UNITED REPUBLIC OF TANZANIA - fao.org fileUpland rice is grown as a mono-crop or as in a mixture...

UNITED REPUBLIC OF TANZANIA

General Information

Main climates: Tropical Wet and Dry, Tropical Steppe and Semiarid, Tropical Steppe and Semiarid at 600 m above sea

Total land area: 88 604 000 ha Internal renewable water resources: 80 km3

Incoming water flow: 9 km3

GNP per capita, 1998: PPP$ 483Main food consumed: Maize, Roots & tubers,Rice, Pulses, Oil & fatRice supply, 1999: 21.5 kg paddy/capita/year

Basic Statistics

1985 1990 1995 2000RICEHarvested area (T ha)

236.5 384.5 477.9 503.5

Yield (kg/ha) 1 808 1 924 1 512 751Production (T t) 427.6 740.0 722.7 378.5Imports (T t) 53.19 34.0 65.0 NAExports (t) 0 0 0 NAOTHERSPopulation (M) 21.7 25.4 29.9 NAAgr population (M) 18.1 21.0 24.0 NAIrrigated agr area (T ha)

127 144 150 NA

Fertilizer cons (T t) 38.9 51.2 27.0 NAAgr tractors in use (units)

8 000 6 800 7 525 NA

Producing Zones and Cropping Seasons

Rice is planted on both the mainland and theZanzibar Island. The following table shows the distribution of harvested areas from producingzones on the mainly.

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Zambia Mozambique

Kenya

Tanzania

Production zone Harvested area (% total harvested area)

Shinyaga 16.28Morogoro 15.82Mwanza 14.40Tabora 11.57Mbeya 10.90Rukwa 8.70Mtwara 5.23Coast & DSM 4.65Ruvuma 2.64Lindi 2.57Arusha 1.80Kilimanjaro 1.36Singida 1.28Tanga 0.86Kigoma 0.63Iringa 0.52Kagera 0.40Dodoma 0.31Mara 0.08

Most rice crops are grown during the rainy season.In irrigated areas a second rice crop may be planted.

Cropping season Planting HarvestingMain season 12-2 5-7Off season 6-7 11-12

Production Practices The following figure shows the harvested areas from different ecologies during the last fiveyears.

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20

40

60

80

100

Irrigated Rainfedlowland

Upland Others

Harvested Area (% total harvested area)

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Upland rice is grown as a mono-crop or as in amixture with other food crops following the slash-and-burn shifting cultivation almostwithout any application of chemical fertilizer and other agro-chemical. In rainfed lowland and irrigated rice production, land preparation is done by varying methods from manual landpreparation using only hand hoe to land preparation with either animal traction or withtractors, depending on the farm size and available means. Transplanting is the popular method of crop establishment. Farmersgenerally apply little fertilizer to rainfed lowland, but moderate to high rates of inorganic fertilizers may be applied to irrigated rice.Information on rice response to fertilizerapplication, however, is limited. Weeding is generally done manually, although the use of herbicides is increasing in irrigated rice.Farmers do not have adequate appropriate tools and equipment for harvesting and threshing of rice. A number of rice varieties have been released for cultivation.

Variety Name Ecology Growthduration(days)

Dakawa Line 85 Irrigated 125-135IR 9101-124-1 Irrigated 130-135ITA 283 Irrigated 130-135KATRIN Irrigated 130-135MELI Irrigated 135-140Msongo Irrigated NARP 143-4 Irrigated 130-135SUPA 8 Irrigated 135-140TOX1101-4K-A2 Irrigated NABG 90-2 Irrigated 130-135Colombia 25592 Rainfed

lowland130-135

Dakawa Line 88 Rainfedlowland

130-135

NARO 95TAC3 Rainfedlowland

130-135

NARO 95TAC7 Rainfedlowland

130-135

Afaa Rainfedlowland

140-160

Afaa Mwanza Rainfedlowland

140-160

Dundehya Rainfedlowland

140-160

Faya Theresa Rainfedlowland

140-160

Basmati Rainfedlowland

140-160

Kilombero Rainfedlowland

140-160

SUBARMATI Rainfedlowland

140-160

DAWN Rainfedlowland

140-145

IR 58 Rainfedlowland

125-135

IET 360 Rainfedlowland

NA

IR 58 Rainfedlowland

NA

Kihogo Red Rainfedlowland

140-160

JARIBU 220 Rainfedlowland

NA

SINDANO Rainfedlowland

140-160

SUPA INDIA Rainfedlowland

140-160

Mulmani Upland 130-140SALAMA Upland 130-140BKN/IRAT3036A Upland 125-130

Constraints and Issues of SustainableProduction

There are several constraints to sustainable riceproduction in Tanzania. Following are the majors:

Drought in upland areas and drought and flash flood in rainfed lowland (or inland swamp)areas due to irregular weather Infestation of red rice in the irrigated schemesInadequate and Irregular input supplies: seeds,fertilizer and credit Lack of small farm equipment especially for post harvest operations Lack of effective farmer organization and co-operativePoor maintenance of irrigation facilities Lack of a well-defined rice policyPoor road networks and marketing systemsLabour shortage due to competition from other cropWeak research and extension support

Sustainable rice production would greatly depend on the establishment of appropriate policy toprovide support to farmers especially in-terms ofinput supply and output marketing. Thedevelopment of lowland rice production withimproved water supply and control would be essential.

Research and Development Institutes

Tanzania Agricultural Research Organization, P.O. Box 9761 Dar-es-Salaam Phone: 44753 Rice Research Programme, Ministry of Agriculture, c/o CRT-Temeke, P.O. Box 2066,Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Tel (255-51) 860326.Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock, and Natural Resources, P.O.Box 159, Zanzibar, Tanzania.

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Central Research and Training Institute , IlongaPrivate Bag Kilosa

Katrin Research Centre , P.O. Box Ifahara Morogoro Region

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THAILAND

General Information

Tropical Wet and Dry, Tropical Wet

Total land area: 51 089 000Internal renewable water resources: 110 km3


GNP per capita, 1998: PPP$ 5 524Main food consumed: Rice, Sugar & Honey, Oil& Fat, Meat, Nuts

Rice supply, 1999: 151.2 kg paddy/capita/year

Basic Statistics

1985 1990 1995 2000RICEHarvested area (M ha)

9.83 8.79 9.11 10.04

Yield (kg/ha) 2 060 1 955 2 415 2 329 Production (M t) 20.26 17.19 22.01 23.40Imports (t) 0 0 68 NAExports (M t) 4.06 4.01 6.19 NAOTHERSPopulation (M) 51.14 55.59 58.61 NAAgr population (M) 30.94 31.62 30.93 NAIrrigated agr area (T ha)

3 822 4 238 4 590 NA

Fertilizer cons (T t) 433 1 043 1 507 NAAgr tractor in use (T units)

31 57 148 NA


Rice is grown in all provinces of the country (morethan 58 provinces). More than 50 percent of thetotal rice areas are in the northeast, but the Central Plains is known as the "rice bowl" of Thailand. The following table shows the rice-harvested areas inproducing zones.

