culture Zau, but there are some related group Pişcolţ. What we do not know is that if those are Pişcolţ or be taken from this group. His observations and S. Gh. Lazarovici Băcueţ have shown clearly that it is a level above Pişcolţ II. We refer in particular to the PC, PD, perhaps joint U.S. and others. Old, I Zau, there are reasons for Ma, Mb, and the NE ­ all were presented in the tables analogues D. Ignat. Reasons incision were in turn analyzed and quoted, broad analogues in the same place. Should be noted that since housing 2 of Suplac phase I / II materials are Turdaş and Pişcolţ, which corepunde the early stage IIIB Zau. Of course can be and retardation of Culture Zau. If you look at the types of vessels there is no doubt to their culture atriburea Zau, though lacking some forms early. Suplac forms of phase II ­ Corău II are common in the northwest, occurring at Pericei. Others, however, missing the Iclod (BB type), are Turdaş. The forms do not pertain to the average Pişcolţ phase, there was more leg of their profile, but have a specific local to the northwest. Zau to be too few forms whole, but some traditions have turdăşene other phases of Policromie and late­Starčevo River. There are other common forms and civilizations, being related functionality.

Case Studies The discoveries from Iclod, Taga, Cheile Turzii and the area of Cluj forming a unit. It

was clear from the affiliation with painted ceramics and items turdăşene. Extensive excavations, and analytical data of the past ten years have clearly defined the evolution of this group, studies focusing on complex not only on levels. Recent publications of Crişana Şimleului Depression and all the complex, they allowed him to consider Gh. Lazarovici, on

17

the basis of stratigrafiei Zau, to redefine and merge the horizons with painted ceramics. The first type of forms and decorations from Iclod was published in 1991. It was at the types of databases on the Iclod and then was added to Zau. Unification forms did a Z. Maxim, by publishing catalogs of paintings, lips, ass and the evolution of the latter. Have been previously published studies on numerous types of forms, ornaments, dynamics of their evolution (on the occasion of the reports from Cluj; or Taga). All the basis of his recent assembly Gh. Lazarovici (2007 2008) and has overview of the Neolithic architecture.

Statistical data from Iclod Extrăgând database information Iclod until 1998 ­ when was the last large excavation,

we have a batch of 9,000 fragments and a large number of complex. We see that most materials are at a depth of 0.60 m, which corresponds Iclod phase II. Only 8% are in phase I and Iclod over 13% of Iclod III, but these are general feedback in each area the situation is slightly different. In the place is a ceramic semifinal round (60.6%), the usual two (23.1%) and the three fine (15.5%). It is, therefore, a community of practice. Media complexes are between 100 and 240 fragments. A separate case was Taga, one of the houses in the vicinity of an entry, where there were several thousand fragments (in the area housing). It is not necessary to insist too much on this resort, it is well known in archaeological literature. Is that at this time horizon from Iclod findings are significant and analytical reference to archeology.

Taga Resort to Taga is another large excavation have been digging and where large areas

were revealed more complex as a whole. I had access to the database, which show some general complexes here are published in reports and sometimes expanded with statistical data. From the statistical data presented above categories see almost aceeleaşi 66% ­ semifinals, 19.6% ­ 14.3% and usual ­:proportions as Iclod fine. Complexes are the richest at ­0.70 m and 0.60 m depth, the level that is large complex of phase II Taga, with 31­32%. Taga levels I and III were each 6%, but there dominating ceramics (Taga I semifinal round ­ almost 6% and grosiera to Taga III ­ about 6%) vădind clearly a process of involution of the resort from the architectural point of view. It corresponds to the moment abandonment of retrenchment and expanding the resort over ditches. Taga and housing starts as Iclod (Iclod with stage Ib) is something later than the Iclod.

Cheile Turzii ­ Peştera Ungurească From his excavations Gh. Lazarovici the Cheile Turzii (where I participated in all

campaigns carried out systematic Peştera Ungurească) have consolidated and extract materials Neolithic and Neolithic to see the nature of the cave housing. It was used seasonally, while rainy and cold season. Conditions in the cave are not very favorable. Like many other caves, are special housing. For example, S.A. Luke has the same opinion about Cave bailer. Analyzing data from the 1994­1995 campaigns see an almost uniform percentage on the three categories, ceramics semifinal round is something more numerous (39.2). Plaid being the unit of measurement, a percentage between 1 and 4.5% (the richest) probably in the vicinity of Vetra. Of the total of 2775 fragments 2638 are not ornamented. The wide variety of decorations neîndoilenic shows that there is a ceramics workshop is appropriate for the horizon to handle the pill, but it is a selective group that lives seasonally resulting ceramic functional, but aesthetic. Our excavations of the Peştera Ungurească has been collected fewer than 100 fragments of pottery decorated. Because beauty, ceramics decorated leave good impressions, but 95% of ceramic fragments are nedecorate.

Cluj­Napoca ­ Memorandişti Memorandişti to see a change in the relationship between ceramic categories.

Predominates all ceramic semifinal round with 51.2%, followed by the final 30.7% and usual with only 18%. This shows that in the great state of Cluj, over 30 hectares, the community is dynamic, has a ceramic quality and preference for fine ceramics. Of course, the materials are

18

in phase III of the IIC­culture Zau, and so the horizons are 20.6% of stage Zau IIC and 37% of stage IIIA, which follows a process of retardation. In light of stratigraphic observations, it appears that carriers have hairdryer put an end to this progress, as has occurred in many things other states. Zau like to have a cohabitation with turdăşene communities.

STAGES IIC

Stratigraphy Stage is marked by the Zau depths ­295, ­290, ­287 cm. The maximum level of

development is ­290 cm, where more than 1625 fragments, totaling 18.8% of all archaeological material. In the area plaid A and B faults are caused by complex turdăşene (G5, G5a). In area C (diamonds C3) is complex G4 and plaid A means of excavations Valeriu Lazar. As culture Turdaş not appropriate to analyze in detail. Anomalies of ­280 cm would like this explanation. In the area opposite the complexes are P8, P9 and P10, complex Zau, that area of the materials were not mixed.

Suplacu de Barcău ­ I Corău From Professor Gheorghe Lazarovici report on rescue excavations at Port ­ Corău III

and Corău I have information on the discovery of a complex with only painted pottery, with red shades on their merits with angobă white or cream, with the characteristic culture Zau reasons. For these reasons was the name of culture extended the term of "Z" Zau and the "S" in Suplac (CCTLNZIS), as was obvious that the same civilization as the center of Transylvania. Of Stratigraphy can see the Suplac I, the beginning whorehouseele (five in number) and then layers Suplac II, with homes with floor area of clay. Only in the housing area were found ceramic fragments decorated turdăşană manner, with a paste Iclod (more sand), or Zau (mixed with organic material). I saw above that and other materials are past the horizon turdăşene elements (complexes L1) of north­western Romania, which has spread at Iclod I (= culture Zau phase III).

Zau level 2c (­295­275 cm) (ca. 5050 ­ 5000 BC CAL) In the categories of ceramics dominate species semifinal round (with 730 fragments)

and fine (600 fragments) and the usual ceramic fragments are only 290. Pasta ceramics is of good quality, polished species is second place, after the smooth and with the sinks is the third place. Sand mixture is smooth. Combustion good reductase gives the appearance of black pottery, black­gray, burgundy. The overall look of ceramics is the mineral, however may be affected by weather civilizations ­ Vince C and Turdaş early ­ or is an invention of pottery craftsmen from Zau.

Lips and forms Evolution types of lips is also neliniară, which is natural if we think that in the first

column materials are blended with the culture Turdaş. For some lip their frequency is related to the functionality of them (drink, eat, cast, fluid retention, etc..), Others belong to or are characteristic of civilization, others are common to all civilization. Name form can define not only the profile but also the size and category vessels. Of these, type N is a step in view of cylindrical vessel, Iclod specific group. Zau characteristic for culture are: the type M (bowl and the vessel profile in the "S" or shaped, globular bowl type B = Iclod), the bowl lip, amphora (type Y), cylindrical vessel (type I), which is most often painted, followed by flat dish, with curved wall, often painted (Type D), sometimes lobate. All are characteristic Zau culture, but their frequency and pasta differ from one level to another, from one group to another, from which the historical and cultural criteria have determined the definition of so many groups in space and time. Among the more rare forms should be recalled amphora with marked shoulder, considered to be only Pişcolţ, but it also occurs in the Zau, and the painting Vărzari are common to both cultures, yet proof of their înrudirii.

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Butts and legs of vessels In addition to type A, others are common. Type A is the bottom cylindrical vessel (type

A to Iclod), fomă that has developed in the Iclod, customary in the cemeteries of Iclod. But such forms and appear in Cluj ­ Academy, in the medium levels. Unfortunately excavations were only surveillance and no systematic research (inf. Lazarovici Gh.). From the stratigraphic see that here, and these paintings are from the previous Iclod.

Color Dominant colors are brown, followed by flecuri with brown, gray, brick­red and

yellow, a number of 350 fragments. Of these 21.5% is usual ceramics, 42.2% and 36.2% semifinal round fină.Categoria fine at the brown, approaching the Cheile Turzii.

Mixing Leadership sand and fine sand is the result not only of culture but also Turdaş an

evolving local development. All civilizations before Vinča C ceramics have very good quality. However, it notes the presence mâlului and sand, the species is on third place, followed by that of a very fine clay, dust, mud considered, although the geological analysis identifies it as clay.

Surfacing Smoothing technique of ceramics prove all the time, along with ctegorii, which is the

stage of civilization. The smooth on all three species (usual, and final semifinal round) is the largest quantity (907 fragments), followed by the polished. This is an indicator for preference for aesthetic taste and is on second place. Ceramics anetezită: most of the time the vessels have this and it is quite frequently encountered.

