UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY

to accompany

Engineering-geologic maps o f northern Alaska, Umiat quadrangle

by

1 L . David Carter and John P . Galloway 2

Open- Fi 1 e Report 86-335

This report i s preliminary and has not been edited or reviewed for conformity w i t h USES editorial standards and stratigraphic nomenclature.

U.S. Geological Survey, Anchorage, Alaska

U.S. Geological Survey, Menla Park, Cal i fornia

SOURCES OF INFORMATION

The f o l l o w i n g l i s t o f re ferences inc ludes those c i t e d i n t h e t e x t and i n a d d i t i o n con ta ins re ferences concerning t o p i c s such as c l imate, permafrost , p ingos, ground i ce , s o i l development, vegetat ion, f l o o d s and storm surges, economic geology, and water resources, a l l o f which a r e p e r t i n e n t t o l a n d management cons iderat ions.

A l b e r t , N.R.D., 1978, Landsat mosaics o f eas te rn Nor th Slope petroleum prov ince, Alaska, w i t h p r e l i m i n a r y i n t e r p r e t a t i o n o f observed fea tu res : U.S. Geological Survey Miscel laneous F i e l d Stud ies Map MF-928V, sca le 1:500,000, 3 sheets.

Alpha, T.R., and Gerin, Marvbeth, 1980, Obl ique map o f the Beaufort Sea and . t h e Brooks Range o f ~ l a i k a : U.S. ~ e o l o ~ i c a l survey Open-File Report

80-455.

Anderson, D.M., Reynolds, R.C., and Brown, J., 1975, Ben ton i te d e b r i s f lows i n n o r t h e r n Alaska: Science, v. 164, no. 3876, p . 173-174.

Arnborg, Lennart , Walter , H.J., and Peippo, Johan, 1966, Water d ischarge i n t h e C o l v i l l e R iver , 1962: Geograf iska Annaler, v. 48A, no. 4, p . 195-210.

----- , 1967, Suspended l o a d i n t h e C o l v i l l e R iver , Alaska, 1962: Geografiska Annaler, v. 49A, no. 2-4, p. 133-144.

Arnold, C.A., 1959, Some pa leobo tan ica l aspects o f tundra development: Ecology, v. 40, no. 1, p. 146-148.

Barnes, F.F., 1967a, Coal resources o f Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey B u l l e t i n 1242-B, p. B1-036.

----- , 1967b, Coal resources o f t h e Cape L i s b u r n e - C o l v i l l e R ive r reg ions, Alaska: U.S. Geolog ica l Survey B u l l e t i n 1242-E, p. El-E37.

B a t z i l , G.O., and Brown, J e r r y , 1976, RATE - t h e in f luence o f g raz ing on a r c t i c tundra ecosystems: A r c t i c B u l l e t i n , In teragency A r c t i c Research Coord ina t ing Committee, v. 2, p. 153-160.

Be i kman, H.M., and Lathram, E.H., 1976, P r e l i m i n a r y geo log ic map o f n o r t h e r n Alaska : U.S. Geological Survey Misce l laneous F i e l d Stud ies Map MF-789, sca le 1 :1,000,000, 2 sheets.

Benson, C.S., 1969, The seasonal snow cover o f a r c t i c Alaska: A r c t i c I n s t i t u t e o f Nor th America Research Paper 51, 85 p.

Benson, C.S., 1982, Reassessment o f w i n t e r p r e c i p i t a t i o n on A laska 's A r c t i c Slope and measurements on t h e f l u x o f windblown snow: Fairbanks, U n i v e r s i t y o f Alaska, Geophysical I n s t i t u t e Report UAG R-288, 26 p.

Berg, T.E., 1984, Sta tus o f numerical models f o r heat and mass t r a n s f e r i n f r o s t - s u s c e p t i b l e s o i l s , i n I n t e r n a t i o n a l Conference on Permafrost , 4 th , Fairbank, Alaska, 1983, ~ F a l Proceedings: Washington, D.C., Na t iona l Academy Press, p. 67-92.

B i rd , K.J., 1981a, Petroleum e x p l o r a t i o n o f the Nor th Slope i n Alaska, U.S.A.: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 81-227, 43 p .