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Malaysia

Cambodia

LaosMyanmar

Thailand


Ubon Ratchatthami 6.31Nakhon Ratchasima 5.15Surin 5.04Roi Et 4.64Buri Ram 4.60Udon Thami 4.38Sisaket 4.06Sakon nakhon 3.05Suphan Buri 2.82Maha sarakham 2.62Phichit 2.55Khon khen 2.40Prachin Buri 2.36Kalasin 2.24Chachoengsao 2.17Kamphaeng Phet 2.13Chiang rai 2.11Nakhon Sawan 2.11Phra nakhon si Ayuthaya 2.02Chaiyaphum 1.91Phitsanulok 1.89Nong khai 1.89Yasothon 1.81Nakhon phanom 1.69Chai Nat 1.65Lop Buri 1.57Sukhothai 1.50Nakhon Si Thammarat 1.49Phetchabun 1.48Nakhon Pathom 1.19Ratchaburi 1.08Chiang mai 1.07Pathum Thani 0.95Kanchanaburi 0.94Phayao 0.87Uthai thani 0.87Nakhon Nayok 0.82Lampang 0.81Phatthalung 0.81Saraburi 0.80Uttaradit 0.78Sing buri 0.75Phetchaburi 0.73Mukdahan 0.72Ang thong 0.69Surat thani 0.65Loei 0.55Nonthaburi 0.54Pattani 0.46Tak 0.43Chon buri 0.41

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Phrae 0.39Lamphun 0.38Nan 0.37Bangkok Metro metropolis 0.33Narathiwat 0.27Trang 0.21Samut Prakan 0.20Mae hong son 0.20Rayong 0.13Chanthaburi 0.13Prachuap khiri khan 0.13Yala 0.13Samut sakhon 0.12Krabi 0.09Phangnga 0.04Samut songkhram 0.01

In northern and northeastern regions, main rice season lasts from May to December, while in the southern region, main rice crop lasts fromSeptember to May. The following table shows the rice-cropping season in the country.

Planting HarvestingNorth & Central, major season

5-7 11-12

North & Central, minor season

12-1 5-6

South, major season 9-11 3-5South, minor season 4-5 8-9

Production Practices

The following figure shows the harvested areas from different rice ecologies during the last fiveyears.

Upland rice has a relatively small holding area inthe mountainous areas of the northern hilly zones inthe extreme northeast and in some areas of thesouth. Upland rice is also intercropped with newlyplanted rubber and oil palm. Deepwater rice is mostly found in the lower northern region and theCentral Plains. In rainfed lowland areas, Rice-Mungbean, Rice-Maize, Rice-Groundnut are popular cropping systems. Rice-Rice system is widely practised in irrigated areas of the Central

Plains. Land preparation is done with animaltraction or with tractors, especially in the Central Plains. Upland and deepwater rice crops areestablished by dry seeding method. Transplanting isdominant method of crop establishment for rainfed lowland and irrigated rice in the northern andnortheastern regions. In the central region, the seeding of pre-germinated seed to wet soils has increasingly replaced transplanting as method of rice crop establishment in irrigated rice production in order to cut production costs.

Thailand is famous for its mild aromatic and high grain quality variety Khao Daw Mali 105. About 30percent of rice produced in the country, however, are glutinous. Glutinous rice is popular in the north-eastern region. About 90 percent of the main seasonrice areas are still planted to tall improved and/orlocal varieties, while almost 100 percent of the irrigated rice areas are planted to semidwarf high-yielding varieties. In 1996, the area occupied byKhao Dawk Mali 105 was 26 percent, RD 6 was 26percent, RD 15 was 3 percent, other local/traditionalvarieties were 29 percent and HYVs was 15 percentof the total harvested area.

Irrigated rice varieties

Variety Name Releasedperiod

Growthduration(days)

Niaw San Pahtawing NA NAPhitsanulok 60 2 1985-89 135RD 1 before 1975 130RD 10 1980-84 130RD 11 1975-79 135RD 2 before 1975 130RD 21 1980-84 125RD 23 1980-84 125RD 25 1980-84 100RD 3 before 1975 130RD 4 before 1975 115RD 5 before 1975 150RD 7 1975-79 125RD 9 1975-79 115Suphanburi 60 1985-89 120

Harvested Area (% total harvested area)

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20

40

60

80


Upland Others

Rainfed lowland rice varieties



RD 13 NA NARD 27 NA NARD 8 1975-79 NAChai Nat 1 1990-94 130Hawm Klong Luang 1 1995-99 115Hawm Suphanburi 1995-99 120Kaen Chan NA NAKhao Dawk Mali 105 NA NALuang Pathew 123 NA NANeaw Sanpatong NA NA

182

Niaw Ubon 2 1995-99 NAPhrae 1 1990-94 130Suphanburi 1 1990-94 120Suphanburi 2 1990-94 115Suphanburi 90 1990-94 120Thai Jasmine NA NAKhao Ta Haeng 17 NA NANubn-1 1980-84 NAPathumthani 60 1985-89 NAPhathalung 60 1985-89 NAPhitsanulok 60 1 1985-89 NARD 15 1975-79 NARD 6 1975-79 NA

Deepwater varieties

Variety Name Released period BKNFR 76014-51-5-1 NAHTA7205-11 NAHUNTRA 60 1985-89IR 11185-0-0-0-416-1 NAKhao Puong 32 NALeb Mue Nahng 111 NANahng Chalong NAPin Gaew 56 NAPlai Ngham NARD 17 1975-79RD 19 1975-79SPR 7233-32-1-6-1 NASPR 7270-18 NATah Pow Gaew 161 NA

Upland varieties

Variety Name Released period Dawn Payawn 1975-79Dawn Payorm NAGoo Muang Payom NAGoo Mueang Luang 1975-79Jao Haw 1985-89Khao Pong Krai 1985-89Nam Roo 1985-89Siew Dam NASiew Kao=Sew Khao NASiew Mae Jan=Sew Mae Jan

1975-79

In the central region, weed control with herbicidesis popular; farmers generally applied high rates of fertilizers to irrigated rice; and harvest andthreshing operations are increasingly mechanised.However, in the other regions hand weeding is generally practised; farmers may apply fertilizer butat low rates; and harvesting and threshing are done manually in most cases. The following table showsthe responses of rice to fertilizer application.

Otherinformation

Testrange(kg/ha)

Controlrate(kg/ha)

Controlyield(t/ha)

Rate at Maximum yield(kg/ha)

Maximum yield(t/ha)

Nitrogen (N), Rainfed lowland RiceReported in 60, Central region,

0-50 0 1.73 50 2.75

Reported in 60, North-eastern region

0-50 0 1.16 50 2.07

Reported in 60, Northern region

0-50 0 2.75 25 3.2

Reported in 60, Southern region

0-50 0 2.46 25 3.13

Reported in 61, Central region

0-50 0 1.97 50 2.91

Reported in 61,Northeasternregion

0-50 0 1.23 50 2.27


0-50 0 2.55 50 3.35


0-50 0 1.67 50 2.94

Reported in 58,Northeasternregion

0-75 0 1.45 75 1.82

Reported in 58,Northeasternregion, with75 P + 75 K kg/ha

0-75 0 2.05 75 2.89


0-75 0 1.85 75 2.51

Nitrogen (N), Irrigated RiceReported in 1988, Sulfic Tropaqueptssoils at Pathum Thani RiceResearchCenter, with16 kg P + 33 kg K/ha

0-116 0 1.5 58 3.7

Reported in 1986,Chatnai, with22 kg P/ha

0-150 0 4 0 4

Reported in 1986, Pathum Thani, with 22 kg P/ha

0-150 0 3 100 3.8

Reported in 1986, Supahn Buri, with 22 kg P/ha

0-150 0 3.2 100 6

Reported in 1986,Chatnai, with44 kg P/ha

0-200 0 2.3 100 5.1

Reported in 1986, Pathum Thani, with 44 kg P/ha

0-200 0 4 200 7.8

Reported in 1986, Supahn Buri, with 44 kg P/ha

0-200 0 2.6 100 7.1

Phosphorus (P2O5), Rainfed lowland RiceReported in 58, Northern region

0-75 0 1.85 75 2.35

183

Reported in 58, Northern region, with75 kgN/ha

0-75 0 2.58 75 3

Reported in 58,Northeasternregion,

0-75 0 1.45 75 1.85

Reported in 58,Northeasternregion, 75 kgN/ha

0-75 0 2.02 75 2.89


0-25 0 2.75 25 3.08


0-25 0 1.73 25 2.16


0-25 0 1.16 25 1.47


0-25 0 2.46 25 2.71


0-25 0 2.55 25 3.08


0-25 0 1.97 25 2.36


0-25 0 1.23 25 1.67


0-25 0 1.67 25 2.4

Phosphorus (P2O5), Irrigated RiceReported in 1986,Chatnai, with50 kgN/ha

0-44 0 4 0 4

Reported in 1986, Pathum Thani, with 50 kgN/ha

0-44 0 2.2 44 4

Reported in 1986, Supahn Buri, with 50 kgN/ha

0-44 0 3 44 3.5

Reported in 1986,Chatnai, with100 kg N/ha

0-44 0 4.2 22 5.5

Reported in 1986, Pathum Thani, with100 kg N/ha

0-44 0 2.5 44 4

Reported in 1986, Supahn Buri, with 100 kg N/ha

0-44 0 5.5 22 6

Potassium (K2O), Rainfed lowland RiceReported in 60, Central region, with50 N + 25 P kg/ha