Burning Combustion good oxidizing deliver bright colors (brown, orange, red) vessel, is

followed by the right reductase that gives colors: black, Ash, cherry. Combustion poor and weak reductase is the last place, and they appear most often on ceramics with chaff.

Painting There is a lot of painted pottery, but she is in first place in the work.

SELECTIVE MATERIALS

You can see the reasons casetare or zig­Zag or arcade. The painting is intensely red, thick, which for reasons of malice. I am painting with traces of bitumen that failed and left following the fat. Sometimes the paint directly to back vessel, the reasons that sometimes have the outlines of irregular stripes because erosion painting. Some of the old remain, but appear as decorations in casetările. These casetări the result of "V" sites that are to slip with it. Casetare model is fairly common in other states, some something earlier, such as those from Cluj.

State MATERIALS FROM STAGE IIC

Cave Binder and others in the Cheile Turzii An entire vessel, made from a paste very good, are under the rim tape painted box

reasons. Furthermore, the grounds consist of strips arranged in angular arches, arcades in the area were painted triangles. The manner of decor mimics like ceramics fine incision by Bükk like arcades, but it is early or contemporary with Bükk; imports Bükk Turdaş occur in the first horizons, contemporary with those of this level. N. Vlassa gathered in the caves of Cheile Turzii over 150 pottery fragments painted features. We have no information about other

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categories. Gh. Lazarovici considers early and a group apart. From his excavations Gh. Lazarovici, in 1994, approx. 1180 fragments belonged to the group Zau, and 55 of them were painted, that is only 4.3%, which radically changed the old views. Of those only 4 fragments were incision. Lot of study, including 710 pottery fragments semifinal round (41.2%), the Midas 652 fragments (37.8%) and the coarse only 361 fragments (21%). Studying ornaments is observed that they fall, mostly in stages II Zau culture, and some have links with Tăulaş group (CG, CA, CB, CC), or can run or contemporary. Degresantul is predominantly sand and small (28%), sand and broken over 40%, the rest are between 6.6 ­ 1.7%, which leads us all to Tăulaş group, only that there exists turdăşeană incision and ceramics. Painted ornaments belonging to phase II. Thus, Gh. Lazarovici recognizes that the concept of "group Cheile Turzii" no longer has a place to study analytical and materials that group find their place in different stages of culture Zau.

Zau de Câmpie. This stage we are a part of Zau 2c levels, respectively ­305 ­290 cm complexes P1­P3, P8, P 10 and stockade, which we do not know exactly when it was built, but was referred to the horizon. It is important observation for two reasons: they have been adversaries / enemies against whom it was necessary stockade inside. Similar located, what's on the horizon as something later, there are at Iclod and Taga.

Palisades interior First stockade interior was under whorehouseelor plaque turdăşene area (hole 4), it is next to housing 11, housing area with more limited than housing 11. The second reason: it has resulted in lifting the palisades? We do not have too much information, the area being researched too restricted. It is possible that the high that we assume to have been dropped and restored a lower, as we have to Iclod or Taga. Maybe turdăşenii or communities Vinča C (in the area holding the Roman Catholic along with materials turdăşene were certain materials Vinča C). At Iclod were investigated four palisades, two located in the ditches 1 and 2 and two interior, which is cut in the area Cimitirului B. stockade interior shows the existence of a threat and the need for new structures interior defense. A similar situation was found in the resort of Taga. At Taga, in two different areas were reported palisades interior without nearby ditches. It is not known whether related to the same stage. Housing material in "phase II Iclod was outside the stockade, in a few meters from the gate. We believe that there is a wider system to Zau on the outside, which resulted in the formation of deposits of more than 3 m. main resort has more than 7 hectares. At the end of this stage were destroyed P9, P10 and P8. Some homes are restored to the same place, but not all have traces of burning on the floor. Some ornaments from Zau (­320 ­290 cm) are reunited in Cluj­Napoca at ­550 cm. Zau group actually plays an important role in the transmission of painting in Hungary north­east and east, eastern Slovakia and Ukraine Transcarpathia.

Pericei ­ Keller Tag The most important research, as those of Zau, for this stage and the following are

those of Pericei ­ Keler Tag, which have been investigated a number of huts, some of which overlap other overlap, offering observations of Stratigraphy. But there is an evolution of archaeological material. In whorehouseul 3, digging in steps, there is a ceramic strip of late, with the edge of palm shade, spiralieră painting, painting a thick deciduous (that from Zau). And here earlier there were material Pişcol I / II, which demonstrates the role of genetic Policromiei group and I Zau civilizations in the north­west of the country and upper Tisza basin. The presence of a piece with traditional incisions turdăşană would require an employment later, but this time Turdaş culture was already in southern and in Turda ­ the collection Kovrig. Pottery this stage suffer some changes in technology. Along with the old, that change is kept arcades, but with shade bands ­ why stage, the technique can slipului white, but the reasons appear later, the reasons for the growing band of parallel combined with spirals, but at the same time not billed ceramics May is as good. Still in the previous phase have been some changes, but painting decade, the lines are not as firmly drawn, white

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background is rusty, the reasons are shades of brown or black that malice, without contour lines remained accurate, some lines get contour waves, though initially it was not this way. The same situation is going to the Lumea Nouă and in the 3 I. Berciu or Limba. Reasons steps in meeting the group Pişcolţ II and beyond on the Upper Tisza Vel'ke Raškovce ­ Ob. 1. At Suplac ­ Corău I, Phase II, the housing 1 and 2, are oval­shaped vessels that the culture Zau. After the dough should come here discoveries Suplac ­ M16. Also on Iclod the graves, there are a number of pots painted inside, decorated with bands of the cross and white slip város after painting or slip out to the acid soil, ships rămânâd only traces of slip but especially painting with black ­ tarry. Slip falls, but often it is still below the layer of painting and painting in the vicinity.

Iclod At Iclod many materials of early stage, but they are disparate. In the complex have been

closed too few. In area B, the level I, between rail and road in the central area, were discovered a few little complex but typical materials or painted. Hole 92 (S49, c. 6 / 7). Hole is located in the central area of the resort, in Section 49 plaid 6­7, to about 10 m from the axis of NS resort (reported health 1), easily move to the west. Hole was shaped round, having a diameter of 1.75 m, depth 0.50 m (ass reach down to ­0.90 m from the surface of the soil). Digging depth is about. ­40 Cm. Săpată hole was the lowest, especially to the east. Particular importance is determined by content Gropii: a large number of vessels and three fragmentation topoare huge, symbolically submitted. One of topoare was made from a soft rock, friable, distorted, rock from which it could not make topoare as a micaşist friable. Complexes in that area were early. Finally we see leadership ceramics (269 fragments ­ from 50%), followed by the semifinal round (215 fragments) and the usual 7%. From complex discovered in that year (holes and huts), G92 had 43% of materials and fine ceramics was 33% of the total. It is therefore a very complex, which mark a head series. Moreover, serierea of the time you place after several attributes, head series. On fine ceramics classes predominate, followed by the semifinal round and the usual or coarse. Among the complex dominates G92 with 226 fragments (come here and fragments of vessels), followed by B90 with 138 fragments, and the poorest are G91 and G88.

Other resorts In the valleys Almaş Crişului Repede and Someşul Breakfast (at Iclod as imports)

entering, from the lower basin of Somes and meses Mountains, a range of materials, as dough, keep the group Gilău. In Aiton, in ceramic paste is going a process of retardation is about regional processes. Mixing with mud makes angoba white and Picea to be difficult to clean. Paste also appears only in secondary settlements. Among reasons parallel bands are observed in the arcade and more. Some have analogues in Pişcolţ III, but there are reasons to paste in good Cheile Turzii. Unfortunately were not systematic excavations, only surveys made by the laity or archaeologists to "claim" that did not make too many indicators. Such materials have been reported in Pălatca, but has not been identified area. At Peştiş are some vases with painted decoration. Form is unusual, the scenes are analogues in the Suplac, which is attributed to the former group. Painting commas in large awards in the hairdryer, but thick lines ( "L" back) are kind Suplac ­ Iclod.

Lumea Nouă At Lumea Nouă, with the material discovered in the 1963 campaign, a Zau it is angobă,

mix sand and paint:series of decorations as the the backdrop of the vessel. In addition to painting appears white, which is rare in Zau. Of course, publishing materials painted in the Lumea Nouă (the complex conditions and their stratigraphic) should solve problems more clearly that at this stage can only be speculative. Beginning has already been done by Mihai Gligor. Another vessel, the paste similar to those in this stage, was discovered in the Lumea Nouă in context later. The cups from the Suplacu Barcău ­ Corău II are traces of paintings, some are as Iclod, others are like the Lumea Nouă, although the forms are close and Pişcolţ II.

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Other cups, all from Corău II, have analogues in Turdaş. It is therefore possible that some materials from Corău II to be late. An analytical study on other features missing. Given the close with a Pişcolţ discoveries, which are north of these areas are possible and very likely affect each other, but things need to be studied analytically, with several attributes (paste, blending, polishing, burning, color, etc.) As was done for discoveries Zau Playn of Transylvania (Iclod, Taga, etc.).

