Universal Measurement of Universal Measurement of ShipsShips

Colin CridlandColin Cridland

IMSFIMSF

Gdansk, April 2008Gdansk, April 2008

© Colin Cridland

ObjectivesObjectives

To propose new method(s) of measure that To propose new method(s) of measure that universally equally to ALL sizes and types of universally equally to ALL sizes and types of vessel allowing easy comparison (ie Like with vessel allowing easy comparison (ie Like with Like)Like)

To highlight weaknesses with existing To highlight weaknesses with existing measurementsmeasurements

© Colin Cridland

Existing Types of MeasureExisting Types of Measure

TONNAGESTONNAGES Dwt, Displacement, LightweightDwt, Displacement, Lightweight

CAPACITIESCAPACITIES Liquid (m3), Liquid Gas (m3), Grain (m3), Ore Liquid (m3), Liquid Gas (m3), Grain (m3), Ore

(m3), Bale (m3), TEUs, Lane Metres (m), Cars, (m3), Bale (m3), TEUs, Lane Metres (m), Cars, Trucks, Trailers, Passengers etcTrucks, Trailers, Passengers etc

DIMENSIONSDIMENSIONS Length Overall (m), Length BP (m), Beam (m), Length Overall (m), Length BP (m), Beam (m),

Draught (m), Depth (m) etcDraught (m), Depth (m) etc HYBRIDSHYBRIDS

GRT/GT, NRT/NT, SCNT, PCNT, CGTGRT/GT, NRT/NT, SCNT, PCNT, CGT

© Colin Cridland

TonnagesTonnages

Deadweight (dwt)Deadweight (dwt) Maximum vessel can carry in tonnes by way of Maximum vessel can carry in tonnes by way of

cargo, stores, fuel, crew etc which is not cargo, stores, fuel, crew etc which is not permanent part of structure of ship up to the permanent part of structure of ship up to the maximum summer load line.maximum summer load line.

Reasonable measurement for majority liquid or Reasonable measurement for majority liquid or dry bulk vessels as cargo component forming dry bulk vessels as cargo component forming close to 98% of dwtclose to 98% of dwt

Unrepresentative for majority of vessels Unrepresentative for majority of vessels carrying low density cargoes like containers, carrying low density cargoes like containers, LNG, passengers, vehicles etcLNG, passengers, vehicles etc

© Colin Cridland

Tonnages (continued)Tonnages (continued)

Lightweight (lwt, ldt or lwdt)Lightweight (lwt, ldt or lwdt) Basically the weight of the ship itself with no Basically the weight of the ship itself with no

cargo, stores etc.cargo, stores etc. Used widely at the time vessels are Used widely at the time vessels are

negotiating for scrapnegotiating for scrap Otherwise of little use as weight of steel is no Otherwise of little use as weight of steel is no

indication of vessel size with similar sizes indication of vessel size with similar sizes having huge tonnage variation due to type of having huge tonnage variation due to type of steel used.steel used.

DisplacementDisplacement Basically the full weight of a fully laden shipBasically the full weight of a fully laden ship DISPLACEMENT = DWT plus LWTDISPLACEMENT = DWT plus LWT

© Colin Cridland

Hybrid MeasuresHybrid Measures

Gross Tonnage (GT) – replaces (GRT)Gross Tonnage (GT) – replaces (GRT) An artificial ‘tonnage’ measurement based on the An artificial ‘tonnage’ measurement based on the

total volume of enclosed spacestotal volume of enclosed spaces Calculated by taking the total capacity of Calculated by taking the total capacity of

enclosed spaces in m3 (V) and multiplying by a enclosed spaces in m3 (V) and multiplying by a coefficient (K) calculated by 0.2+0.02 logcoefficient (K) calculated by 0.2+0.02 log1010V (e.g. V (e.g. 100,000 m3 x 0.3 becomes 30,000 GT and 100,000 m3 x 0.3 becomes 30,000 GT and 200,000 m3 x 0.306 becomes 61,200 GT)200,000 m3 x 0.306 becomes 61,200 GT)

Better than dwt for comparing vessels with low Better than dwt for comparing vessels with low density cargoes within enclosed spaces with high density cargoes within enclosed spaces with high density cargoesdensity cargoes

BUT useless for containerships with majority of BUT useless for containerships with majority of cargo outside enclosed spacescargo outside enclosed spaces

AND Complicated, Meaningless, UnrepresentativeAND Complicated, Meaningless, Unrepresentative