0-25 0 2.75 25 2.84

Reported in 60,Northeasternregion with 50 N + 25 P kg/ha

0-25 0 2.07 25 2.17

Reported in 60, Southern region, with50 N + 25 P kg/ha

0-25 0 3.12 25 3.26

Reported in 61, Northern region, with50 N + 25 P kg/ha

0-25 0 3.35 25 3.39

Reported in 61, Central region, with50 N + 25 P kg/ha

0-25 0 2.91 25 2.85

Reported in 61,Northeasternregion, with50 N + 25 P kg/ha

0-25 0 2.27 25 2.57

Reported in 61, Southern region, with50 N + 25 P kg/ha

0-25 0 2.94 0 2.94

Reported in 60, Northern region, with50 N + 25 P kg/ha

0-25 0 3.49 25 3.73


Drought stresses and floods in large rice areas under rainfed conditions.

Lack of inputs and credits, with the possible exception of the central regions.

Blast and bacterial leaf blight.Brown plant hoppers and stem borers.Acid sulfate soil in rainfed and deepwater rice in the Central Plains.

Saline soil in rainfed lowland rice in northeastern region.

Acid-saline soil in southern coastal areas.

Following table shows the rice production costs.

Other information Yield(t/ha)

Cost($/ha)

Cost($/t)

Suphan Buri, Irrigated, Wetseason 1987

4.2 281 67

Suphan Buri, Irrigated, Dryseason 1987

3.82 344 90

Khon Khen, Rainfed lowland, Wet season 1987

1.47 138 94

Suphan Buri, Rainfed lowland, Wet season 1987

2.3 163 71

Irrigated, 1987-89 3.78 305 81Rainfed lowland, 1987-89 1.84 59 32Rainfed lowland, Wetseason 1992

1.92 195 101

Irrigated, Dry season 1993 4 518 129

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Sustainable rice production in the country needs the development and deployment of high yieldingvarieties with high grain quality such as Khao DawkMali 105. It also needs the introduction of RiceIntegrated Crop Management systems and the investment for building more irrigationinfrastructures.


Rice Research Institute, Department of Agriculture, Chatuchchak, P.O. Box 9-159, 10900 Bangkok 10900, Thailand

Department of Agriculture, Ministry of Agriculture and Cooperatives, Chatuchak, Bangkok 10900 Thailand Tel. 66-2-5790151-7Fax 66-2-5615024

Department of Agricultural Extension, Ministryof Agriculture and Cooperatives, Chatuchak, Bangkok 10900 Thailand Tel. 66-2-5790121-8 Fax 66-2-5793018

National Research Council of Thailand Ministryof Science, Technology and Environment,Pahol Yothin Road, Chatuchak, Bangkok 10900, Thailand, Tel. 66-2-5792445 Fax 66-2-5793402

National Center for Genetic Engineering andBiotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency(NSTDA) Building, 73/1 Rama IV Road, Ministry of Science, Technology andEnvironment, Bangkok 10400 Thailand, Tel. 66-2-6448150-4 Fax 66-2-6448107

Agricultural Cooperative Federation of Thailand Ltd. 97, Rajdamri Road 10500 Bangkok Phone: 251-8151 Telex: 21240

Bangkok Seed Industry Co. Ltd. 26/4-5 SoiYenchit, Chan Road 10120 Yannawa,Bangkok Phone: (211) 9463 Telex: 72120ASIACON Fax : (212) 6266

Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Regulatory Division, Seed Regulatory Section10900 Chatuchak Bangkok

Kasetsart University Faculty of AgricultureKamphaeng Saen Campus 73140 Nakhon Pathom Phone: (034) 242349 Fax : (66-34) 351406

Seed Division/Seed Association of Thailand,Department of Agricultural Extension 2143/1Paholyothin Road, Khet Chatuchak 10900Bangkhen Bangkok Phone: (2) 579-0121 Fax: (66-2) 561-4794

185

TURKEY

General Information

Main climate: Subtropical Dry Summer and Steppe and Semiarid

Total land area: 76 963 000 ha Internal renewable water resources: 186.1 km3


GNP per capita, 1998: PPP$ 6 594Main food consumed: Wheat, Oil & Fat, Sugar& Honey, Milk, FruitsRice supply, 1999: 10.8 kg paddy/capita/year

Basic Statistics


59.78 46.34 50.0 60.0

Yield (kg/ha) 4 516 4 962 4 000 5 633 Production (T t) 270 230 200 338Imports (T t) 85 190 300 NAExports (t) 50 1 170 949 NAOTHERSPopulation (M) 50.34 56.09 61.27 NAAgr population (M) 21.36 20.95 20.76 NAIrrigated agr area (T ha)

3 200 3 800 4 186 NA

Fertilizer cons (T t) 1 426 1 887 1 700 NAAgr tractor in use (T units)

582 689 776 NA


The following table shows the rice-harvested areasfrom different producing zones.

�� Production zone Harvested area (%

total harvested area) Marmara 33.96Black Sea 29.05Central North 16.06Southeastern 7.84Mediterranean 5.73Aegean 4.06Other 2.28

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Russian Federation

Armenia

Iraq

Syria

TurkeyRice is grown once in a year, from May to October.

Planting HarvestingMain season 5-6 9-10


Rice is planted mainly under irrigated conditions. Land preparation is done mostly with tractors and direct seeding to wet soils is the dominant cropestablishment method. Most planted rice varietiesbelong to japonica sub-species.

Variety Name Grain characteristics Baldo Medium grainErgene Medium grainYpsala Long grainKrasnodarsky 424 Medium grain Meric Medium grainRibe Medium grainRocca Medium grainSerhat 92 Medium grain Surek 95 Medium grain Trakya -Veneria Medium grainOsmancyk 97 Medium grain

Weed control is done mostly with herbicides. Farmers normally apply high rates of fertilizers to rice. While, diammonium phosphate and urea areused in the Black Sea region and N-P-K compoundfertilizer 20-20-0 and 15-15-15 and ammoniumnitrate are applied the southern part of the Marmara.Harvesting and threshing operation are done mostlymechanically, especially in Thrace and Marmara.Rice is planted in 2 to 3 years rotation cycle with other crops. Following table shows rice responses to fertilizer application.

186

Otherinformation

Testrange(kg/ha)

Controlrate(kg/ha)

Controlyield(t/ha)


Maximum yield(t/ha)

Phosphorus (P2O5)Reported in 86, Kizilirmakvalley, heavytexture, slightlyalkaline, pH 8.0, variety Ribe

0-53 0 5.2 0 5.2

Reported in 86, Kizilirmakvalley, heavytexture, slightlyalkaline, pH 8.0, varietyKrasnodarsky

0-53 0 7.6 53 8.3


Low temperature during the early stages of ricecrops and the shortage of irrigation water aremajor physical constraints of rice production.Red rice is a major biological constraint and blast may limit rice yield. Socio-economically,the high rice production costs may discouragefarmers from applying more input. The following table shows the rice production costs.