Stage IIIA (5000 ­ 4950 BC CAL)

Stratigraphy and Chronology The oldest complex in the area of the area investigated by Gh. Lazarovici and its

teams is the 5th hole, believed to be aboard, was cut and overlapping of Gr 5. 5th Gr cut layers are older and three periods of operation and a phase filling bones, but especially for deer antlers in complex weather 4. Another complex of this time or later something is hole 5 (whole board). In turn, are 4­5 times of operation and filling, with layers of coal ash and ceramic fragments horizontally, as the 5th hole. And it is at the top numerous bones and horns. It is possible that they come from household activities related to hunting or filling the "banquet" in hole 4. Housing subsequent foundation of deep pits of 140 cm were disturbed edges complex. For this level of the Zau, there is a radiocarbon date antequem from the platform area 8 and another can of contemporary Orăştie. Data are for Vinča B2, from Liubcova and culture Banat II, from the party. Data from Orăştie is indicative, but this level starts after beginning the housing and Turdaş Orăştie.

STAGES IIIA (­280­275 CM), IIIB (­270 ­260 CM)

Pottery Evolution Extract from the database by category concern Zau levels 3 and 4, are arranged in

descending order and complex. Hole 5 are 182 fragments, and hole 4 is 522 fragments. In statistical data G5 and G5a were taken together, just different depths and plaid, but they look together. Otherwise they are too few being below 2% from previous levels of picking and hindquarters. Depths of their data are given. After the position of stratigraphic and depths, filling the hole G5 are additional (referring to the horns of deer and numerous bones ­ in the run Gropii G4). It can be noted that the layer of ­275 cm cut is the pits and coming out of it, maybe, some mixtures. So it is possible that at ­175 cm to be mixed with other materials turdăşene. In the ornamented is not difficult to separate, but the usual are common, differences difficult to separate the mixture into paste and mineral if Zau culture and the same for forms. The layer of culture belongs to the depth of ­260 cm. Comparing ditches in both ceramics dominate the semifinals, followed by the final and then the coarse. They show that turdăşenii have a pottery in a growing and dynamic character. The fact that the huts are the most often the way of new housing coming into a new area. If we take the data from ­260 cm, we see that instead of 1 is ceramic semifinals, second place on the coarse and then the fine. In conclusion, the community with the painted pottery culture Zau. Influenced by turdăşene and mixed communities, has a certain ebb, if the difference between categories is significant and we believe it is. Another clue we have no better. In exchange for ceramics Turdaş from higher levels are found, at least fragments incision, a trend in decor and paste (fine, burning, decor), but we have no other statistical data from other states turdăşene the complex for comparison (most of the published drawings are not shown in the quality and Color paste). The statistical data from Orăştie are significant, but are late, knowing that in addition to other frame data are later with approx. 150 years.

Correlations by color It is not a series because they have been reallocated stratigraphic neighborhoods, and

about mutual blends with the material cultures and whorehouseele turdăşene Zau. Observed some mixtures of G5 (colors A, K, C and M) attributes related to culture Zau. L4 to correlate

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best with the depth of ­260 cm ­ L3. At ­260 cm depth is between ­275 and ­290, cm what was most likely caused by mixtures caused by ditches turdăşene (and as I mentioned above) and ditches the foundation of the L3 and other levels of hairdryer. Predominant color is H = brown, which now grows and not because turdăşene elements, which have a weak trend in this color (76 vs. 432 fragments), for all three depths (do not forget that kept ­290 cm level Zau 2c ) Followed by F = C = gray and yellow, very rarely the turdăşene. No turdăşene evolution of our interests, we see a normal development, can a living communities with the turdăşene Zau, in terms of color.

Evolution mixture Observing the evolution of the mixture, see preservation of the old blends with organic

material, in the turdăşene and mineral mixture. Mixing with mud from G4 is determined by blending depths in which it was săpată hole, there are dominant bank. Sand and small are features of the old culture Zau, the weather inventions, and the sand banks and in higher proportions, for mud can be determined by local clay, but are a characteristic house. Close correlation depth of around ­290 cm is typical of development, the same cluster, nederanjat of mixtures with whorehouseele turdăşene.

Evolution netezirii Depth of ­290 is not of this stage, but it is an indicator for mixed with ditches turdăşene.

Evolution combustion Following serierii get aporoape same date as for other attributes, G5 with more

attributes old and the G4's own evolution, dominating the burning good oxidizer and reductatntă. With regard to developments in culture technology Zau, this trend continues with the second and ­290 cm ­ 260 cm. Combustion weak, higher at ­260 cm, can be attributed to certain categories or may have involuţiei species, which means however many classifications with different attributes on the allegations in 1995 of the authors săpăturii. Some are confirmed by geological analysis, other ceramics were analyzed, at least in respect of mixing and combustion.

Technical decorării. Scenes In those percentages are cumulative from the depths higher levels Zau 4. In the first

place is painted pottery motifs removed or too small for identification, which is 52% or 62% (cumulative and up to 51 excerpts;­200 cm), followed by incisions (14.5% in stages 3 and 4 Zau levels 3). Barbotina and treatment area by plugging (pseudo ­ barbotina) is the place 3, followed by several types of incisions in May Finally, lustruite lines, with 22 fragments ­ 3.8%, flutes are 5 / 12 fragments (2.1% on 3­4), painting bichromate (9 lev. 3), ribbed 6, excision 5, polishing 5 and ribbed deep (3 fragments) and more rare. Since they can see a reduction of the painting with a third and increased barbotinei and lustruite incisions, the ornaments lustruite, prior to the hairdryer. At the decorations are more than 180 variables, of which the most numerous are 3%. The band with the palm are the most numerous at this level. If the Zau, the main resort, trimming incision represents nearly a sixth of ornately painted in other areas they will oscillate from one situation to another, but are an indicator.

Selective material and resorts IIIA Along with painted ceramics, which features the old store, there is a ceramic incision

(the top item and then became a common foreign) belonging to stage old culture or Tudaş Turdaş I (lower level within the meaning of M. Roska and Luca SA). There are painting with black borders that bottom vessels. They do not come from complex, but in some holes that have sometimes 140­170 cm depth, is difficult to predict the level of the beginning, but it may be levels of imports and II. In the hole 5 and the area's Valeriu Lazar section occurred material forms different from those turdăşene, with a slightly different mass. They are known as a defined "Iclod I" by Gheorghe Lazarovici and Z. Kalmar / Maxim in Cluj ­ Archives,

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Cluj ­ Stefan cel Mare Square I, I Iclod B levels. At this level is still the old forms cited by the authors, vessels profile in the "S", parallel or derived from the turdăşene, boat, bitronconic, pear­shaped vessel, cylindrical vessel with large lip flap, etc. As technology angoba remember white, red, white slip, red polished pottery, dishes with thin walls, burnt well, fine incisions, etc., lips and butts cylindrical vessels painted with black tape, just dish or lobate tronconice of cemeteries A and B. ceramics turdăşene bill is similar to that found in Cluj­Memorandişti. The same gene materials are on the way to Cluj (in Turda in the collection Kovrig), as I also stated. Such materials are in Cluj in the level II Academy (see repertoire), the Iclod I and others. In grave 1 of Archives, cylindrical vessel with lip flap and the vessel profile in the "S" are characteristic for Iclod I. Although pasta, mixing, and burning Surfacing specific culture Zau phase III = Iclod I, the ship is on the bottom three signs in the form of "Z". It is a sign of the family, a totem, a sacred sign. An identical model, a vessel of similar form but turdăşană paste, comes from Turdaş. They show us how strong and dynamic communities were turdăşene in the culture Zau, with the living during the phase Vinča C. key Turzii, a fragment of painted vessel, played by painting turdăşene reasons, bands from the large incisions and . While the Turdaş, Zau, Iclod are printed, here are played by painting. Pottery Turzii in the Keys is a good bill retained, acidity is low and conditions of cave painting retains much better than in a resort open. Also note that other models of painting, more rare in culture Zau. It is perfectly dark circles round and still there are suggested rifle on shoulder vessel. Type of vessel is different from those Zau. The motive of the Cheile Turzii have analogues in the Lumea Nouă. U.S. ­ Memorandişti at ­500 cm depth, a black pottery that I said it and the Zau. At the same level and housing (researched by Zoia Maxim), are both painted ceramic fragments with coils on the grounds back angobă white or cream, and lips painted black but some fragments characteristic for the design Turdaş ­ Tăulaş. Of course, the Iclod are dozens of vessels full of reasons turdăşeană tradition. Mixed pisses broken, slip grudge and that painting spirals, network, Zig­Zag are elements of culture in much Zau search for the situation and to lămurească or to meet the many groups and faciesuri. All these are evident in the center of Transylvania and up to the border with Ukraine, the Halmeu ­ Vamă. Specific forms phase III are cilndric vessel, the vessel profile in the "S", cups and amforele.: North­west, the county Sălaj at Pericei, Zau communities have in this weather, the reasons Zau and culture Turdaş, pasta in a Zau ­ mixed with mud, broken pissed, traces of which slip spades, painted lanes incision the technique crusted, pressing the rim late, painting the interior or exterior features of the late comic culture Zau. Vessels painted on the inside or outside the motivistica this stage of culture Zau, but they and incisions striped like Iclod or Cluj. The ship with incisions are analogues in Cluj ­ Market Stefan cel Mare and Cluj ­ December 22 Bd. The same situation is going to Halmeu ­ Vamă, in north­western Transylvania, on the border with Ukraine, which appears motivistica Iclod I and I / II. Reasons ornamental band of rhombic points late and bands with cuts clearly shows the chronological horizon, and even forms of vessels Iclod I (cup with lip flap, range, typical) marks the moment of maximum expansion stage IIIa Zau. In complex C4 is a painted pottery, feature stage, but appear and some foreign reasons, probably related to culture Herpály. In the above we have not complied with an order area, just to demonstrate the vast cultural unity that was happening during this period. At the Suplacu Barcău, which often is written that the group would take Pişcolţ, can see the stage IIIa Zau, items that are found in Cluj ­ Bd Dec. 22 or Halmeu­Vamă as I have outlined above. Has been written about some reasons that would be tisoide, but again the forms of vases and decoration patrulatere incision characteristic Iclod stage I­II and II, which now belong Zau stage IIIA. In doctoral theses listed (Doina Ignat, Zoia Maxim, Bacueţ Sanda) and many of the analytical Iclod, demonstrated membership discoveries of the former group (Suplac, Iclod, Cluj ­ Pericei) what recent Gh. Lazarovici defined culture Zau.