---__ , 1981b, Machine-generated d i sp l ays o f we l l l ogs and l i t h o l o g y from se lec ted w e l l s on the Nor th Slope o f Alaska: 11 w e l l s from the nor theas te rn p a r t o f the Nat iona l Petroleum Reserve i n Alaska (NPRA) : U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 81-1034, 6 p., 11 sheets.

----- , 1982, Rock-uni t r epo r t s o f 228 w e l l s d r i l l e d on t he Nor th Slope, Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 82-278, 106 p.

----_ , 1983, O i l and gas resources o f the Nor th Slope, Alaska (abs.) : U.S. Geological Survey C i r c u l a r 911, p. 27-30.

Black, R.F., 1951, Eo l i an depos i t s o f Alaska: A r c t i c , v. 4, no. 2, p . 89-111.

----- , 1952, Growth o f ice-wedge polygons i n permafrost near Barrow, Alaska (abs) : Geological Soc ie ty o f America B u l l e t i n , v. 63, no. 12, p, 1235-1236.

--_-- , 1954~1, P r e c i p i t a t i o n a t Barrow, Alaska, g rea te r than recorded: Eos (American Geophysical Union Transact ions) , v. 35, no. 2, p. 203-207.

----- , 1954b, Permafrost - a review: Geological Soc ie ty o f America B u l l e t i n , v. 65, no. 9, p. 839-856.

----- , 1957, Some problems i n engineer ing geology caused by permafrost i n the A r c t i c Coastal P la in , no r thern Alaska: A r c t i c , v. 10, no. 4, p. 230-240.

- - - - - , 1963, Les co ins de g lace e t l e gel permanent dans l e Nord de 1 'A laska ( I c e wedges and permafrost i n no r t he rn A1 as ka) : Anna1 es de Geographie, V. 72, p. 257-271.

----- , 1964, Gubik Formation of Quaternary age i n nor thern Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey Pro fess iona l Paper 302-C, p. 59-91.

----* , 1969, Thaw depression and thaw lakes, a review: B i u l e t y n Peryg lac ja lny , v. 18, p. 131-150.

----- , 1974, Ice-wedge polygons o f no r t he rn Alaska, i n Coater, D. R., ed., G lac i a l geomorphology: Annual Geomorphology ~ e r z s , 5 th , Binghamton, N.Y., 1974, Proceedings: Binghamton, S t a t e U n i v e r s i t y o f New York, p. 247-275.

----- , 1976, P e r i g l a c i a l fea tu res i n d i c a t i v e o f permafrost : I c e and s o i l wedges: Quaternary Research, v. 6, no. 1, p . 3-26.

----- , 1983a, Ice-wedge d i a p i r s , no r thern Alaska, a re produced ma in ly by h o r i z o n t a l compression (abs .) : Geological Soc ie ty o f America, Abs t rac ts w i t h Programs, v. 15, no. 6, p . 527.

Black, R.F., 1983b, Three superposed systems o f i c e wedges a t McLeod Po in t , no r t he rn Alaska, may span most o f t he Wisconsinan stage and Holocene, I n t e r n a t i o n a l Conference on Permafrost, 4th, Fairbanks, Alaska, 1983, Proceedings: Washington, D.C., Na t iona l Academy Press, p. 68-73.

Black, R.F., and Barksdale, W.L., 1949, Or iented lakes o f no r thern Alaska: Journal o f Geology, v. 57, no. 2, p. 105-118.

Boyd, W.L., 1959, Limnology o f se lec ted a r c t i c lakes i n r e l a t i o n t o water- supply problems: Ecology, v. 40, no. 1, p. 49-54.

Brewer, M.C., 1958a, The thermal regime o f an a r c t i c lake : Eos (American Geophysical Union Transact ions) , v. 39, p. 278-284.

----- , 1958b, Some r e s u l t s o f geothermal i n v e s t i g a t i o n s o f permafrost i n no r t he rn Alaska : Eos (American Geophysical Union Transact ions) , v. 39, p. 19-26.

I---- , 1984, Petroleum e x p l o r a t i o n and p r o t e c t i o n o f the environment on the Nat iona l Petroleum Reserve i n Alaska, j r ~ I n t e r n a t i o n a l Conference on Permafrost, 4th, Fairbanks, Alaska, 1983, F i na l Proceedings: Washington, D.C., Nat iona l Academy Press, p. 133-134.