Cost($/ha)

Cost($/t)

Thrace 1996 6.61 2,189 330S. Marmara, 1996 6.72 2,044 300Black sea 6.31 2,076 330S. Anatolia 3.25 1,287 4001987-89 5.15 716 139

Yield has steadily increased during the last 5years. However, yield in 2000 was still low ascompared to those, which were obtained inother Mediterranean countries. Sustainable rice production in the future requires further yieldincrease. This could be realised with theintroduction and popularisation of Rice Integrated Crop Management systems adopted in Australia, Egypt and recently in Greece.


General Directorate of State Farms andAgricultural Supply Organization AnkaraMediterranean Agricultural Research Institute P.O. Box 39 Antalya Phone: (31) 111569Plant Genetic Resources Research Institute Aegean Agricultural Research Institute P.O. Box 9 Menemen 35661 Izmir Phone: (232)846-1331 Telex: 51293 AARI TR Fax : (90-232) 846-1107Thrace Agricultural Research InstituteP.O.Box16, 22100 Edirne Phone: 90-181-51144 Fax: 90-284-2358210 Thrace Agricultural Research Institute, P.O.Box 16, Edirne 22100, Turkey .Trakya Agricultural Research Institute P.O. Box 16 Edirne Phone: (0284) 235-8180 Fax : (0284) 235-821

187

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

General Information

Main climates: Temperate Continental,Temperate Steppe and Semiarid, Subtropical Humid, Subtropical Steppe and Semiarid,Temperate at 1 000 m above sea, SubtropicalDesert and Arid, Temperate Oceanic, Subtropical Dry summer, Temperate Desert and Arid

Total land area: 936 352 000 ha Internal renewable water resources: 2 478 km3

Incoming water flow: km3

GNP per capita, 1998: PPP$ 29 240Main food consumed: Oil & Fat, Sugar & honey, Wheat, Meat, Milk Rice supply, 1999: 13.5 kg paddy/capita/year

Basic Statistics

1985 1990 1995 2000RICEHarvested Area (M ha)

1.008 1.142 1.251 1.232

Yield (kg/ha) 6 070 6 197 6 301 7 036 Production (M t) 6.122 7.080 7.887 8.669Imports (T t) 58.89 148.2 224.3 NAExports(T t) 1 939 2 473 3 083 NAOTHERSPopulation (M) 241.8 254.0 267.0 NAAgr population-(M) 8.22 7.66 6.91 NAIrrigated agr area (M ha)

19.83 20.90 21.40 NA

Fertilizer cons (M t) 17.83 18.58 20.03 NAAgr tractor in use (M units)

4.67 4.80 4.80 NA


Rice is planted only in California and in the GulfStates. The following table shows the harvested area from different producing zones.


Arkansas 42.82Louisiana 18.70California 14.63Texas 10.68Missouri 9.44Carolina 3.74

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��United States of America

Mexico

Canada

The following table shows the rice croppingseasons.

Cropping season Planting HarvestingGulf 4-6 8-10California 4-6 9-11


Rice is planted once a year and mostly under irrigated conditions. Rice production is on largescale and intensively mechanised. Most of riceproduction and post-production operations aremechanically operated. Direct seeding is thepopular method of crop establishment. Aeroplanes are often used for seeding and application of agro-chemicals. Large number of improved rice varietiesof japonica type has been released for cultivation.


Plantedlocation

A-301 1987 CaliforniaAdair ArkansasAlan 1980 ArkansasBellemont 1981 TexasBengal ArkansasBlue Bonnet 50 1951 TexasBonnet 73 1972 ArkansasCalmochi 101 1985 CaliforniaCypress 1992 LouisianaDawn 1968 TexasGulfmont 1986 TexasJasmine 85 ArkansasM 5 1975 CaliforniaM 7 1977 CaliforniaM 9 1977 CaliforniaM 201 1982 CaliforniaKaty 1990 ArkansasKaybonnet ArkansasL 110 1979 LouisianaL 203 1991 CaliforniaLacassine 1991 LouisianaLemont 1983 Texas

191

M-102 1987 CaliforniaM-103 1990 CaliforniaM-202 1986 CaliforniaM-203 1989 CaliforniaM-301 1980 CaliforniaL 201 1979 CaliforniaLeah 1982 LouisianaMars 1977 ArkansasMaybelle 1989 TexasMercury 1988 LouisianaMillie 1990 ArkansasOrion 1991 ArkansasPecos 1983 TexasS-301 1990 CaliforniaRexmont 1986 TexasRico 1 1987 TexasS-101 1989 CaliforniaSkybonnet 1983 TexasTexmont 1990 Texas

Farmers normally applied high rates of fertilizers in rice production. The following table shows the responses of rice to fertilizer application.

Otherinformation

Testrange(kg/ha)

Controlrate(kg/ha)

Controlyield(t/ha)


Maximum yield(t/ha)

Nitrogen (KgN)Reported in 90, Dingville, Rio Valley,Sacramento,pH7.4,OM1.9%,N0.11%,P11.5ppm,K349ppm,variety 88-Y-774, average of 3 folia treatments

0-210 0 4.2 120 11.7

Reported in 90, Dingville, Rio Valley,Sacramento,pH7.4,OM1.9%,N0.11%,P11.5ppm,K349ppm,variety L 202, average of 3 folia treatments

0-210 0 4 150 10.8

Reported in 90, Dingville, Rio Valley,Sacramento,pH7.4,OM1.9%,N0.11%,P11.5ppm,K349ppm,variety M 103, average of 3 folia treatments

0-210 0 3.4 90 9.5

Reported in 90, Dingville, Rio Valley,Sacramento,pH7.4,

0-210 0 3.7 120 10.6

OM1.9%,N0.11%,P11.5ppm,K349ppm,variety M 202, average of 3 folia treatments Reported in 90, Dingville, Rio Valley,Sacramento,pH7.4,OM1.9%,N0.11%,P11.5ppm,K349ppm, M 203, aver of 3 folia treatments

0-210 0 4.3 120 8.8

Reported in 61, Texas,Baumont clay,variety Blue Bonnet 50 and P.I. 215936

44.8-179.2

44.8 4.03 134.4 5.04

Reported in 60, Stutgart,Arkansas,Crowley silt loam, earlymaturing variety

0-224 0 2.88 224 7.18

Reported in 60, Stutgart,Arkansas,Crowley silt loam, late maturing variety

0-224 0 2.41 179.2 5.01

Reported in 60, Stutgart,Arkansas,Crowley silt loam, very earlymaturing variety

0-224 0 3.16 134.4 6.37

Reported in 58, Sacramento,California,Alamo clay

0-67.2 0 3.28 67.2 5.4

Reported in 58, Sacramento,California,Alamo clay,with 78.4 P kg/ha

0-67.2 0 3.28 67.2 4.85

Reported in 58, Sacramento,California,Genevera clay

0-67.2 0 4.73 67.2 7.34

Reported in 58, Sacramento,California,Genevera claywith 78.4 P kg/ha

0-67.2 0 4.73 67.2 8.07

Reported in 58, Sacramento,California,Grimes clay

0-67.2 0 4.18 67.2 6.54

Reported in 58, Sacramento,California,Grimes clay,with 78.4 P kg/ha

0-67.2 0 4.18 67.2 6.38

Reported in 58, Sacramento,

0-67.2 0 2.54 67.2 3.93

192

California,Rocklin clayReported in 58, Sacramento,California,Sacramentoclay

0-67.2 0 4.42 67.2 7.14

Reported in 58, Sacramento,California,Rocklin clay,with 78.4 P kg/ha

0-67.2 0 2.54 67.2 5.23

Reported in 58, Sacramento,California,Sacramentoclay, with 78.4 P kg/ha

0-67.2 0 4.42 67.2 6.39

Reported in 58, Sacramento,California,Stockton clay

0-67.2 0 4.32 67.2 6.59

Reported in 58, Sacramento,California, na, Stockton clay,with 78.4 P kg/ha

0-67.2 0 4.32 67.2 7.08

Reported in 60, Louisiana, with44.8 P + 44.8 K kg/ha

0-89.6 0 2.93 89.6 4.17

Reported in 92, California, short varieties

0-201.6 0 3.3 168 7.95

Reported in 92, California, tall varieties

0-201.6 0 3.3 134.4 6.72

Reported in 92, Stugart,Arkansas,variety Orion, with 0 N kg/ha mid season

0-180 0 5 90 8.7

Reported in 92, Stugart,Arkansas,Orion, varietywith 100 N mid season

0-180 0 6.7 90 9.1

Reported in 92, Stugart,Arkansas,Orion, varietywith 34 N kg/ha mid season

0-180 0 5.5 90 9

Reported in 92, Stugart,Arkansas,variety Orion, with 68 N kg/ha mid season

0-180 0 5.9 90 8.7

Phosphorus (Kg P2O5)Reported in 60, Louisiana

0-44.8 0 2.83 44.8 2.9

Potassium (Kg K2O)Reported in 60, Louisiana

0-48 0 2.83 44.8 2.86


There are several constraints to sustainable rice production in USA. Following are the majors:

High production cost. Low temperature during early and reproductive stages.Blast, stem rot, rice water weevils. Weed and red rice competition.Yield potentials of present day have reached aplateau.Increasing pressure from legislation due to government concern for environment,especially the burning of rice straw.