Cultural Imports In the early Turdaş evolved and were first discovered materials import Precucuteni I

and II. They were defined in the initial stage as Boian ­ Giuleşti, and then, after the synthesis of Mrs. Marinescu ­ Bîlcu, Precucuteni I and II. I. Paul has shown that some of the phase II /

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III appear in Petreşti culture, early stages. The recent synthesis of architecture from Neolithic Romania, a work not just on architecture, but also about the chronology, development and imports, spare us the long stratigraphic comments and presentations. Research professor S.A. Luke and his collaborators, from Cave bailer and Turdaş have indicated new and clear stratigraphic conditions of the presence of imports in the Precucuteni Turdaş, along with materials Tăulaş. They result from the existence of at least two stages. First, in terms of culture Turdaş early, it would be in time IIC phase Zau, how the data indicates the C14 Orăştie. The second is the time fezei Zau IIIA, and stage Turdaş developed a culture where we reference levels from Turdaş II, the new excavations, but old collections. Zau de Câmpie Precucuteni imports and Herpály appear at a depth of 260 cm, 3b Zau, the 17 digging, culture Zau IIIB. At Iclod in area A, housing 7, the second occurred ceramic fragments Precucuteni a paste different from that Iclod. In fact, the more complex settlement at Iclod and sometimes I Iclod level II / III. Precucuteni fragments belonging to phase I, even Spiral groove narrow points, known feet of altars decorated with the "wolf teeth" with analogies to Traian ­ Vine Hill, Eresteghin. Some analogues have evolved to something more Ghigoeşti. At Taga materials were found in various archaeological complex, and in one case, a pit with the remains of a "banquet" in which they were filed more remains of the animals slaughtered and consumed. Often, the scientific sessions, expressed the idea that ceramic Precucuteni in Transylvania would not only be an imitation of reasons Precucuteni. From information received from Prof. Gh. Lazarovici and materials seen in Iclod, Taga, Backătura Turdaş, Olteni etc., in all cases ceramic Precucuteni was different from that of the cultures that appear as an invoice, color or burning. If only things are judged in the light of recent discoveries of Moldova, is also a possible interpretation. If you look at those in Transylvania, we find that they are Precucuteni and not replicas. Can see that burning, brown slip that malice and decor as Iclod. The Olteni the south are still in phase I (inf. kind Gh. Lazarovici and Dan Buzea). At the Cîmpie Zau, I Precucuteni materials excision occurred in levels IIIa Zau, from ­260 cm. Remarkable is the emergence at the same level of an idol which is on the throne, with the head break (parts of which appear at Vinča C and Precucuteni the famous treasure of Isaiah) and a ceramic fragment import of culture or Banat Szakálhát tâziu. Imports Bükk in Transylvania are linked to trade with salt and Obsidian. At Iclod, Zau, Cluj and other resorts of Culture Zau objects have been discovered in Obsidian. Recent research and analysis that locates Obsidian in northern Hungary and eastern Slovakia. The space where he could pass these communities, for all these discoveries is over territory and cultures Zau Turdaş. The discoveries from Halmeu ­ Vamă offers the best example of extending these communities to the north­western Transylvania and the country. Also on this route, but also from eastern Transylvania, it is also possible penetration of communities with ceramics with musical notes. Gligoreşti at a turning point in river mouths in Mures, were found both ceramic materials with musical notes.

PHASE III (4950­4850)

Developments and the dynamism of ceramics (invoice forms, decorations) was presented above. Next only to fill a few examples of hundreds of drawings of the thesis said, developments in space this stage. With the database and images from Cluj­Napoca, we see the vast cultural establishment, revocation and the beginning of this civilization. Factors that have caused, probably, submitting to the north and northwest communities Zau late, that pressure is exerted on a hairdryer their communities. In the last period and more discoveries are hairdryer in the Transylvania Plain. The characteristics of this stage were above presented analytical and statistical. Resorts and levels of these resorts, and sometimes complex, are quite numerous in this period.

Stratigraphy and Chronology Stratigraphy is part of ditches turdăşene Zau confused here, and on the other side of the

large holes of housing Petreşti. The information in the database allowed the separation of the

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stratigraphic units. The lot of material from this level is the richest: 1940 contains fragments representing approx. 13% of all the material. Center of gravity is at ­260 cm. On the horizon are the first materials hairdryer. They are very good quality, there are few, but binds most technology, from the side ­ Tell 2 (inf. kind Lazarovici Gh.) and of course, those of the hairdryer. Some of these species and the C14 from Alba Iulia ­ Lumea Nouă does not seem to represent the earliest complex, mostly falling after 4950 CAL BC. C14 data from housing 2, Ly­8391 are CAL 4950­4850 BC. From the information of M. Gligor, during this period would still maintain painted pottery of good quality at the Lumea Nouă, what happens and the Zau, Zau only that the painted pottery is more numerous, especially on a paste containing and no mineral content and organic ceramologic (obs. geological).

Stage IIIB ZAU 260 (4850 ­ 4750)

Stage is contemporary with Vinča C3 (C3 = C2 Skiing in the middle), but also materials just and Banat Oltenia in the south, rarely in the north (Borjaš), their place being taken by communities hairdryer. In the Lumea Nouă are contacts with the communities hairdryer idoli type Zorlenţ and ceramics import Herpály. Import and appears Herpály Zau, the depth of ­260 cm, the layer of culture with pottery and painted with an awl of copper neighborhood, but the area was a landfill and housing hairdryer. Another piece Herpály occurred at a depth greater, which would correspond to a 2nd level, but the diamonds in question were the second pole of the pits and stratigrafică position is not too sure. Herpály findings are quite numerous in Transylvania. U.S. ­ St. John, a collection of old are some excerpts of Hrpály bill, but the settlement has not been identified. In Vadu Crişului the cave with water, are ceramic fragments of phase I of this culture, like the one at Sf. Ion (with brown paint on the brick­red backdrop of the vessel). It is important that the Herpály the next phase of the culture Harpály are imports hairdryer. In the Vinča C, the Hodoni in hole 4, was discovered a foot of the cup stage types and classical culture Herpály. Keys to Turzii ­ Peştera Ungurească, in the first campaign I found a bowl with oil mixture, tomato paste motifs painted with bands alternated with late triangles. Paste­like and I found some ceramic fragments from Cluj ­ Memorandişti, from ­300 cm depth, where a angobă white paste on mineral painted with red, white reason for being positive. This process begins at a depth of 500­470 cm and continues in this way up to 300 cm, but are no longer complex. Pasta is mixed with mineral, and mud and gritty, there is a angobă white paint that is dark with various colors (red or brown), sometimes there are black strips under the rim, and other pasta is red. Ornaments incision in the category usual or semi vaguely remember the turdăşene; pasta is kind Iclod II / III and has a dirty white slip that malice, similar to that of Aiton (where there are several horizons). Category Semifinal notes a higher quality that evolves to turdăşene ornaments from the hairdryer­Petreşti. Patrulatere dishes are good and paste are more numerous. Some incisions would seem hairdryer or Petreşti, pasta vessels after they are completed. Therefore, the process of transformation began on Zau continues to Cluj. Everything now appears certain forms of ceramics seem to be hairdryer, but a mass of low quality than the hairdryer in Alba Iulia. Some form of protuberance is gurgu painted with black tarry. At Iclod during this period are archaeological materials of stage II­III and III. It is when Iclod enter into the process of retardation, as well as to Taga, probably caused by movement hairdryer. Many resort to evolve Chalcolithic or Copper Age, but most conclude its development (such as sea resort in Cluj­Napoca) in the style of their own. Many of the graves are no longer targeted EV, but begin to be oriented NS. Inventory is poor and the graves appear crouched feet (others are in an oblong). As inventory cups appear less elegant, with the grudging slip, or paste good, with leg cup shaped, recalling the culture lengyel. Also in this period appear and spoons ­ nipple, but some may serve as creuzete the metal casting, knowing that there is also culture lengyel pieces. At Barcău Suplacu of such pieces appear at the same time horizon. At the same time horizon late in Corău II, the cups have bitronconică or oblong shape, reminding those of Iclod III and lengyel.

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ZAU Stage IV (4750 ­ 4600)

Stratigraphy horizontal Archaeological materials are particularly rich. For each level of digging was discovered

a large quantity of pottery from 600 to 1200 fragments. Depths with complex or a period of recovery are ­245, ­230, ­200 cm. In all groups, hairdryer impose its technology, but a life ceramics type Zau up to the time training Petreşti culture. Research has shown, undoubtedly, the local back Zau formation Petreşti culture.

Evolution ceramic categories Following serierii see correlation between the evolution of fine ceramics and pottery

semifinals, and the depths, correlations between ­215 and ­200 cm ­ the formation of culture Petreşti, early stage A or A1. But ceramic is the semifinal round that requires series, and ­205 cm it belongs, according to the correlation, the depth of ­215 cm.

The evolution of colors The evolution of color shows how complex L1 and L3 are related to ­245 cm, and

depths ­230 ­200 form a linear series. This shows a trend towards culture Petreşti.