Brigham, J.K., 1981, Amino-acid geochronology o f Late P l iocene and Ple is tocene marine t ransgress ions on t h e A r c t i c Coastal PI a in , no r thern Alaska : Geological Soc ie ty o f America, Abs t rac ts w i t h Programs, v. 12, no. 7, p. 417.

----- , 1983, Co r re l a t i on o f l a t e Cenozoic marine t ransgress ions o f the A r c t i c Coastal P l a i n w i t h those i n western Alaska and Northeastern Russia (abs.): U.S. Geological Survey C i r c u l a r 911, p. 47-52.

----- , 1984, Marine s t r a t i g r a p h y and amino a c i d geochronology o f t h e Gubik Formation, western A r c t i c Coastal P l a i n , Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey C i r c u l a r 934, p. 5-9.

----- , 1985, Marine s t r a t i g r a p h y and amino a c i d geochronology o f the Gubik Formation, western A r c t i c Coastal P l a i n , Alaska: Boulder, U n i v e r s i t y o f Colorado, Ph.D. thes is , 316 p.

Brigham, J.K., Hopkins, D.M., Car ter , L.D., and M i l l e r , G.H., 1980, App l i ca t i on o f amino-acid geochronology t o depos i ts o f t he A r c t i c Coastal P la in , Alaska; p r e l im inary r e s u l t s and imp1 i ca t i ons , i n Annual A r c t i c Workshop, 9 th , Boulder, U n i v e r s i t y o f Colorado, I n s t i G t e o f A r c t i c and A lp i ne Research, 1980, p. 34-35.

Brigham, J.K., and M i l l e r , G.H., 1982, Late Cenozoic h i s t o r y o f h i gh seal l e v e l stands and Ple is tocene temperature est imates, northwestern Alaska: Geolo i c a l Soc ie ty of America, Abst racts w i t h Programs, v. 14, no. 7, 9 p. 45 .

Brigham, J.K., and M i l l e r , G.H., 1983, Paleotemperature est imates o f the Alaskan A r c t i c Coastal P l a i n du r i ng t he l a s t 125,000 years, I n t e r n a t i o n a l Conference on Permafrost, 4th, Fairbanks, Alaska, 1983, Proceedings: Washington, D.C., Nat ional Academy Press, p. 80-85.

B r i t t o n , M.E., 1967, Vegetat ion o f the A r c t i c tundra, in Hansen, H. P., ed., A r c t i c b io logy: Corva l l i s , Oregon S ta te Un i ve rs i t y , p. 67-130.

Brosgb, W.P., and Whi t t ing ton , C.L., 1966, Geology o f the Umiat-Maybe Creek Region, Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey Profess ional Paper 303-H, p. 501-638.

Brown, Jer ry , 1965, Radiocarbon dat ing, Barrow, Alaska: A r c t i c , v. 18, no. 1, p. 36-48.

----- , 1966, Ice-wedge chemi s t r y and r e l a t e d frozen-ground processes, Barrow, Alaska, i n I n t e r n a t i o n a l Conference on Permafrost, La faye t te , Ind., 1963, Proceedings : Washington, D.C., Nat ional Academy o f Sciences, Nat ional Research Council Pub l i ca t i on 1287, p . 94-98.

- - - - - , 1967, Tundra s o i l s formed over i c e wedges, nor thern Alaska: S o i l Science Society o f America, Proceedings, v. 31, p. 686-691.

---__ , 1969a, Bur ied s o i l s assoc ia ted w i t h permafrost, in Pedology and Quaternary Research, Edmonton, U n i v e r s i t y o f A1 ber ta , Canada, 1969, Symposium: Nat ional Research Council o f Canada, p. 115-128.

----- , 1969b, S o i l p rope r t i es developed on the complex tundra re1 i e f o f nor thern Alaska: B i u l e t y n Peryg lac ja l ny, no. 18, p. 153-167.

--dm- , 1969c, I o n i c concen t ra t ion g rad ien ts i n permafrost, Barrow, Alaska : Hanover, N.H., U .S. Army Corps o f Engineers Cold Regions Research and Engineer ing Laboratory, CRREL Research Report 272, 24 p.

Brown, Jer ry , Dingman, S.L., and Lewell en, R.I., 1968, Hydrology o f a drainage bas in on t he Alaskan Coastal P la in : Hanover, N.H., U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineer ing Laboratory, CRREL Research Report 240, 18 p.