The following table shows the rice production costs


Cost($/ha)

Cost($/t)

87-89 6.27 842 13488-89 5.51 915 166


Alter Seed Rice Co. P.O. Box 101 AR 72042 Dewitt Arkansas Phone: (870) 946-1370 Arkansas State Plant Board P.O. Box 1069No. 1 Natural Resources Drive AR 72205Little Rock Arkansas Phone: (501) 225-1598 Fax : (501) 225-7213 Beltsville Agricultural Research Center USDA Plant Genetics and Germplasm Institute,10300 Baltimore Avenue MD 20705 Beltsville 2350 Maryland Phone: (301) 504-5328 Fax :(301) 504-6305Black Rice Company P.O. Box 391 508 South Monroe AR 72042 Dewitt ArkansasPhone: (870) 946-4567 California Co-operative Rice Research Foundation Inc., Rice Experiment Station P.O.Box 306 CA 95917 Biggs California Phone: (916) 868-5481 Cargill, Inc. P.O. Box 5645 1433 Cargill Building MN 55440 Minneapolis MinnesotaPhone: (612) 742-7237 Telex: 290625 Fax : (612) 742-7235Department of Agriculture P.O. Box 12847TX 78711 Austin TexasMinnesota Crop Improvement Association University of Minnesota, St. Paul Campus1900 Hendon Avenue MN 55108 St. Paul

193

Minnesota Phone: (612) 625-7766 Fax :(612) 625-8173Mississippi Rice Growers Association P.O.Box 2045 MS 38722 Arcola MississippiPhone: (601) 827-2243 Rice Growers Association of California P.O.Box 958 CA 95804 Sacramento California Phone: (916) 371-6941 Rice Research and Extension Centre P.O. Box351 AR 72160 Stuttgart Arkansas Phone:(501) 673-2661 Rice Research Station Louisiana State University Agricultural Center P.O. Box 1429 LA 70527 Crowley Louisiana Phone: (318) 783-7531 Fax : (318) 788-7553 Rice-Pasture Research & Extension Centre P.O. Box 999 Route 7 TX 77713 BeaumontTexasRicetec Seeds, Inc. P.O. Box 1305 TX 77512 Alvin Texas Phone: (713) 393-3502 University Colorado State USDA, ARS -National Seed Storage Laboratory 1111 SouthMason Street CO 80521 Fort Collins 4500Colorado Phone: (970) 495-3200 Fax : (970)221-1427

University of Arkansas Research and Extension Center Box 351 AR 72160Stuttgart Arkansas University of California Davis College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences CA95616 Davis California Phone: (916) 752-1605 Fax : (916) 752-1819University Texas A & M Research & Extension Service Route 7 TX 77713Beaumont Texas USDA-SEA, AR, SR Rice Branch Experiment Station P.O. Box 287 AR 72160 Stuttgart Arkansas 'Phone: (870) 673-2661 US Department of Agriculture, USDA-ARS, Route 7, Box 999 Beaumont, Texas 77713,USANational Rice Germplasm Evaluation and Enhancement Centre (USDA-ARS), P.O. Box 287, Stuttgart, Arkansas 72160; Tel 5016732661; Fax 501 6734315

194

URUGUAY

General Information

Main climates: Subtropical Humid

Total

land

area: 17 741 000 ha Internal renewable water resources: 59 km3

Incoming water flow: km3

GNP per capita, 1998: PPP$ 8 541Main food consumed: Wheat, Meat, Sugar & honey, Oil & fat, Milk Rice supply, 1999: 18.1 kg paddy/capita/year

Basic Statistics


84.92 78.09 146.3 185.0

Yield (kg/ha) 4 953 4 447 5 509 6 350 Production (T t) 420.7 347.3 806.1 1 174 Imports ( t) 0 6,428 63 NAExports (T t) 241.6 290.4 462.4 NAOTHERSPopulation (T) 3 009 3 106 3 218 NAAgr population (T) 408 383 374 NAIrrigated agr area (T ha)

97 125 160 NA

Fertilzer cons ( M t)

60.20 71.87 66.00 NA

Agr tractors in use ( M units)

34.60 32.80 33.00 NA

Producing Zones and Cropping Seasons Rice is planted mostly in the coastal plains at Treinta-y-Tres and nearby provinces (Eastern Zone), in the valley of Uruguay rivers (Central Zone), and the areas which situate along the border with Brazil and Argentina (Northern Zone). Rice is planted once a year as shown in the following table.

Cropping season Planting HarvestingMain season 10-12 3-5


Rice is planted mainly under irrigated ecosystems in multi-year rotation with pasture (4-5 year rotation cylce) or with other crop such as wheat and maize(2-3 years cycle). The farm size is generally large.Land preparation, seeding, fertilizer application and harvest and post harvest operations are done mechanically using heavy machinery. Land preparation is done mostly under dry conditions and direct seeding to dry land is the dominant method ofcrop establishment. Recently minimum tillage with the use of weedicides, especially glyphosate hasgain popularity. The preparation of land under wetconditions has also been tested as means to control Red or wild rice infestation. A number of highyielding rice varieties have been developed and released for cultivation.



El Paso L-144 1985-89 131El Paso L-227 1985-89 135-140El Paso L-48 1985-89 135-140El Paso L-94 1985-89 135-140INIA Tacuari 1990-94 130-135INIA Yerbal 1990-94 130-135

Although no information on rice response to fertilizer application at present, it is known thatfarmers applied high rates of chemical fertilizers torice. Weedicides and insecticides are use for weed and insect control.


There are several constraints to sustainable rice production in Uruguay. Following are the majors:

High production cost. Dependence on external market for marketing ofrice products. Straight head, especially on sandy soils.Low temperature during early and/orreproductive phases. Yield potentials of rice varieties have reached a

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Argentina Uruguay

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195

plateau.

The following table shows rice production costs


Cost($/ha)

Cost($/t)

1983-84, Irrigated, Direct seeded

4.49 759 169

Both rice-harvested area and yield have increased rapidly during the last five years. Sustainable rice production will depend on market factors and areduction in rice production costs. The negative effects of rice production on the environment and wildlife need to be minimised. The introduction of Rice Integrated Crop Management systems would increase the efficiency of input application, thus

cost reduction and reduction of environmentaldegradation.