Evolution mixture You can see correlations cm ­245 with L3, and appear as black, but L1, above

necorelat, correlated with ­230 cm. They are important because ceramic fragments found in the vicinity of the complex are more numerous than those in the complex and we have some observations in this way. It can be seen very clearly changing the mineral composition of the mixture, and processing technology Zau with the hairdryer to Petreşti.

Evolution combustion From the viewpoint of combustion, correlations are different because it is very possible

that the burning of houses to determine the change of temperature combustion and nuanţelor. Since burning was assessed by breaking fragments and the color of the exterior and interior, were some possible errors in coding for burning fewer samples were taken before the tests.

SELECTIVE MATERIALS AND THE STATE

On Zau ­ Kindergarten (3c includes the depths ­230 ­215 cm) there are three rebuild on the same place: L1a, L3a and L1b. Many materials are mixed: approx. 375 fragments 230 cm and 400 cm to 215, plus the complex. They total more than 1,200 ceramic fragments of the complex and much more of the layer. Turdăşene materials, unlike those of Turdaş and Orăştie are involution, here are a very good bill, incisions are fine. Such elements are maintained, after Paul I. Petreşti in culture. Some items, fine incisions (sometimes lustruite), are associated and other materials from the field and hairdryer Transylvanian Plateau materials are early hairdryer. They can see common elements Vinča C1 group and hairdryer, but there are elements seen Petresti in A. The same kind of evolution is going and the Lumea Nouă. Pottery painted on the bill is "soft" (mixed with chaff, mud, broken pissed), but also very good on paste, sand with strips of reasons prevailing red, brown or black, late in lip. On the body are mentioned forms of oval bowls, which are the specific period considered Iclod II (see Iclod sheet) and Suplac II. Are maintained and old elements. Layer of complex materials are painted with narrow lanes or late, the black lip, which appeared in previous phases. Now they are made not only on scrap organic paste with it and paste with sand, painted on white angobă back ­ one of the features (about 10%). Ceramics with mud, chaff, broken pissed (old back) is about 30%, the sand other 30% and 40% are common elements (transformation becomes Petreşti A). Unfortunately we have a few comments from other states. Such material is in Cluj ­ Academy (layer has over 0.40 m), Cluj ­ Archives II, invoice and white slip, I

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considered Iclod, materials related to this phase. Northwest things have a local development. In some resorts are spending an involution ­ some of the materials are complex retardation. In other states or areas carriers arrive culture Hepály ­ Salca. It seems to be a parallel group with levels III, born on the basis of influences Pişcolţ II ­ Esztár. Enters into a period of the previous (and now) the valley Crişului quickly and then Someşul Breakfast until Cluj ­ St. John, appear as imports in the hairdryer or Vinča C, Petreşti culture, the Lumea Nouă, or Zau. Are entering and Muntilor area meses, proof being the discoveries: Zau ­ Dîmbul Spânzuraţilor, Bocsa ­ Gravel and Zalău ­ Hill Wolf.

At Cluj – Piaţa Unirii, in his excavations Gh. Lazarovici (Basin 4.3 ­ 4.8 m) Zau late materials appear alongside material hairdryer and a black ceramic hairdryer, but I Iclod materials and I / II. As in Zau, it shows the contribution to the formation of the group hairdryer Iclod group (actually the same process). The concept of group Iclod does not make sense only for late stages, in case of involution or cultural synthesis (eg Iclod ­ Petreşti). Lack of research between Alba Iulia and Cluj, although there is material in different Cheile Turzii in caves (new material, inaccessible to the Museum of Turda) did not allow us to define precisely the horizon. Turzii in the area at Viişoara of housing materials Iclod I came a bowl, after I Iclod paste, but with the specific phase hairdryer. Otherwise, and the Cheile Turzii, in caves, there are some forms similar to those hairdryer (but different pasta). At Bernadea in a resort with elements considered Turdaş Precucuteni, meet the same forms typical hairdryer with fine incisions, high glossy, all the paste hairdryer.

Summaries Iclod ­ Petreşti 4650 ­ 4550/4500

In the area of Cluj in Transylvania Plain in the area of culture Zau, have been investigated a number of resorts, and sometimes levels, especially at higher levels in Iclod (Iclod II / III, Taga II). They appeared on Iclod paste forms hairdryer or Petreşti A, which indicate the horizon at which they are spent. The same processes going on in resorts Iclod late in the Petreşti. Such materials were discovered at Vlaha, Baciu ­ Str. New Livada ­ Behind the railway station, from Matthew ­ in the village ­ a large resort. Other materials are Dedrad and Saroş River ­ Ciorănel. In resorts Petreşti not know exactly at what stage happens, you may be at the edge of the area and at AB. In all these resorts is unclear notes forms hairdryer, and often the dishes are black interior, a feature and stage Iclod I (cemetery). The difference is that in the resorts Petreşti, mixing and burning of ceramics is better than the Iclod respectively Zau late. Hairdryer forms are obvious. Also on Vlaha without conditions stratigraphic, notice some materials incision Band points and incisions, who remember the turdăşene so, beginning the process Iclod ­ Petreşti should be done at Zau IIIC, with forms, decor and burning Zau late. There should be recalled and a spoon with the handle hole, shaped like the culture lengyel. In these steps, in each geographical area, culture Zau conclude its evolution in a different way, which is natural. The dynamism resorts decreased, the Strengthening abandoned (at Iclod Taga and is seen lifting of construction over circumvallate defense). Ceramics during this period shows clear processes retardation.

CHAPTER IV. SETTLEMENTS, HOUSING, FORTIFICATIONS

Settlements

Zau culture settlements are situated on the various forms of relief: the low terraces (Iclod C Gherla ­ camp, Cluj), medium (Iclod AD, Livada, Prunişor) or high (Backătura Taga, Matthew), the course of rivers big or small (Zau de Câmpie), on the edge of eleştee (Taga) next spring (inset, Nasal). Settlements large culture Zau, suppose an area of 30 hectares, the medium between 7 and 10 meters, and small under 7 meters. Large settlements have been investigated by the Zau field and Cluj­Napoca.

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Tellurile

Zau de Câmpie has been researched a living as a tell. Researched area was 10 x 8 x 3.60 / 4 m. The authors believe that although they have not identified a system Strengthening, it exists because of the intensity of housing and many restorations of homes in the same place. Have been investigated numerous complex, which Podina housing and holes that tăiau floors housing. They looked at houses that were platforms of clay with thickness of between 10 and 35 cm. Some complex (housing 1 and 2 and grave M1) have been affected by earlier surveys. It was found that the orientation of housing differ from one stage to another.

Living in caves

Gorges area known Turzii largest concentration of archaeological traces in Transylvania ­ more than 200 archaeological items are reported in a number of over 40 caves and grottoes book. N. Vlassa mention other 28 caves necartate, plus living on rooftops, in abriuri and crossing points. On the terrace of Cabana Cheile Turzii is located a settlement Zau. In the caves have been investigated several Vetra and shelters. Archaeological research in November, under the leadership of Gh. Lazarovici, took place in the Peştera Ungurească in systematic campaigns of 2003, 2004, 2005 and 2006. In recent archaeological campaigns was that Neolithic layer of Peştera Ungurească has a thickness of 40 cm and 15­20 cm to the edges.

Housing and whorehouseele

Zau constructive activity in the field is very dynamic, with a stratigraphic thickness of more than 2 m. A constructive activity as dynamic met in Cluj­Napoca ­ where the layer of culture is 2­3 m. building similar to those of Zau meet and settlements from C Vinča Gomolava (where thick layer is 3­4 meters) and the part (tell 2) and Uivar. Zau from the field finds two models of construction. On the horizon early ditches are oblong and cave in steps (due to large depth: 120­140 cm), as the Gomolava, Uivar, hairdryer and part ­ tell 2. The second model is the one with circular holes, large, with an architecture rather evolved, with walls of the large beams. Complexes discovered living in the city of Cluj­Napoca, Feleacul at the foot of the hill, near the tower Baba Novac, consisting of housing in the form of colibe, with little chirpici, agglomerations of bones and ceramic materials. The layer of culture have thickness of 1.10 m. There have been asked traces of habitation but only the main living side can seasonally, while the traces of light construction. From an area of 10 x 10 m researched in Cluj ­ Monument Memorandiştilor were removed and placed in the database 2192 ceramic fragments, which shows an intense Neolithic living in this area. Due to lack of systematic excavations and the depth at which the complex Neolithic (4.0 m­6, 2 meters), housing are difficult to study in this area. However, based on observations of stratigraphic were set three horizons culture. Another point which is digging Gh. Lazarovici at the Unification Market (formerly Bd. Libertăţii) at 50 meters from the place where the sink N. Vlassa. Stratigraphy is similar to that inMemorandiştilor Monument.

At Lumea Nouă, I. Berciu indicate 3 levels of housing, as follows: level I in residential complexes are made up of huts and Podina; in the level II occurred huts and platforms, the level III were investigated housing surface ignited.

At Limba is referred to ten huts and six homes, but the authors do not have enough data to make conclusions.

At Iclod were asked three main types of housing: huts, housing and Colibita (Lazarovici, 1991). Whorehouseul is one of the first type of housing built in Iclod. In general, the housing Iclod gatherings are marked by chirpici sometimes rare, sometimes massive ­ the level I and I / II. These are buildings of wood, with walls of vertical and horizontal beams and trellis attached to beams or between beams, over which applied layers of clay 10­12 cm.

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Another type of housing is housing with wooden frame, without chirpici, constructed of large columns, embedded in the ground away from 1,0­1,5 m. Due to the absence chirpiciului can not have certain information concerning the construction of the wall. P22 had no chirpici and was built in large piles embedded in the ground at a distance of 1,0­1,5 m. Whorehouseul B15 with dimensions of 2.4 x1, 4 m, was partially buried. Towards the end of the period ­ Iclod II / III and III, the type of housing is preferred Coliba. The dimensions are different, and the form it is hard Indicators. Traces left are few and consist of remainders of pottery and chirpici up in triangular shapes, patrulatere or irregular.