Brown, Jer ry , Everet t , K.R., Webber, P.J., MacLean, S.F., and Murray, D.F., 1980, The coasta l tundra a t Barrow, Brown, Jerry , and others, eds., An a r c t i c ecosystem, the coasta l tundra a t Barrow, A1 aska : Stroudsburg , Pa., Dowden, Hutchinson, and Ross, p . 1-29.

Brown, Jerry , Grant, C.L., Ugol i n 1 , F.C., and Tedrow, J.C.F., 1962, Minera l composit ion o f some drainage waters from a r c t i c Alaska: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 67, no. 6, p. 2447-2454.

Brown, Jer ry , and Johnson, P.L., 1965, Pedo-ecological i nves t i ga t i ons , Barrow, Alaska: Hanover, N.H., U .S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineer ing Laboratory, CRREL Tecnical Report 159, 32 p.

Brown, Jer ry , and Sellmann, P.V., 1966, Radiocarbon da t i ng of coasta l peat, Barrow, Alaska: Science, v. 153, no. 3733, p. 299-300.

Brown, J e r r y , and Sellmann, P.V., 1973, Permafrost and coas ta l p l a i n h i s t o r y o f a r c t i c Alaska: A r c t i c I n s t i t u t e o f N o r t h America Technical Paper 25, p . 31-47.

Carlson, P.R., Roy, C.J., Hussey, K.M., Davidson, D.T., and Handy, R.L., 1959, Geology and mechanical s t a b i l i z a t i o n o f Cenozoic sediments near P o i n t Barrow, in Davidson, D.T., and o thers , The geology and eng ineer ing c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f some Alaskan s o i l s : Ames, Iowa S t a t e U n i v e r s i t y , Engineer ing Experiment S t a t i o n B u l l e t i n 186, p. 101-128.

Carson, C.E., 1968, Radiocarbon d a t i n g o f l a c u s t r i n e s t rands i n A r c t i c Alaska: A r c t i c , v. 21, no. 1, p. 12-26.

Carson, C.E., and Hussey, K.M., 1959, The method o f mu1 t i p l e work ing hypotheses appl i e d t o t h e o r i e n t e d lakes o f n o r t h e r n Alaska: Iowa Academy o f Sciences, Proceedings, v. 66, p. 334-349.

----- , 1960, Hydrodynamics i n t h r e e a r c t i c l akes : Journal o f Geology, v. 68, no. 6, p. 585-600.

----_ , 1962, The o r i e n t e d l a k e s o f a r c t i c Alaska: Journal o f Geology, v. 70, no. 4, p . 417-439.

----- , 1963, The o r i e n t e d lakes o f a r c t i c Alaska, a r e p l y : Journal o f Geology, v. 71, no. 4, p. 532-533.

Car te r , L.D., 1981a, A P le i s tocene sand sea on the Alaskan A r c t i c Coastal P l a i n : Science, v. 211, no. 4480, p. 381-383.

-----, 1981b, M idd le Wisconsinan through Holocene c l imate i n t h e I k p i kpuk R i v e r reg ion, Alaska: i n Annual A r c t i c Workshop, l o t h , Boulder, U n i v e r s i t y o f Colorado, I n s t i t u t e T f A r c t i c and A l p i n e Research, 1981, p. 5-9.

----- , 1982, La te Wisconsin d e s e r t i f i c a t i o n i n n o r t h e r n Alaska: Geolog ica l S o c i e t y o f America, Abs t rac ts w i t h Programs, v. 14, no. 7, p. 461.

----- , 1983a, Engineer ing-geolog ic maps o f n o r t h e r n Alaska: Teshekpuk quadrangle: U.S. Geological Survey Open-Fil e Report 83-634, sca le 1 :250,000.

- - - - - , 1983b, F o s s i l sand wedges on the Alaskan a r c t i c coas ta l p l a i n and t h e i r pa l eoenvironmental s i g n i f i c a n c e , i n I n t e r n a t i o n a l Conference on Permafrost, 4 th , Fairbanks, ~ l a s k c 1983, Proceedings : Washington, D.C., Na t iona l Academy Press, p. 109-114.

----- , 1983c, A P le i s tocene sand d e s e r t i n a r c t i c Alaska (abs.) : U.S. Geolog ica l Survey C i r c u l a r 911, p . 36.

