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Measuring Direction

Direction is measured from 000 to 360 clockwise from North

South = 180

West = 270

North - 000/360

East = 090

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LATITUDE

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Longitude

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Measuring Latitude and Longitude

One minute of

latitude equals one

nautical mile

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HOW CHART SCALESDIFFER

Chart Scale Object

Sailing Charts 1:600,000 and up

General Charts 1:150,000 to 1:600,000

Coast Charts 1:50,000 to 1:150,000

Harbor Charts 1:5000 to 1:50,000

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CHART SCALES

Small scale charts

show large areas

Small Scale chart

Large scale charts

show small areas

Large Scale Chart

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CHART SCALES

Chart Scale Object

Lake Charts 1:50,000 to 1,500,000

Small Craft-charts 1:10,000 to 1:40,000

BS 98 03-01 - B 97 06-01 United States Power Squadrons®

“MARK”AN AID TO NAVIGATION YOU SEE

WHILE BOATING

TWO CATEGORIES OF MARKS

Lateral Marks• Marks starboard and port sides of a route

Non-Lateral Marks • Supplemental aids having no lateral significance

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IDENTIFICATION OF “MARKS”

In Daylight• Shapes• Colors• Numbers or letters• Sounds

At Night• Light color and patterns• Sounds

Always Locate Marks On Your Chart

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TYPES OF “MARKS”

BUOYS• Floating marks anchored at specific

locations

BEACONS• Fixed marks permanently fastened

to the earth’s surface

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“BUOYS” Floating Aids

• Various shapes and colors

Position approximate Identified by

• Number, letters, sound devices and lights

Chart symbol• diamond with a small position circle

• Magenta disc around position circle, if lighted

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“BEACONS” Permanently fixed to Earth's surface Examples:

• Lighthouses

• Daybeacons

Identified by:• Numbers, letters, sound devices, lights

Chart symbols:• Unlighted - small triangle or square

• Lighted - magenta flare with a black position dot

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The “3-R” Rule Red - Right - Returning

When Returning from sea, keep red side-of-channel marks to your starboard

“Returning” is:• Entering a harbor or bay from the open ocean

• Traveling up a river from the sea

• Traveling clockwise around the U.S. along it’s coastline– South along the Atlantic coast

– West along the Gulf coast

– North along the Pacific coast

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TYPES OFSOUND SIGNALS

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Definitions

Navigation The science of directing the movements of a

boat from one place to another in a safe and efficient manner.

Piloting A part of navigation using landmarks,

navigational aids, and soundings as primary tools.

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A Chart Compass Rose

Variation is found in the center of the

compass rose