At the Suplacu de Barcăumore evolved in stages, homes are built by a well­established, with a system construction to make sustainability the house. In the case are true streets, and where space allowed between housing have been built and Vetra free. Along with housing area there are some pits and tombs of waste incinerators located between houses. Suplac in phase I, whorehouseele are grouped two, in phase II Suplac are distanced, and in phase III Suplac are grouped again. Housing is of two types: the construction area and huts. Some homes were simple surface holes, with Podina beaten track and burned and agglomerations of chirpici other had a platform chirpic under which lies a layer of gravel tasat and a third category of housing are those with platform chirpic seated on a bed despicate thick log. No holes were observed by the poster seem to support platforms, which may indicate a technical construction on the soles. Housing a cabin belonging to the first level of housing, but it was not exactly surprised by their digging. Housing large occurred in Taga, at the level Taga II, at a depth of 0.7 / 0.85 m. Also, the large complex, such as the housing 3, with massive beams of structures with foundations and large , Were discovered in the horizon Taga I, at a depth of 0.95 / 1.00 m. A possible semiwhorehouse abandoned, turned into a pit for tailings waste can be hole G28, oval­shaped, with dimensions of 2.8 x2, 2x0, 35 m. ceramic fragments found in the pit belong to the summary Iclod­Petreşti, spent between Iclod group, and Precucuteni Petreşti. In conclusion, homes were lifted after a short period of operation of the resort, whereas in the mold under the floor of some of them were found fragments of ceramic early stage.

At Pericei (Sălaj county), at the point Tag Keller, the depth of 0.47 m occurred housing Neolithic, which burrow up to 1.40 m. ceramic material, in particular painted pottery discovered in the complex, presents analogies with materials I level from the Suplacu Barcău ­ Corău. In research conducted campaign in 2001 to Pericei point Tag Keller, occurred four neolithic dwellings, whose architecture looks like: 1 Housing deep to ­0.8 m, săpătă in steps and irregular shape, and the bottom complex occurred holes of the second look. Housing 2 deep to ­0.6 m and has the (probably) elongated oval. Housing deep 3 to ­0.6 m, of irregular shape. Housing 4 is also a Neolithic dwelling type buried (up to ­0.4 m), partly superimposed housing 3, the form (probably) rectangular. The material discovered in the archaeological complex of neolithic Pericei analogues in the present findings from Suplacu de Barcău.

Workshops

Research Zau archeological from the Field led to the discovery of housing who worked as workshops confection ceramics, as one of the walls and sometimes on the floor occurred in pits that were traces of sacks of cattle hides or wood planking And ditches were on the bottom layers of clay modeling for painting or ceramics.

Iclod have to prove the existence of workshops as a result of numerous discoveries of objects in stone Frosting or cioplită, clay, bone or horn, ivory and shell the clams. About the origin of the materials from which the tools were made in workshops purtătorilor culture Zau we can say that they are the result of the exchange traffic rights, intertribal. Cioplirea for flint tools were made of raw materials pa Valley Somes, the balastiere, or at longer distances. To gear made of Obsidian, Cle more from Iclod (36%), tests have shown that the result of cluster different raw materials for processing. In workshops at Iclod were made of carved tools cornea, opal and calcedonii. From Obsidian is done: blades (39.8%), doctor (33%), tips (12.2%), thanks to the llama (10.2). From the cornea, opal and calcedonii were blades and

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doctor, and Obsidian: blades, doctor and peaks. For the tools of stone, the metamorphic rocks are used, then the sedimentary and eruptive. In workshops Iclod to be made: topoare Trapezoidal (long or flat), topoare block (flat or higher), topoare rectangular, sculpture, percussion, sweeping, mill. At Iclod were discovered and tools of bone and horn, are more numerous: străpungătoarele of bone and horn, the horn sculpture, peaks of arrows from the walls of bones, arrows with a tube of bone, horns processed for media or topoare hoe the horn, Plantation and hoe. At the price ­ Tag Keller, are evidence of a Neolithic settlements in the production of specialized tools, where archaeological material found its analogues found among the materials discovered at Suplac ­ Corău, especially material from Phase I, but also among the ceramic materials from Cluj­Napoca – Bd. Unirii.

Ditches

At Zau de Câmpie, in the central part of the settlement, the horizon of synthesis Iclod­ Petreşti, were discovered in foundation pits with depths of 0,40­0,50 m. This hole contains 5­ 6 skeletons of cows and a deer Between four skeletons were placed in the anatomical position. Many bones were burned. Also, ditches containing fragments of bones and ashes. All this shows a foundation ceremony of the rituals. Another archaeological complex, did everything in the Field, reflects the foundation similar rituals. These include in particular the bull skulls and feet of wild deer. At Suplac at the complex have occurred many holes related Suplac level III or the Middle Neolithic. They were separated after their content or the level at which they were discovered. Gh. Lazarovici fall ditches G50, G48, G48a, G46 and G47 in the Middle Neolithic. Depth ditches is quite small, which indicates their purpose building. Sometimes stones are on the edge of ditches, marking probably cenetafuri. Other holes are filling in yellow earth.

At Iclod were investigated and pits with different uses. Some were used to extract lutului, after which remained as landfill waste, other forms are regular large. Another category are those holes with different features: the piles with holes after the interior columns (G25, G33, G40, G50), pits religious (Gr.55 = 0.7 x0, 8x0, 8 m), form quadrilateral, 2­mill, an object of Obsidian and ceramics) and other irregular holes. Have been discovered and larger holes and deep, with the riverbed or bottom right. Gh. Lazarovici is of the opinion that the bottom with white and without precise shape, with different depths, are most likely to clay pits. They were investigated outside defense. In the S48 have been identified and investigated eight complex: two huts (B88 and B90), five holes (G84, G85, G 87a, b, c, G 89, G91) and a platform. Ditches G84, G85 and G87 are holes for pillars. G89 is a side of 3 meters and a depth of 80 cm. G91, with dimensions of 50x35 cm, was stuffing a few bones and ceramic fragments. In S49 occurring between the four complex: a pit of worship (G92), special archaeological material through which it contained, a rectangular hole with rounded corners (G86), death (M51) and two groups of albieri, which the authors do not you can specify the purpose. Information on new residential complexes in the Lumea Nouă have to M. Gligor, stating ditches G1, C2, G4 and G19­20. G4, with dimensions of 1.8 x 2 m and depth 0.4 m, is considered to be a housewife hole, appearing in her ceramic fragments and a hearth fragmentation. In hole G16 occurred chirpici burned fragments, pottery and bone fragments, which is why the authors of a research considered as a housekeeper or even pit board. After dimensions are two types of holes: small (0,9­1,4 m) ­ G1, G2, G19, G20 and large ­ size is approximately 2 m.

Fortifications

At Iclod have been researched the most impressive Neolithic fortifications in Transylvania, comparable to those of Uivar and Part. Fortification was built in time Iclod phase I and remained in service in the first part of phase II Iclod. During phase II Iclod system was abandoned housing and expanded. The first trench cut layers of clay looked down frequently in the layer of gravel and clay in the middle of the terrace Somes. In patches, the

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edges circumvallateului were cave holes, which can lead to the conclusion that at the time that Santos had been abandoned as a system of retrenchment, it was subsequently used as a quarry for clay. In the base layer of culture there is a ceramic slip with red feature for the first part of phase II Iclod, but also with elements Iclod I. Such pottery appears and stuffing Santos de Strengthening, at depths of 1.6 ­ 2.0 m, when circumvallateul begin to be abandoned. Inside Santos had been discovered in a stockade, the distance of 4,5­8,5 m dike. The fence was built by a moat săparea small ­ 0,35­0,45 m wide and deep for 0,40­0,60 m, the distance of 1,50­ 2,50 I was supplied with large holes and deep that were stuck in vertical columns with thick diameter 0,15­0,25 m. They appeared and interior fences, and in the south and west has been researched a stockade outside. In the north and the south have been asked some disruption in the defense, which would correspond to entries. Such openings, the smaller size, occurred in the fence, possibly for entry. Recent research has demonstrated that the situation at Iclod is identical to those of the media and LBK lengyel. Circumvallateurile discovered are concentric; circumvallateul 1 and Santa 3 have profile in the "V" (to open approximately 4 m and depth 2.5 m), and circumvallateul 2 has profile in the "U", with less depth, but wider . Circumvallateurile palisadelor discovered at the Field did belong to the level III culture Zau. This construction is earlier Gropii foundation, but contains elements hairdryer.

Archaeological research conducted at the Suplacu de Barcău ­ Corău in the 2002 campaign have surprised a hole that seems to be defense. At approximately 3.0 m of this complex are no longer any archaeological complex over a distance of 30 m, after which reîncep deposits belonging to the resort Corău I. Here stop and depositions level I, earlier than the materials Suplac Phase I of Corău I. Circumvallateul cut is the foundation of a trench housing belonging to phase III Suplac.

