UNITED KINGDOM DEFENCE POLICY IN DEFEATING

ISLAMIC STATES OF IRAQ AND THE LEVANT (ISIL) IN

IRAQ AND SYRIA UNDER DAVID CAMERON

PREMIERSHIP 2014 - 2016

By

AKILA PARAVATHI PILIHANTO

ID No. 016201400008

A thesis presented to the Faculty of Humanities

President University in Partial fulfilment of the

requirements for Bachelor's Degree in International

Relations Concentration of Defence Studies

2019

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ABSTRACT

Akila Paravathi Pilihanto, International Relations 2014, President University Title : “United Kingdom Defence Policy in Defeating Islamic States of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL) in Iraq and Syria under David Cameron Premiership 2014 – 2016” Advisers : Prof. Anak Agung Banyu Perwita, Ph.D. and I Gusti Bagus Dharma Agastia, M.Sc Terrorism has become one of the most challenging thing that is seen to be a threat to the national security. Starting with the formation of a group of terrorism under the leadership of Osama Bin Laden, namely Al-Qaeda, the world of terrorism is growing, especially with the advent of ISIL. United Kingdom saw this as a threat to the country, especially after several of its citizens who joined the terrorism group. Therefore, the United Kingdom formed an operation named Operation Shader under Royal Air Force. A wide range of defence policy and missions have been undertaken by the operation on the territory of Iraq and Syria. Therefore, this thesis will explain about what is already done by the operation. Keywords : United Kingdom, ISIL, Al-Qaeda, Operation Shader, UK Defence Policy, David Cameron

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ABSTRAK

Akila Paravathi Pilihanto, International Relations 2014, President University Judul Penelitian : “United Kingdom Defence Policy in Defeating Islamic States of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL) in Iraq and Syria under David Cameron Premiership 2014 – 2016” Pembimbing : Prof. Anak Agung Banyu Perwita, Ph.D. and I Gusti Bagus Dharma Agastia, M.Sc Terorisme sudah menjadi salah satu ancaman yang paling sulit ditangani untuk menjada keamanan nasional. Dimulai dengan terbentuknya grup terorisme dibawah pimpinan Osama Bin Laden, yaitu Al-Qaeda, dunia terorisme semakin berkembang, terlebih lagi dengan munculnya ISIL. Inggris melihat ini sebagai ancaman bagi negaranya, terlebih lagi setelah terdapat beberapa warga negaranya yang bergabung dengan grup terorisme tersebut. Karenanya, Inggris membentuk sebuah operasi yang bernama Operation Shader dibawah naungan Royal Air Force. Berbagai kebijakan pertahanan dan misi telah dilakukan oleh operasi ini di wilayah Iraq dan Syria. Oleh karena itu tesis ini akan menjelaskan tentang langkah apa saja yang sudah dilakukan oleh operasi tersebut. Keywords : United Kingdom, ISIL, Al-Qaeda, Operation Shader, Kebijakan Pertahanan Inggris, David Cameron

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ACKNOWLEDGMENT

“In the Name of Allah SWT, the Most Gracious and the Most Merciful”

In this wonderful moment, I put my gratitude to God who leads me to the

beautiful things in life including this whole university life. This special page is

dedicated to all actors that involved during my university life and thesis writing

process. By completing my thesis, I learned a lot about many things from many

people around me.

First of all I would like thank my beloved parents Mr. Dwiana Pilihanto

and Mrs. Nita Satharina Kumala for being such an amazing parents that I can

never imagine. Thank you for always supporting me and be there for me when I

needed. For the endless love that you always give to me, through every happy and

dark moments you always stay with me. My little brother, Dharmatama

Dhanendra Pilihanto who will always understand me in any situations and always

share his joy and laughter with me. And special thanks for my personal “Tim

Hore”, my Auntie Vista, and her sons, Naufal and Dastan who always support me

in any way. I love you, you guys are the love of my life.

Secondly, thank you or my thesis advisors Prof. Anak Agung Banyu,

Ph.D. and Sir I Gusti Bagus Dharma Agastia, M.Sc. for the guidance and patience

for helping me finishing this thesis, I am very grateful to have you as my advisors.

I thank you for all the hard work that you give to help me.