Direcion de Asesoria Tecnica, Ministerio deAgricultura y Pesca, Constituyente,Montevideo, UruguayArrozal 33 Camino Santos 4900 MontevideoAsociacion Cultivadores de Arroz Andes 1409, 4 Piso MontevideoInstituto Nacional de Investigacion Agropecuaria Estacion Experimental del Este C. de Correo 42 Coronel J. Arenas 1986 33000 Treinta y Tres Phone: (0452) 2305 Fax: (0452) 5701

196

VENEZUELA

General Information

Main climates: Tropical Wet and Dry, TropicalWet and Dry at 600 m above sea, Tropical Wet,Tropical Steppe and Semiarid


GNP per capita, 1998: PPP$ 5 706Main food consumed: Maize, Oil & fat, Sugar & honey, Wheat, Fruits

Rice supply, 1999: 23.3 kg paddy/capita/year

Basic Statistics


180 114 177 150

Yield (kg/ha) 2 609 4 313 4 266 4 913 Production (T t) 471 495 756 737Imports (T t) 0.755 0.352 68.07 NAExports (T t) 0.028 0 76.92 NAOTHERSPopulation (M) 17.13 19.50 21.84 NAAgr population (M) 2.631 2.763 2.541 NAIrrigated agr area (T ha)

470 480 536 NA

Fertilizer cons (T t) 477 427 298 NAAgr tractors in use (T units)

43.50 48.00 49.00 NA


Rice is grown in only 5 provinces/zones in thecountry as shown in the following table.


Portuguesa 57.01Guarico 38.01Cojedes 4.18Barinas 0.57Zulia 0.23��

Two rice crops are grown in a year

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Colombia

Brazil

Cropping season Planting HarvestingWet season jul-aug nov-decDry season nov-dec may-jun


The following figure show that rice is grown onlyunder irrigated condition

0

20

40

60

80

100

Irrigated Rainfed lowland Upland Others

HarvestedArea(% totalharvestedarea)

Rice-rice and rice-other crops (sorghum, maize, oilseed crops, and cotton) are main cropping systems.Rice production is highly mechanised. Most ofplanted varieties belong to indica type. In the late 1970s, CICA 4 was widely planted. Other high yielding varieties have been then released for cultivation.



ARAURE-1 1975-79ARAURE-2 1980-84ARAURE-3 1980-84ARAURE-4 1980-84CIARLLACEN 1 1980-84CICA 4 1975-79 120-140CICA 6 1975-79 126-137CICA 8 1980-84 120-145Cimaron 1988 117-120CIMARRON 1985-89CT 8240-1-3-9P-M 1990-94CT 8250-412-6P 1990-94CT-8008-12-24-8P-M 1990-94FONAIAP 1 1992 120-125FONAIAP 2 1990-94

197

Fonaiap 2000 2000 110Fundarroz PN-1 2000 105IR 22 1975-79 123-137LLANERO 1990-94Palmar 1988 120-135SEL # 2 1990-94

Land preparation is done under wet conditions. Broadcasting of pre-germinated rice seed to wet field is the main method of crop establishment.Traditionally aeroplane is used for seeding andother cultural operations. However, Broadcasting byhand and small equipment has become more andmore popular to reduce cost. Farmers applied high doses of fertilizers and other agro-chemicals to rice.

Constraints and Issues of Sustainable Production

There are several constraints to sustainable rice production in Venezuela. Following are the majors:

Rice Hoja blanca virus, Blast, Brown spots andSogata insect

Weed and Red rice competitionIron toxicity, poor internal and external drainagedue to heavy soils in Portuguesa and Guarico

Yield decline in intensive irrigated areas Yield potentials of present irrigated varieties have reached a plateau.

The following table show the costs of riceproduction


Cost($/ha)

Cost($/t)

1996 irrigated 4.5 910 202

Rice yields in the country are among the highest under tropical climate areas. Sustainable rice production would require, therefore, new varietieswith higher yielding potential and new approach incrop management such as the Integrated Crop Management - Ricecheck system.


Estacion Experimental Barinas Torunos,Sistema de Riego Santo Domingo, Km. 10 Barinas Edo. Barinas

Estacion Experimental de Araure A.P. 102Carretera Araube Acarigua Portuguesa

Estacion Experimental de Los Llanos A.P. 14Bancos de San Pedro Calabozo Guarico

Fundacion Servicio para la Agricultura EstacionExperimental de Cagua Cagua Aragua

Centro Nacional Investigaciones AgropecuariasFONIAP Fondo Nacional de Investigaciones Agropecuarias A.P. 4653 ZonaUniversitaria, Via El Limon 2101 MaracayAragua Phone: 492491 Telex: 48277 SIRCA VC Fax : (043) 454320

198

VIET NAM

General Information

Main climate: Tropical Wet, Tropical Dry-Wet,Subtropical Humid


Incoming water flow: # 400 km3

GNP per capita, 1998: PPP$ 1 689Main food consumed: Rice, Roots and Tubers, Meat, Sugar & Honey, FruitsRice supply, 1999: 255.4 kg paddy/capita/year

Basic Statistics

1985 1990 1995 2000RICEHarvested area (M ha)

5.7 6.0 6.7 7.6

Yield (kg/ha) 2 783 3 189 3 689 4 252 Production (M t) 15.8 19.2 24.9 32,5Imports (T t) 336 1 11 NAExports (T t) 59 1 624 1 988 NAOTHERSPopulation (M) 59.8 66.6 73.8 NAAgr population (M) 43.2 47.5 51.2 NAIrrigated agr area (T ha)

2 500 2 900 3 000 NA

Fertilizer cons (T t) 385 544 1 214 NAAgr tractors in use (T units)

31 25 97 NA


The Mekong River Delta and to a lesser extend, the Red River Delta are the rice bowls of the country.The following table shows the rice-harvested areasfrom different producing zones.


An Giang 6.17Kien Giang 5.81Dong Thap 5.61Can Tho 5.55Long An 5.13Minh Hai 4.79Tien Giang 4.31Soc Trang 4.31Thanh Hoa 3.96Hai Hung 3.83Nam Ha 3.74Nghe An 2.99Ha Bac 2.98Vinh Long 2.71Thai Binh 2.70Tra Vinh 2.70Ha Tay 2.66Vinh Phu 2.19Quang Nam Da Nang 1.92Binh Dinh 1.92Ha Tinh 1.71Hai Phong 1.50Ben Tre 1.50Quang Ngai 1.45Bac Thai 1.20Dac Lac 1.16Ninh Binh 1.09Phu Yen 0.94Binh Thuan 0.93Gia Lai 0.92Ha Noi 0.89Lai Chau 0.78Thua Thien Hue 0.78Quang Binh 0.74Quang Ninh 0.73Lang Son 0.70Hoa Binh 0.70Son La 0.69Quang Tri 0.67Tuyen Quang 0.63Khanh Hoa 0.62Yen Bai 0.61Cao Bang 0.53Lao Cai 0.52Lam Dong 0.52Ha Giang 0.48Ninh Thuan 0.48Kon Tum 0.29

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Thailand

China

Philippines

Rice is planted in three seasons: Mua (or monsoon),He-Thu (or Summer-Autumn) and Dong-Xuan (or Winter-Spring). The areas under Dong-Xuan andHe-Thu crops have been increasing while that of Mua have been reduced significantly, especially in the Mekong River Delta.

Planting HarvestingMua 5-8 9-12Dong-Xuan 12-2 4-6He-Thu 4-6 8-9

199


The harvested areas under different ecologies during 1995-2000 period are shown in the followingfigure.

Rice is planted in intensive rice-based cropping systems. In the Red River Delta, Rice-Maize-Riceand Rice-Potato-Rice systems are widely practised. In the Central Coastal regions, Rice-Rice system ispopular in irrigated areas, while Rice-Subsidiarycrops system is popular in rainfed lowland areas. The subsidiary crops include mungbean, sesame,sweet potato, maize, groundnut, etc.. In the Mekong River Delta, Rice-Rice, Rice-Rice-Rice, Rice-Subsidiary crops systems are popular. RecentlyRice-Vegetable crops system is widely practised inareas around major cities and Rice-Rice/fish/shrimpsystem has also become popular. Land preparation is done with animal traction or with tractors. Theuse of tractors for land preparation is more frequentin the Mekong River Delta than in other regions.Direct seeding in dry soils are done in upland anddeepwater rice. In lowland rice, manualtransplanting is widely practised in the northern andcentral regions, while direct seeding to either dry orwet soils is popular in the Mekong River Delta. After the introduction of IR 8 in 1969, a large number of high yielding varieties (HYV) have been developed and released for cultivation. A number of traditional varieties are still grown by farmers dueto the good quality of their grain. Recently,commercial hybrid rice cultivation, mostly under irrigated conditions, has been practised by anincreasing number of farmers in the northern and central regions.