At Taga ­ The archaeological, to investigate the campaign of 2002 a stockade on a length of 8 meters, oriented north­south direction. This seems to be correspondent stockade I (researched in the 1995 campaign). Width circumvallateului stockade is 0,35­0,40 m and 2 m in 2 shows a pit pole. Stockade seems to stop on the western side of housing 44. Palisades underlie layer of culture, the route they were covered by debris from the west wall of housing 44. Stockade is to cut a hole in the northwestern corner of the P45, which shows the earliest. Another indication is that stockade orientation does not coincide with the orientation of the housing area. Research carried out in the 2004 campaign, have identified the north side of the Neolithic fortifications, consisting of a moat and a palisade. Being located in the slope at the edge of terrace, Santos, stockade and the upper layer of culture have been eroded. Circumvallateul is digging after a period of operation, Taga previous phase III, probably in time Taga stage II or I. The stockade TAGA maybe it was even built to the inside edge of Santos. One or two lines of stones inside were seated, it seems, at the edge of palisades. Since Santos had been disturbed and caught in the section diagonally, its size and profile are difficult reconstituted. Circumvallateul have ass white, which proves a long use and cleaning succession.

At Zau de Câmpie, the east­west direction, has emerged a ditch, probably paling in view of appearance, size and traces of columns. Palisades appear at the IIB, where there are holes large rectangular with rounded corners and a hole at one pole of the head. Palisades cut ditches housing 11A. The authors can not predict which complex and horizon belongs stockade, as was caught digging in the ass and not her mouth, but believes that it was abandoned in level III, whereas above it, appeared hole with skeletons of bulls.

CHAPTER V. CULT

Cult communities Zau culture is difficult to specify because the plastic events, including idols and figurines are rare and less significant. Certainly we can not speak of an intense spiritual life, as in the case of other civilizations such as Vinča, Banat Turdaş or culture. In the spiritual life, a particular role you are dead cult. At Iclod were discovered two

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large Neolithic cemeteries. Observe these graves in a rich inventory funeral and finds the constant filing of a certain type of vessels. Also targeting the tombs as wind, facing towards the east, may suggest beliefs related to the sun. Moreover, the cult of the sun and the month is known in the Middle Neolithic, as a demonstrază discoveries from the party. Zau de Câmpie were discovered several graves of children aged between 1 and 3.5 years, the abode of housing or near hearts. It was found that most of the tombs are the homes of children, and the explanation would be that age were not required to enter into "the dead." Belief in the immortality soul determined on oamneni since Paleolithic buried their defuncţii with various of flint tools and ocher (blood substitute), symbol of life. Red ocher was found in a boat in the inventory of funerary tombului M1 from Port ­ Corău. Analogies to find the graves of Iclod.

Rituals of Foundation

At Zau de Câmpie, the grave no. 4, experienced an unusual submission to the Neolithic Age, consisting of a dinner stubs in the foundation of a site, which it attributed Gh. Lazarovici horizon housing hairdryer Zau from the Field. In Tureni keys were discovered deposits of whole skeletons of animals, with heads buried separately. The most numerous rituals of foundation were discovered at the Zau, which occurred in particular skulls of wild ox ­ in a hole under the floor of the dwelling 8, the hind legs ­ as P1 and another skull at a distance of one meter.

At the Suplacu de Barcău Gh. Lazarovici and D. Ignat vessels discovered near hearts containing the necessary preparation of food products (salt or oil), Gheorghe Lazarovici but does not exclude the possibility of a ritual linked to the founding and operation Vetra. At Iclod, in the S49, a hole appeared cult (G92) excavation considered by the authors as one of the most important and interesting discoveries from Iclod. In the pit were a large number of vessels and three topoare large symbolic submitted. Filling Gropii was by breaking rituală of ships and lodging or throwing them in different ways. Breaking rituală of vessels has been found in several graves at Iclod. Hole the bottom is a layer of ashes mixed with bones and scraps of burned coal, among themselves and ceramic fragments, and were placed above the three­piece suit huge stone (a hatchet, a scepter and an imitation of ax or rod made from a friable rock, unserviceable). Reached the conclusion that Gh. Lazarovici that burned bones assume the existence of a rug or fire on a banquet or a funeral rite. Cleavers presence in the pits may suggest the idea that the holes can be found, the foundation or express a gesture of supplication. In conclusion, hole G92 is interpreted as a bothros the foundation. Such deposits of worship (bothros) have been discovered in various resorts, sanctuaries or special places. Topoare huge like have been discovered in other areas. Two occurred near the town of Turda and one near Iclod at Căprioara­glade.

Cemeteries

Archaeological research conducted at Iclod have shown that there are second necropole organized, with a ritual well­defined and developed a cult of the dead. There were two cemeteries investigated Neolithic: A cemetery, located in Area A, on the banks of the Somes, B and cemetery, located in Area B, between Iclod and orchard, on both sides of the main road and the railways. In putting B tombs are spread over the entire surface of the settlement and are later than the graves in the cemetery of A. With a few exceptions, where they were crouched defuncţii (Iclod phase III), the shell was lashed back, look to the east and in some cases to the south. The inventory consists of funerary vessels: each 4­5 in the cemetery and its 4­10 in ancient tombs in the cemetery of B. are often found in graves unused pots, proof being the discovery of painted vases in technical crusted (painting after burning), why not were part of the household use. In the late stages is growing that the inventory of objects funerary namely those of flint, Obsidian, slate, stone, horn, bone and vessels bill in May precarious. Vessels were grouped or string up the body. In the cemetery vessels were grouped two. In the late stages of the graves appear: Frosting topoare stone tools of bone and horn tools of flint,

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slate, opal, spatule, blades, beady. Clemens Lichter analyzed targeting the tombs of Iclod and calculated the percentages representing the orientation of their cemeteries A (23 graves) and B (33 graves). It notes that 60% of the graves in the cemetery are oriented towards the west and 20% north­west. In the cemetery B, the graves are oriented to the west in a lower percentage, approximately 25%, to the north­west 15% and 20% north. C. Lichter and calculated the percentages of the inventory of funerary tombs in cemeteries A and B on Iclod. In conclusion, in the first phase of the "group Iclod" is amenajează large cemeteries with graves with a rich inventory funeral. Defuncţii are buried settlement on the edge of the first phase, between the moat and stockade in the area or Santos. In the second phase is a necropolis near the settlement, approximately 200 m south­west. In phase II / III and III, the "group Iclod 'graves are back in the settlement.

Graves

Cluj­Napoca, in the summer of 1969 was the point State Archives, M. Kogalniceanu Street, no. 10, in sepulcher a depth of 6­6,5 m. layer in which they appeared fragments of human bones corresponds to the level I foundations of the Academy Library. In 1973, in Victory Square in Cluj­Napoca, at a depth of over 5 meters, were discovered a few pots and fragments of the whole of reunification vessels belonging to a grave. Following analysis of billing and ceramic forms, Gh. Lazarovici concludes that the vessels belong to the same culture. The ship profile in the "S" has similarities to the graves in cemeteries A and B on Iclod. Lobate dish is seen in all the graves in the cemetery of A and B cemetery, and cylindrical vessel, or vase. The ship with four protuberance is grave and M11 in the cemetery at Iclod.

At the Suplacu de Barcău Corău points Corău I and III (port), there is the emergence of the tombs of incinerators (including the burning) alongside those of inhume. Since they were discovered many skeletons of children and even infants (in the floor housing) that has been made in connection with the sacrifices practiced in the Neolithic Age and have found similar examples in the area of culture Cucuteni. I. Berciu mentions a tomb discovered in 1968 in Alba Iulia ­ Lumea Nouă, where the skeleton was in the crouched position. Also in Alba Iulia was discovered a grave with numerous fragments of human osteology arranged on multiple levels, coming from several individuals, many of which are mixed. Vinča find similarities to BB and they are osuarii (ossuarium or kosturnica). They are linked to specific construction or shows that the cult of the skull or practice cannibalism, such situations are encountered civilizations ceramic linear. In conclusion, even if the graves are said late Neolithic period, making them part of the group Suplac they demonstrază that we are dealing with situations in which the graves are incinerators. "It is not excluded that after incineration part of the bones have been buried in the grave or urn, while others were cast in the water of a river or paid in the wind on rock or a natural sanctuary, where the evidence is and poorest. "As you know from studies cercetătoarei D. Ignat, in the late Neolithic habit incineration deceased is often to Suplac, Panic, Tăşad, etc. Aszod. Gh. Lazarovici claims that: "Some cases are caused by certain rituals, which often escapes us, the differences between various members of the community. Many times, the last member of a family were buried in the home and in her household scraps are thrown to be visited or habitation."

Rites and rituals

Information on Rites and rituals of the funeral culture Zau communities are little graves discovered in the area of this crop is in a quite low. A hole appeared in rituală excavations at Taga in the Taga II, from the level III Taga. She had a semiwhorehouse, with dimensions of 2x3 meters and a depth of 30 cm. There have been discovered 12­14 half­jaw beef and deer and various other bones. Ceramic fragments belonging synthesis Iclod­Petreşti, but was also a boat Precucuteni. Because the bones were black and very open friabile (state may be in the sun), researchers do not exclude any possibility that the hole has been a housewife. In general,

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predominantly funeral rite in the neo­eneoliticului, in Romania, was inhumaţia, but in the north­west and graves occurred in incinerators. At the Suplacu Barcău ­ Corău, D. Ignat reminds graves of three incinerators. And Tăşad, D. Ignat mentions the emergence of the tomb of incinerators. But lately, the Port ­ Corău were investigated a large number of graves. Within groups or cultures of the north­western Romania, is found among the tombs housing arrangement, in housing or the walls, or in peripheral areas of settlement. Exception is the site of Zalău ­ Lupului Hill, where they appeared 13 graves of incinerators in the campaign of 2005, which reveals a necropole of incinerators at the edge of Neolithic settlement. At Săcuieni ­ Horo, was investigated a tomb belonging to the group Pişcolţ, believed to be the oldest tomb of this cultural group. Orintat skeleton was heading east­west, is at 0.85 m depth in crouched position on the right side, and the next he found a small boat and a Ski Obsidian. At Căpleni ­ Canal irrigation has been searched without a grave inventory Pişcolţ assigned group. All group Pişcolţ belongs grave and looked at Urziceni ­ Vamă. At Agtelec­Hohe was discovered a grave with analogues of the Zau Field. It is a grave under a house (in addition to an outdoor housing), together with that found a ship painted Tiszadob. Zau de Câmpie met similar situations. On the perimeter of the settlements Suplacu de Barcău, including housing, or at the edge of settlements, have been investigated 18 graves, of which two are inhume. Among them was one of inhume located near Santos de foundation of the dwelling 1, with the inventory funerary vessels and red ocher, attributed the group Pişcolt. At Porţ ­ Corău, occurred in the 2002 campaign, in S1, 10 complex in the Neolithic levels, including: 5 houses, 3 holes and 2 possible graves of incinerators. Referring to religious architecture, information is also limited. It is known that the deceased was still regarded as a family member or community and therefore was buried near the house. We have many such examples from the early Neolithic and authors have linked these findings to the cult of the dead and the cult of ancestors.