I--__ , 1983d, Cenozoic g l a c i a l and g lac iomar ine depos i t s o f the c e n t r a l N o r t h Slope, Alaska, i n Thorson, R.M., and Hamil ton, T.D., eds., G l a c i a t i o n i n Alaska, e x t e n d e r a b s t r a c t s from a workshop: Fairbanks, U n i v e r s i t y o f Alaska Museum Occasional Paper No. 2, p. 17-21.

Car ter , L.D., and Brigham-Grette, J .K. , and Hopkins, D.M., 1986, Late Cenozoic marine t ransgress ions of the Alaskan Arc t ic Coastal P l a in , in, Heginbottom, J . A. , and Vincent, J . S. , eds. , Correlat ion of Quaternary depos i t s and events in the area around the Beaufort Sea: a b s t r a c t s of the J o i n t Canadian-American Workshop: Geological Survey of Canada Open-Fil e Report 1237, p. 21-26,

Carter, L.D., Ferr ians, O.J., J r . , and Galloway, J.P., 1986, Engineering- geologic maps of northern Alaska, coastal p la in and f o o t h i l l s of the Arctic National Wild1 i f e Refuge: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 86-334, 10 p., s ca l e 1 :250,000, 2 sheets .

Car te r , L.D., Forester , R.M., and Nelson, R.E. , 1984, Mid Wisconsin through e a r l y Holocene changes i n seasonal c l imate Jn northern A1 aska : American Quaternary Association, Eighth Biennial Meeting, Boulder, University of Colorado, Program with Abstracts , 1984, p. 20-22.

Car te r , L.D., and Galloway, J.P., 1979a, Arc t ic Coastal Plain pingos in National Petroleum Reserve in Alaska, in Blean, K.M. and Will lams, J.R., eds. , The United S t a t e s Geological surZy i n Alaska - Accompl ishments during 1978: U .S. Geological Survey Circular 804-8, B33-B35.

-----, 1979b, Southward-progressing s t a b i l i z a t i o n of Holocene eol ian sand on the western Arc t ic Coastal P la in , Blean, K.M. and Williams, J.R., eds. , The United S t a t e s Geological Survey i n Alaska - Accompl ishments during 1978: U.S. Geological Survey Ci rcu lar 804-B, B37-B39.

----- , 1981, Earth flows along Henry Creek, northern Alaska: Arct ic v . 34 no. 4 , p. 325-328.

----- , 1982, Terraces of the Colvil l e River de l t a region, Alaska, in Coonrad, W.L., ed., The United S t a t e s Geological Survey in Alaska - Accomplishments during 1980: U.S. Geological Survey Circular 884, p. 49-51.

-ma-- , 1985, Engineering-geologic maps of northern Alaska, Harrison Bay quadrangle: U.S. Geological Survey Open-Fil e Report 85-256, 48 p . , s ca l e 1:250,000, 2 sheets.

Car te r , L.D., and Hopkins, D.M., 1982, Late Wisconsinan winter snow cover and sand-moving winds on the Arct ic Coastal Plain of Alaska, in Annual Arct ic Workshop, l l t h , Boulder, University of Colorado, I n s t i t u t e o f Arctic and Alpine Research, 1982, p. 8-10.

Car te r , L.D., Nelson, R.E., and Galloway, J.P., 1984, Evidence f o r l a t e s t Wisconsin - e a r l y Holocene increased p rec ip i t a t i on and summer warmth in a r c t i c Alaska: Geological Society of America, Abstracts with Programs, v . 16, no. 5 , p. 274.

Car te r , L.D., Marincovich, Louie, J r . , Brouwers, E.M., and Forester , R.M., 1979, Paleo eography of a Pleis tocene coas t l i ne , Alaskan Arct ic Coastal Plain, in B 9 ean, K. M. and Williams, J. R. , eds. , The United S t a t e Geological Survey in Alaska - Accomplishments during 1978: U.S. Geological Survey Circular 804-6, p. 839-841.

Carter , L.D., Repenning, C.A., Mar incovich, L.N., Hazel, J.E., Hopkins, D.M., McDougall , K r i s t i n , and Naeser, C.W., 1977, Gubi k and pre-Gubik Cenozoic depos i t s a long t h e C o l v i l l e R ive r near Ocean Poin t , N o r t h Slope, Alaska, i n Blean, K.M., ed., The U n i t e d S t a t e Geolog ica l Survey i n Alaska - - Accompl ishments d u r i n g 1976: U.S. Geological Survey C i r c u l a r 751-B, p. B12-014.