© Colin Cridland

Hybrid Measures (cont)Hybrid Measures (cont)

Net Tonnage (NT) – replaces (NRT)Net Tonnage (NT) – replaces (NRT) An artificial ‘tonnage’ measurement based on the An artificial ‘tonnage’ measurement based on the

total volume of enclosed spaces dedicated to total volume of enclosed spaces dedicated to cargocargo

Calculated by formula:Calculated by formula: NT = KNT = K22 V Vc c (4d/3D)(4d/3D)2 2 + K+ K33 (N (N11 + (N + (N22 / 10)) / 10)) KK22 = as per K in GT, V = as per K in GT, Vc c = m3 enclosed cargo = m3 enclosed cargo

space d = moulded draught amidships, D = space d = moulded draught amidships, D = moulded depth amidships, N1 = no passengers moulded depth amidships, N1 = no passengers with not more than 8 berths N2 = no of other with not more than 8 berths N2 = no of other passengers K3 = 1.25 ((GT+10,000)/10,000)passengers K3 = 1.25 ((GT+10,000)/10,000)

A ‘Black Art’A ‘Black Art’ Even worse than GT!!Even worse than GT!! Too Complicated to be calculated by ShipyardsToo Complicated to be calculated by Shipyards

© Colin Cridland

CapacitiesCapacities

Cubic Capacity (m3)Cubic Capacity (m3) Liquid, Liquefied Gas, Grain, Ore, BaleLiquid, Liquefied Gas, Grain, Ore, Bale

UnitsUnits Lane Metres – Linear (cannot convert to m3)Lane Metres – Linear (cannot convert to m3) No of passengers (cannot convert to m3)No of passengers (cannot convert to m3) No of vehicles (cannot convert to m3)No of vehicles (cannot convert to m3) TEU (CAN convert to m3!)TEU (CAN convert to m3!)

© Colin Cridland

Data UsedData Used

LRF PC RegisterLRF PC Register Stage 1 - All Cargo Ships – 53,460 vessels BUT:Stage 1 - All Cargo Ships – 53,460 vessels BUT:

3,235 vessels with NO dwt (6%)3,235 vessels with NO dwt (6%) 286 vessels with NO GT (0.5%)286 vessels with NO GT (0.5%) 6,324 vessels with NO NT (12%)6,324 vessels with NO NT (12%) 2,711 vessels with NO LOA (5%)2,711 vessels with NO LOA (5%) 241 vessels with NO Beam (0.5%)241 vessels with NO Beam (0.5%)

Tested relationship between dwt & GT, dwt & NT, Tested relationship between dwt & GT, dwt & NT, NT & GT, m3 and GT & NT – ALL inconsistentNT & GT, m3 and GT & NT – ALL inconsistent

© Colin Cridland

11stst Universal Measure Universal Measure

Stage 2 - Selected vessels with Both LOA & LBPStage 2 - Selected vessels with Both LOA & LBP Created LOA Size Categories (approx every 25m)Created LOA Size Categories (approx every 25m) Created Pivot Tables for LOA/LBP values for every Created Pivot Tables for LOA/LBP values for every

LOA size range for every vessel typeLOA size range for every vessel type Vessels with LOA/LBP values = 48,678 vesselsVessels with LOA/LBP values = 48,678 vessels Use LOA/LBP ratios from Pivots to populate Use LOA/LBP ratios from Pivots to populate

previously blank LOAspreviously blank LOAs Result 52,488 vessels having BOTH LOA and Result 52,488 vessels having BOTH LOA and

Beam.Beam.

© Colin Cridland

Vessel Footprint = VFm2Vessel Footprint = VFm2

LOA x BEAM = VFm2LOA x BEAM = VFm2 VFm2 = Ship Footprint in square metresVFm2 = Ship Footprint in square metres VFm2 provides mechanism for measuring vessels VFm2 provides mechanism for measuring vessels

against port, waterway or drydocking spaceagainst port, waterway or drydocking space