Varieties for irrigated and rainfed lowland ecologies for north and north central regions


Growthduration

(days)79-1 1990-94 125-145A 20 1990-94 125-150CR 01 1990-94 135-185DH 60 1990-94 -DONG 256 1990-94 -V 18 1990-94 -Xuan So 4 1990-94 -N 28 1990-94 -C 180 1985-89 -V 14 1985-89 -CR 02 1994 135-185CR 203 1985 115-140C 70 1990-94 125-165DT 10 1985 115-175IR 17494 1989 130-185C 71 1993 125-165Tam Thom Traditional -Bacyou 64 1990-94 125-150Iyou 63 1990-94 135Jinyou 63 1990-94 135Jinyou Gui 91 1990-94 140Kimyou Gui 99 1990-94 140Shanyou 63 1990-94 125-140Shanyou Gui 99 1990-94 125-145

Harvested area (as % of total harvested area)

0

20

40

60

80


Deepwater Upland

Ecology

Varieties for irrigated and rainfed lowland ecologies for southern and south-central regions



MOT BUI LUN Traditional -NANG HUONG Traditional -Trang Chum Traditional -Trang Lua Traditional -Trang Lun Traditional -IR 64 1985-89 105-120IR 33059 1990-94 -NN 8A 1980-84 -IR 9782-111-2-1-2 (or OM 90)

1986 90-105

OM 91 1986 90-105OM 80 1987 106-120IR 50404-57 1988 95IR 68 1988 121-140IR 31802-48-2-2-2 (or OM 87-1)

1989 90-105

IR 31868-64-2-3-3-3OM 87-9

1989 106-120

OM 44-5 1990 106-120OM 576 1990 90-105OM 59-7 1990 90-105OM 59-71 1991IR 13429-299-2-1-3 (or IR 60A)

1992 105-120

IR 35546-17-3-1-3 (or OM 90-9)

1992 106-120

IR 44595-702-2-3 (or OM 90-2)

1992 106-120

IR 50401 1992 90-105IR 72 1992 106-120OM 43-26 1992 90-105IR 53936-97-2-2-3-3 (or MTL 119)

1993 106-120

IR 54742-23-19-16-10-3 (or MTL 110)

1993 106-120

IR 54751-2-41-10-5-1 (or MTL 105)

1993 90-105

IR 54751-2-44-15-2-2 (or MTL 114)

1993 106-120

IR 54751-2-44-15-24-3- 1993 106-120

200

1 (or MTL 98) OM 269 (65) 1993 90-105OM 49517-23 1993 90-100OM 723-11 1993 106-120IR 59606-119-3 (or OMCS 94)

1994 90-105

OM 1589 1994 90-105OM 1630-108-2 1994 90-105OM 86 1 1994 105-120IR 56420-28-2-2 (or MTL 99)

1995 90-105

IR 62032 1997 90-105OM 1633 1997 90-105OM 1706 1997 90-105TNDB 100 1997 90-105Trang Nong 15 1995-99 125-40Trang Nong 16 1995-99 125-40

Other irrigated and rainfed lowland varieties



IR 129-192-2-3-5 (or NN 7A)

1983 90-105

IR 13240-10-1 (or NN 9A)

1985 90-105

IR 64 (or OM 98) 1987 105-115IR 13240-108-2-2-3 (or MTL 58)

1988 90-105

IR 32429-47-3-2-2 (or OM 86-9)

1989 90-105

IR 66 1989 106-120IR 19660-131-3-3-3-3 1990 90-105IR 29723 1992 121-140IR 9729-67 1992 90-105IR 47686-1-4-B (or LC 88-86)

1993 106-120

OM 723-7 1994 120-140Khao Dao Mali 105 1994 100-150

Upland varieties



BAO THAI HONG NABC 35-2 NAC 22 1985-89HA AN NAKN96 NALC 90-5 1990-94IR 4768-1-5-1-1 (or LC 88-67-1)

1993 106-120

Hand weeding is widely practised in the northern and central regions. In the Mekong River Delta andnearby provinces weed control with herbicides is popular and threshing is being increasinglymechanised. Small equipment has been developedand popularized for drying rice. In the northern and central regions farmers apply both organic and inorganic fertilizer, while in the southern region, farmers apply mainly inorganic fertilizers. The following table shows rice responses to fertilizerapplication.

Otherinformation

Testrange(kg/ha)

Controlrate(kg/ha)

Controlyield(t/ha)


Maximum yield(t/ha)

Nitrogen (N), Irrgated RiceReport for 1990/91, Can Tho, alluvial soil,dry season

0-200 3.7 0 120 6

Report for 1990/91, Binh Duc, dryseason

0-200 3 0 120 6

Report for 1990/91, Hoa An, alluvial soil, dry season

0-200 2 0 160 4.1

Report for 1990/91, Cai Lay, alluvial soil, dry season

0-200 4 0 120 6.1

Report for 1991/92, Can Tho, alluvial soil, wet season

0-160 1.9 0 160 2.9

Report for 1991/92, Binh Duc, alluvial soil, wet season

0-160 1.1 0 80 5.7

Report for 1991/92, Can Tho, alluvial soil, dry season

0-160 3.1 0 160 5.9

Report for 1991/92, Binh Duc, alluvial soil, dry season

0-160 3.4 0 120 5.4

Reported in 1992, Omon, alluvial soil, wetseason,variety UTL 1 (3-line hybrid),with 60 P + 30 K kg/ha

40-160 4.8 40 80 5.33

Reported for 1992, Omon, alluvial soil, wetseason, varietyOM 90-9, with60 P + 30 K kg/ha

40-160 4.06 40 120 4.86

Reported in 92, Omon, Mekong delta, withgreen manure 3 tons/ha

0-90 0 4.77 90 6.67

Reported in 92, Omon, Mekong delta, withgreen manure 9 tons/ha

0-90 0 5.2 90 6.77

Reported in 92, Omon, Mekong delta

0-90 0 4.33 90 6.37

Reported for 1992, Ha Bac Degradedalluvial soil, summerseason, varietyCR 203

0-150 2.47 0 120 3.74

Reported for 1992, Ha Bac Degradedalluvial soil,

0-150 2.74 0 120 3.89

201

spring season, variety CR 203 Reported for 1993, Ha Bac Degradedalluvial soil, spring season, variety CR 203

0-150 2.97 0 60 4.1

Report for 1992/93, Binh Duc, alluvial soil, dryseason, varietyUTL 2 (3-line hybrid)

0-180 4.7 0 60 5.5

Report for 1992/93, Binh Duc, alluvial soil, dryseason, varietyIR 64

0-180 5.1 0 60 6.5

Report for 1992/93, Binh Duc, alluvial soil, dryseason, varietyMTL 105

0-180 5.5 0 60 6.3

Report for 1992/93, Binh Duc, alluvial soil, dryseason, varietyOM 723-7

0-180 5.7 0 60 7.6

Report for 1992/93, Binh Duc, alluvial soil, dryseason, MTL 119

0-180 5.6 0 120 7.1

Report for 1992/93, Binh Duc, alluvial soil, wetseason, varietyUTL 2 (3-line hybrid)