Car ter , L.D., and Robinson, S.W., 1978, E o l i a n sand and in terbedded o rgan ic hor izons a t Keolok Creek on t h e A r c t i c Coastal P l a i n o f Alaska: p o s s i b l e r e g i o n a l imp1 i c a t i o n s : U.S. Geological Survey Open-Fil e Report 78-320, 26 p.

-I__- 1981, Minimum age o f beach depos i t s n o r t h o f Teshekpuk Lake, A r c t i c Coastal P l a i n , i n A l b e r t , N.R.D., and Hudson, T rav is , eds., The Un i ted S t a t e ~ e o l o ~ i c a T ~ u r v e ~ i n Alaska - Accompl ishments d u r i n g 1979: U.S. Geolog ica l Survey C i r c u l a r 823-8, p. 08-89.

Car te r , R.D., Mu l l , C.G., B i r d , K.J., and Powers, R.B., 1977, The petroleum geology and hydrocarbon p o t e n t i a l o f Naval Petroleum Reserve No. 4, Nor th Slope, Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 77-475, 61 p.

Ch i lde rs , J.M., Kernodle, D.R., and L o e f f l e r , R.M., 1979, Hydro log ic reconnaissance o f western a r c t i c Alaska, 1976 and 1977: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 79-699, 70 p.

Cory, F.E., Berg, R.L., Burns, C.D., and Kachadoorian, Reuben, 1979, Design cons ide ra t ions f o r a i r f i e l d s i n NPRA, 2 American Soc ie ty o f C i v i l Engineers, Conference on appl i e d t e c h n ~ ques f o r c o l d environments, Anchorage, Alaska, 1978, Proceedings, p. 441-458.

Coul t e r , H.W., Hussey, K.M., and O 'Su l l ivan, J.B., 1960, Radiocarbon dates r e l a t i n g t o t h e Gubik Formation, n o r t h e r n Alaska: U.S. Geolog ica l Survey Pro fess iona l Paper 400-8, p. 8350-B351.

Cra ig , J.D., and Thrasher, G.P., 1982, Environmental geology o f Har r i son Bay, n o r t h e r n Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 82-35, 25 p., 6 p l s .

Dauson, A., 1977, The na tu re and d i s t r i b u t i o n o f l a k e types i n t h e C o l v i l l e R ive r d e l t a , Alaska: Edinburgh, U n i v e r s i t y o f Edinburgh, Great B r i t a i n , Department o f Geography Research Discuss ion Paper 11.

Detterman, R.L., 1978, The a r c t i c lowland reg ion, p o t e n t i a l landform and l i feform n a t u r a l 1 andmarks : U .S. Geolog ica l Survey Open-Fil e Report 78-329, 411 p . , 26 f i g s .

Detterman, R.L., B i c k e l , R.S., and Gryc, George, 1963, Geology o f the Chandler r e g i o n A1 aska: U .S. Geolog ica l Survey Pro fess iona l Paper 303-E, p. 223-324.

Detterman, R.L., Reiser, H.N., BrosgC, W.P., and Dutro, T.J., Jr., 1975, Post- Carboni ferous s t r a t i g r a p h y , n o r t h e a s t Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey Pro fess iona l Paper 886, 46 p.

Douglas, L.A., and Tedrow, J.C.F., 1959, Organic mat te r decomposit ion ra tes i n a r c t i c s o i l s : S o i l Science, v. 88, no. 6, p. 305-312.

----- , 1960, Tundra s o i l s o f a r c t i c Alaska: I n t e r n a t i o n a l Congress o f S o i l Science, 7 th , Repr. Trans., v. I V , p. 291-304.

Drage, B., Gilman, J.F., Hoch, D.? and G r i f f i t h s , L., 1983, Hydrology of n o r t h slope coasta l p l a i n streams, IJ I n t e r n a t i o n a l Conference on Permafrost, 4th, Fairbanks, Alaska, Proceedings: Washington, D.C., Nat ional Academy Press, p. 249-254.

Drew, J.V., 1957, A pedologic study of A r c t i c Coastal P l a i n s o i l s near Po in t Barrow, Alaska: ' New ~runswick- , Rutgers Un i ve rs i t y , N.J., Ph.D. thes is , 117 p.

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