© Colin Cridland

VFm2 – World Fleet by TypeVFm2 – World Fleet by Type

0

5,000

10,000

15,000

20,000

25,000

30,000

35,000

40,000

45,000

50,000

bulke

r

tanke

r

conta

iner

gen c

argo

chem

ical

mpp

pass

vehi

cve

hicro

ro lng

lpg

k V

Fm

2

© Colin Cridland

VFm2 – World Fleet by FlagVFm2 – World Fleet by Flag

0

5,000

10,000

15,000

20,000

25,000

30,000

35,000

40,000

Panam

a

Liber

ia

Baham

as

Spore

Hong K

ong

Mar

sh Is

China

Mal

ta

Greec

e

Japan

k V

Fm

2

© Colin Cridland

22ndnd Universal MeasureUniversal Measure

Stage 3 - Select only vessels with m3 capacity Stage 3 - Select only vessels with m3 capacity measures or TEU (convert TEU to m3)measures or TEU (convert TEU to m3)

Certain ship types excluded (e.g. Passenger)Certain ship types excluded (e.g. Passenger) Use largest m3 or combine according to ship typeUse largest m3 or combine according to ship type Select out vessels with NO dwt & Create dwt size Select out vessels with NO dwt & Create dwt size

categoriescategories Vessels with DWT AND m3 = 32,663 Vessels with DWT AND m3 = 32,663 Created Pivot Tables for DWT/m3 values for every Created Pivot Tables for DWT/m3 values for every

DWT size range for every vessel typeDWT size range for every vessel type Use DWT/m3 ratios from Pivots to populate Use DWT/m3 ratios from Pivots to populate

previously blank DWTs & m3 but EXCLUDING previously blank DWTs & m3 but EXCLUDING anomalous valuesanomalous values

Result calculated Total Cargo m3 (TCm3) for 42,248 Result calculated Total Cargo m3 (TCm3) for 42,248 vessels!vessels!

© Colin Cridland

TCm3 – World Fleet by TypeTCm3 – World Fleet by Type

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

500

Bulkers Tankers Container General MPP RoRo Vehicle

© Colin Cridland

Key Types - dwt/m3Key Types - dwt/m3

0.81

1.24

0.49

1.23

0.800.88

1.241.12

0.56

1.10

0.460.54

0.72

0.00

0.20

0.40

0.60

0.80

1.00

1.20

1.40

1.60

bulke

r

cem

ent

chip ore

open

hatc

h

tanke

r

bitum

en

chem

ical

LNGLPG

conta

iner

roro

gen c

argo

dw

t/m

3

Comparison of MeasuresComparison of Measures

© Colin Cridland

World Fleet by Key TypeWorld Fleet by Key Type

3336

18

42 2

4

38 39

14

52 1 1

33 33

25

3 2 1 1

31 32

18

7

3 2 2

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

Bulkers Tankers Container General MPP RoRo Vehicle

GT DWTTCm3 VFm2

© Colin Cridland

WWL's owners order the world's largest RoRo ships

2007-12-19WWL's owners Wilh. Wilhelmsen ASA of Norway and Wallenius Lines of Sweden have ordered four of the world's largest ro-ro vessels from Mitsubishi Heavy Industries' (MHI) Nagasaki yard in Japan for delivery in 2011 and 2012.

The new ships will service Wallenius Wilhelmsen Logistics and have a carrying capacity of 138 000 cubic metres, close to 10% more than the WW/OW partnership's most recent ro-ro carriers.

TCm3 for RoRo? – In Use!TCm3 for RoRo? – In Use!

© Colin Cridland

What Types Can Be What Types Can Be Measured? Measured?

VFm2 – ALL TYPES!VFm2 – ALL TYPES! TCm3 so far…TCm3 so far…

Bitumen, bunker, LNG, LPG, chemical, oil Bitumen, bunker, LNG, LPG, chemical, oil tanker, wine tanker, water tanker, fruit juicetanker, wine tanker, water tanker, fruit juice

Bulker, ore carrier, OBO, Ore/Oil, open hatch, Bulker, ore carrier, OBO, Ore/Oil, open hatch, chip carrier, cementchip carrier, cement

Containership, conbulkerContainership, conbulker RoRo, PCC, PCTC, Ro-Lo, Ro-Ro/OtherRoRo, PCC, PCTC, Ro-Lo, Ro-Ro/Other General cargo, MPP, Reefer, Ref FishGeneral cargo, MPP, Reefer, Ref Fish Heavy Lift, LivestockHeavy Lift, Livestock FPSO, FSO, Passenger, Cruise, Non Cargo – FPSO, FSO, Passenger, Cruise, Non Cargo –

NOT YET!NOT YET!

© Colin Cridland

Universal Measure? – it’s a Universal Measure? – it’s a Start!Start!

THANK YOU!