0-180 5.1 0 180 6.2

Report for 1992/93, Binh Duc, alluvial soil, wetseason, varietyIR 64

0-180 3.6 0 120 5.7

Report for 1992/93, Binh Duc, alluvial soil, wetseason, varietyMTL 105

0-180 4.1 0 60 5.2

Report for 1992/93, Binh Duc, alluvial soil, wetseason, varietyOM 723-7

0-180 4.2 0 120 5.2

Report for 1992/93, Binh Duc, alluvial soil, wetseason, varietyMTL 119

0-180 4.3 0 60 4.7

Report for 1992/93, Can Tho, alluvial soil, dryseason, varietyUTL 2 (3-line

0-180 3.8 0 60 5.2

hybrid)Report for 1992/93, Can Tho, alluvial soil, dryseason, varietyIR 64

0-180 4.6 0 120 6

Report for 1992/93, Can Tho, alluvial soil, dryseason, varietyMTL 105

0-180 4.2 0 120 5.8

Report for 1992/93, Can Tho, alluvial soil, dryseason, varietyOM 723-7

0-180 5.9 0 60 6.4

Report for 1992/93, Can Tho, alluvial soil, dryseason, MTL 119

0-180 5.5 0 60 6.2

Report for 1992/93, Can Tho, alluvial soil, wetseason, varietyUTL 2 (3-line hybrid)

0-180 4.8 0 120 5.9

Report for 1992/93, Can Tho, alluvial soil, wetseason, varietyIR 64

0-180 3.4 0 120 5.4

Report for 1992/93, Can Tho, alluvial soil, wetseason, varietyMTL 105

0-180 3.3 0 120 4.8

Report for 1992/93, Can Tho, alluvial soil, wetseason, varietyOM 723-7

0-180 3.7 0 120 5.2

Report for 1992/93, Can Tho, alluvial soil, wetseason, varietyMTL 119

0-180 3.7 0 60 4.8

Reported for 1993, Hoa An, acid sulphate soil, wet season

0-120 1.8 0 120 1.9

Reported for 1993, Hoa An, acid sulphate soil, wetseason, with 45 P kg/ha

0-120 1.8 0 120 2.6

Reported for 1993, Hoa An, acid sulphate soil, wetseason, with 90 P kg/ha

0-120 1.9 0 120 3

Reported for 1993, Hoa An, acid sulphate soil, wet

0-120 1.7 0 120 2.7

202

season, with135 P kg/ha Reported in 1997, spring season, Red River Delta, hybrid rice with90 kg P2O5 + 60 Kg K2O/ha

0-210 0 4.83 180 7.34

Reported in 1997, summer season, Red River Delta, hybrid rice with90 kg P2O5 + 60 Kg K2O/ha

0-210 0 4.72 120 6.82

Nitrogen (N), Deepwater RiceReported in 85, Thot Not, Mekong delta, sulfaquept soil, pH 4.5, varietyNang Tay Dum

0-40 0 1.6 0 1.6

Phosphorus (P2O5), Rainfed Lowland RiceReported in 59, Souther region, , alluvium, with30 N kg/ha

0-30 0 1.47 30 1.63

Reported in 59, Souther region, , low humic gley, with 30 N kg/ha

0-30 0 1.13 30 1.2

Reported in 59, Central region, , alluvium, with30 N kg/ha

0-30 0 1.41 30 1.52

Phosphorus (P2O5), Irrigated RiceReported for 1993, Tan Lap, acid sulfate soils dryseason,average of 4 P sources

0-180 0 1.65 180 4.85

Reported for 1993, Hoa An, acid sulfate soils, wetseason

0-135 0 1.8 90 1.9

Reported for 1993, Hoa An, acid sulfate soils, wetseason, with 60 N kg/ha

0-135 0 1.9 90 2.6

Reported for 1993, Hoa An, acid sulfate soils, wetseason, with120 N kg/ha

0-135 0 1.9 90 3

Reported for 1993, Tan Lap, acid sulfate soils, wetseason,average of 4 P sources

0-180 0 0.81 180 1.49

Phosphorus (P2O5), Deepwater RiceReported in 85, Thotnot, varietyNang tay dum, with 40 kgN/ha

0-18 0 1.3 18 1.9

Reported in 87, Thotnot, variety,

0-26.2 0 0.96 17.5 4.26

Nang tay dum Potassium (K2O), Rainfed lowland RiceReported in 59, Souther region, alluvium, with30 N + 30 P kg/ha

0-30 0 1.63 0 1.63

Reported in 59, Souther region, low humic gley,with 30 n + 30 P kg/ha

0-30 0 1.2 30 1.31

Reported in 59, Central region, alluvium, with30 N + 30 P kg/ha

0-30 0 1.52 30 1.68

Potassium (K2O), Deepwater RiceReported in 85, Thot Not, Mekong delta, , sulfaquept soil, pH 4.5, varietyNang Tay Dum, with 40 N + 18 P kg/ha

0-33 0 1.9 33 2


In northern and north central region, low temperature during January to March. Typhoon and flash floods in many coastalprovinces.In Mekong River Delta, deep flooding during August-September.In the Plain of Reed, quadrangle of LongXuyen, yield is still limited by acid sulphate soils.Weedy rice in direct seeding, brown planthopper, stem borer, leaf folder and blast especially in north-central coastal areas,bacterial leaf blight, brown spot and rat are major biotic stresses.Low prices of rice and low return from riceproduction.Inadequate government support in-terms ofcredit and input, especially in the central regions and in highland areas.

The following table shows the rice production costs.

Cost CostOther information Yield(t/ha)

$/haValue for 92 3.34 212Value for 90, CAN THO,Wet Season, Deepwaterrice

2.6 174

Value for 90, CAN THO,Wet Season, Irrigated rice

4.6 310

Value for 1992-93 in AnGiang Province, Deepwaterrice

2.4 188.5

203

Value for 1992-93 in AnGiang Province, He-Thuseason, Irrigated rice

4.9 363.7

Value for 1992-93 in AnGiang Province, Dong-Xuanseason, Irrigated rice

5.9 383.3

MillionDong/ha

MillionDong/t

Mekong River Delta, 1996-97, Irrigated rice

5.00 5.647 1.129

My Xuyen, Soc Trang, He-Thu crop, 1993, Irrigated rice

5.10 2.927 0.574

My Xuyen, Soc Trang, Muacrop, 1993, Rainfed lowlandrice

2.00 2.001 1.00

Phung Hiep, Can Tho, He-Thu crop, 1993, Irrigated rice

2.70 2.464 0.912

Phung Hiep, Can Tho, Mua crop, 1993, Rainfed lowlandrice

1.20 1.064 0.884

Thot Not, Can Tho, Dong-Xuan crop, 1993, Irrigated rice

5.62 3.493 0.622

Both the rice-harvested area and yield have rapidly increased during the last five years. Therate of increase in harvested area, however, wasreduced substantially during 1999-2000. This suggests that an increase in harvested area would not be a feasible option for increasing rice production in the future. Sustainable rice production would require the development and deployment of varieties with high yieldingpotential and good grain quality. The introduction of crop management system such as the Australian RICECHECK and the diversification of the mono and intensive riceproduction systems would be critical for sustainable rice production. Integration of ricewith other production activities and modernisation of rice-based production systemswould positively contribute to increase farmers'productivity and incomes.

Research and Development Institutes Cuu Long Rice Research Institute, Omon,Cantho, Tel (84-71) 61954, Fax (84-71) 61457

Dong Van Seed Improvement Station, Dong VanInstitut national des sciences agricoles (INSA)Ministere de l'agriculture, Van Dien, Hanoi

Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development,Hanoi ; Phone: (84-4)-843-7674 Fax: (844)-733-0752

Vietnam Agricultural Science Institute, VanDien, Thanh Tri, Hanoi, Vietnam, Tel. 844 615556, Fax 844-613937

National Insitute of Plant Protection, Chem, Tu Liem Hanoi, Tel 363119, Fax 363563

Institute of Agricultural Science of South Vietnam, 121 Nguyen Binh Khiem St., Ho-chi-minh, Vietnam, Tel 291746, Fax 297650

University of Agriculture and Forestry, Thu Duc, Ho Chi Minh, Tel 8966946, Fax 8960713

Mekong Delta Farming Systems Research and Development Center, University of Cantho,Cantho, Tel (84-71) 834517, Fax 84-71 25474

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