Inhume

At the Field Zau, almost every home in the west, was found a grave of a child (or sugar), but the authors do not consider research that would be the foundation of a ritual or immolation, but only a habit funeral for the children very small, but not totally exclude any first two variants. It is assumed that their untimely death resulted in funeral home, the explanation being that in the cemeteries were buried just the start. Graves of inhume Zau culture of communities have been presented above.

Incinerators

Rite incinerators attested on every continent, from ancient times until today. Rite consists of incineration in the box and the hole in the necropolis, the settlement or isolated. This practice is common in culture Protosesklo at Soufli flattery, and crops Sesklo­Tsangli at Zarkou ­ Plateia flattery. The tomb incinerators have been discovered and carriers of culture lengyel at Aszod, where 80 of the graves, seven were from incinerators. The tomb incinerators longer appear in Larissa culture, contemporary with Vinča, in Austria, in culture Jordanovo­ Jordansmuhl of Bohemia, the rescue excavations at Port ­ Corău III. Following the burning produces smoke and ash, each with a different meaning. By incineration, the soul is released from the body, while keeping UN / ECE means the perpetuation soul. The tomb incinerators have been discovered at the Suplacu de BarcăuTăşad Zalău ­ Urojkert Zalău ­ Hill Lupului Baciului and mouth. At the Suplacu Barcău ­ Corău I, was discovered in 1984 (in S6 at ­0.90 m), the first grave (M1) of incinerators with box alongside that were ships of the second offering and a cup with leg fragmentation. Vessels were in a small hole between two houses (12 and 13). Another grave (M2) was found (in S10, Carol 7, at ­0.50 m) in an oval hole. As inventory funerary it contains fragments of cups with foot and various other fragments of ceramic one with a protomă livestock. The author notes that both M1 and M2 are the graves of incinerators in the hole, without specifying if the place was burning in the pit or elsewhere.

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Also, M3 is also a tomb of incinerators and was discovered in a pit tronconică the depth of 0.45 m. Along with burned human bones appeared a chisel Frosting. Gropii the bottom is a layer of gravel tasat, then a layer of earth burned bones above and calcined. Researcher is of the opinion that technical Gropii preparation is the same as that used to develop housing in the settlement, and that the graves in the pits can be burned a special ritual Suplac specific group. Find analogues in Greece in the Neolithic necropolele from Souphli Magoula and Zarkou Magoula. The discovery of new graves of eight incinerators in the Barcău Suplacu demonstrază funerary rite that prevails in carriers such civilizations. Seven graves were placed on two occasions, at the edge of the site. They had the inventory to foot vessels, cups, plates. Ditches tombs were small (max. 15 cm) and were almost identical. At Zalău ­ Urojkert, was discovered a tomb of incinerators, with the second inventory vessels fragmentation. 1 km away, were discovered several graves of incinerators, a necropolis related to the possible retrenchment of the Hill Wolf. It notes that most of the tombs discovered at Suplac incinerators and Port ­ Corău are in grave and belonging to late Neolithic. In conclusion, funerals purtătorilor Zau culture are of great diversity. The graves were arranged in settlements in housing, among them or near them. In the final stages, as is the case at Iclod, cemeteries have been arranged at the edge of town. The explanation would be that the deceased was no longer part of the community of the living.

Hearts and altars

In the Neolithic, hearth occupies an important place in community life, running around to various activities of daily living, but practices such as incantaţii magic, incantation or various rites. It is located either inside the housing, or outside them. Are arguments supporting the idea that the hearth was the place of events with ritual, one of them being the discovery of anthropomorphic statues in the area hearts. Discovery of altars near hearts support the hypothesis of the need for a magic of heart. There are, however, and assumptions under which altar have the exclusive role lighting rooms, but these tax assumptions acted E. Banffy, which claims that are too small and that can not produce light more than a few minutes. Moreover, they are painted inside, and their location near hearts, which are generating light, make them lose their role as instruments for lighting. But the theory is credible altar that may play a role household, they can just light during the course of ritual sequences.

At Secăreuca in housing L22, in a niche above the oven was discovered a statuette in an anthropomorphic altar of terra cotta. Also, the Trestiana in housing L3, was a pit with a grate in the center and along quadrilateral altar a two anthropomorphic figures. Hearts investigated in the Suplacu de Barcău are located either in homes, usually in the northern corner, or close to home. The outside of housing have large (1,2­1,4 m) and initially was thought to represent the floors housing the hearth fire. Analogies to find Ostrovu Golu and let, in Starčevo­Cris culture. Gh. Lazarovici presents four Vetra discovered at Suplac ­ Corău III. D. Ignat also discovered a similar situation, which can lead to the conclusion that the vessels near hearts contained the necessary preparation of food products (salt or oil). Gh. Lazarovici not exclude any possibility of a ritual linked to the founding and operation heart. Floors of housing were considered and agglomerations of rocks occurring in research D. Ignat. Layers of burned demonstrated that, in reality, they are heart.

Idols

Zoomorphic or anthropomorphic sculptures and vessels with zoomorphic anthropomorphous or are directly linked to magical beliefs and practices of religious­linked life and death. Anthropomorphic representations may be a reflection of the fertility cult, or deity who protects the home or the deceased. Gh. Lazarovici mentions a piece of figurine found at Iclod, face modeled with care, a large number of human feet, head of stylized animals; bail out the boat with the human foot, ear zoomorphic; bottom of the figures in a sitting position; swings, standing by the altar. The author is of the opinion that these are parts

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of worship and that they imitate larger models used in magical and religious practices, and the argument presented the discovery of an Occasional layout of worship. In the 1996 campaign was found to Iclod, in the S52, whorehouseul 102, a highly regarded idol. Idol is fragmentary (to hold only the upper part) and as presented, it appears that was mounted on the edge of a vessel or a shrine. Before the idol is upright, eyes and mouth are played by pressing, nose is long and right, your throat is six short cuts (which can suggest clothing) and arms (stylized) are brought in front. Plastic is also illustrated. Also on Iclod was discovered and a piece with solar symbols, or other meanings ­ a bottom boat with a fylfot and other fragments of the same symbol. At Iclod was discovered and a leg from a vessel anthropomorphous, worked fine paste, yellow, fine smooth with traces of slip failed. The song has analogues in Ostrovu Golu at Zăuan (Venus de Zăuan), the Gorsza (Venus de Gorzsa), the Szentes (Venus de Szentes), the Kokenydomb at Ocsod­Kovácshalom at Vesto­Magor.

At Zăuan were discovered many great songs including: Zăuan statue of Venus, a piece of mask, a vessel anthropomorphous, more anthropomorphic and zoomorphic figures, and altar. In general, statuetele were found in homes. Venus de Zăuan appeared on a house or shrine, near a landfill with a particular content. A piece of idol was discovered on the violation of housing.

At Porţ ­ Corău were discovered three figures: the first in the area of a housing area, in the second and third in stuffing L15­L18.

At the Suplacu de Barcău were discovered numerous pieces, small cylinder­shaped, made of ceramic orange. D. Ignat those pieces fit into the category of idol. For the most part, these are idoli anthropomorphic female representation. D. Ignat conclusion is that the manifestations of spiritual played by plastic remain conservative, keeping the forms middle neolithic. Idoli analogues of these are located in the center of Transylvania and Banat.

ABBREVIATIONS

ActaMN – Acta Musei Napocensis, Cluj­Napoca. ActaMP – Acta Musei Porolisensis, Zalău. AnB – Analele Banatului, Timişoara. Apulum – Acta Musei Apulensis, Alba Iulia. AR – Archaeometry in Romania. Banatica – Banatica, Reşiţa. BAR – British Archaeological Reports, Oxford. BMN – Biblioteca Musei Napocensis, Cluj­Napoca. CCA – Cronica Cercetărilor Arheologice, Comisia Naţională de Arheologie, Bucureşti. CI – Cercetări Istorice, Vaslui. Crisia – Crisia, Oradea. Dacia – Dacia. Recherches et découvertes archéologiques en Roumanie, Bucureşti. IRT – Institutul Român de Tracologie, Bucureşti. Ist.Rom. – Istoria României, Bucureşti. MCA – Materiale şi Cercetări Arheologice, Bucureşti. PZ – Prähistotische Zeitschrift, Berlin­Leipzig. RC – Ruboné et Cardial, Liége. RevMuz – Revista Muzeelor, Bucureşti. SC – Studii şi Comunicări, Caransebeş. SCIV – Studii şi cercetări de istorie veche, Bucureşti. StComSM – Studii şi comunicări, Muzeul judeţean Satu Mare. Studia UBB – Studia Universitatis Babeş­Bolyai, seria Historica, Cluj­Napoca.

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