My university life was wonderful because of my real best friends since the

first year. You guys have proved me that time reveals your true friends, who

always be there for the happiest day to the saddest day of my university life. So,

my warmest hugs for my one call away, my personal chef Nisrini Khairani, eating

partner Novia Sinta Tesalonika, my very first roommate Nur Ulfani Lukman, my

Japanese master Hevi Rahmania, the one who always listen to my worries Ivena

Ersandi, my personal bodyguard Muhammad Haekal Umri, the one who always

viii

pick up my phone in the midnight Regina Chandra Puspita, who always remind

me to pray and be a better person, and support me in ups and downs. To my

Defense Squad, especially Sri Ariani who always remind me to graduate this year,

Tania who always remind me to study, and Syifa Afiah the one who always

remind me to refresh myself, thank you for being amazing to me since the 5th

Semester, I never thought that our friendship is getting closer and I am grateful for

that. Let’s organize another trip! Not to forget my Journalism ‘Wacana’ Babies

Naufal Ahaddin Caesarialdy, Tirza Lidya Susanti, Esther Lasut, and Imanuella

Ruth Rayyani. The last but not least, Ventika Aurora, thank you for

accompanying me on the day of defense.

Finally, I would like to thank everybody who has become an important

part of my life journey. I always pray for your success, health, and happiness. Do

not forget to keep in touch!

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TABLE OF CONTENT

THESIS ADVISER RECOMMENDATION LETTER ........................................................ ii

DECLARATION OF ORIGINALITY .............................................................................. iii

PANEL OF EXAMINER APPROVAL SHEET ................................................................. iv

ABSTRACT .................................................................................................................v

ABSTRAK .................................................................................................................. vi

ACKNOWLEDGMENT .............................................................................................. vii

TABLE OF CONTENT ................................................................................................. ix

CHAPTER I ................................................................................................................ 1

INTRODUCTION ....................................................................................................... 1

I.1 Background of Study ...................................................................................... 1

I.2. Problem Identification .................................................................................. 9

I.3 Statement of Problem .................................................................................. 10

I.4 Research Objectives ..................................................................................... 11

I.5 Significance of Study .................................................................................... 11

I.6 Theoretical Framework ................................................................................ 11

I.6.1 Neoclassical Realism ............................................................................. 11

I.6.2 Defence Policy ....................................................................................... 14

I.7 Research Methodology ................................................................................ 17

I.8 Scope and Limitation of Study ..................................................................... 17

I.9 Thesis Structure ............................................................................................ 18

I.9.1 Chapter I – Introduction .................................................................. 18

I.9.2 Chapter II – Religious Terrorism and the Islamic State of Iraq and Levant 18

I.9.3 Chapter III – United Kingdom Defense Policy and Interest in Iraq and Syria ........................................................................................................ 19

I.9.4 Chapter IV - The Implementation of United Kingdom Defense Policy against Islamic State of Iraq and Levant in Iraq and Syria 2014 - 2016 ........ 19

I.9.4 Chapter V – Conclusion ................................................................... 19

CHAPTER II ............................................................................................................. 20

RELIGIOUS TERRORISM AND THE ISLAMIC STATE OF IRAQ AND LEVANT ............ 20

II.1. The Development of Islamic State of Iraq and Levant between the year of 2014-2016 ..................................................................................................... 20

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II.1.1. Development of ISIL Operations between the year of 2014-2016 ..... 21

II.1.2. ISIL Forces Development and their Weaponry Capabilities in 2014-2016 26

II.2. Islamic State of Iraq and Levant Territorial Claim in Iraq and Syria between the year of 2014-2016. ...................................................................... 32

CHAPTER III ............................................................................................................ 38

THE UNITED KINGDOM DEFENSE POLICY ON ISIL ................................................. 38

III.1. THE UNITED KINGDOM DEFENSE WHITE PAPER 2015 ............................. 38

III.2.1. The UK National Security Objectives based on the Defense White Paper 2015 .................................................................................................... 40

III.2. ISIL AS THE THREAT ASSESSMENT TOWARDS UK ..................................... 43

III.1.1. UNITED KINGDOM MILITARY OPERATION IN IRAQ AND SYRIA ......... 45

CHAPTER IV ........................................................................................................... 51

THE IMPLEMENTATION OF UK DEFENSE WHITE PAPER 2015 .............................. 51

IV.1. United Kingdom Counter Terrorism Report 2015 .................................... 51

IV.1.1. The Use of UK Counter Terrorism Powers ......................................... 52

IV.2. The UK Operation Shader to Combat the ISIL .......................................... 57

IV.2.1. The United Kingdom Royal Air Force to Defeat ISIL .......................... 59

IV.2.2. The United Kingdom Army to Defeat ISIL .......................................... 60

IV.2.3. The United Kingdom Royal Navy to Defeat ISIL ................................. 61

CHAPTER V ............................................................................................................ 62

CONCLUSION ......................................................................................................... 62

REFERENCES .......................................................................................................... 64

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CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

I.1 Background of Study

In the contemporary international relations, security threats are not only

exist in traditional way which normally possessed by countries to gain power over

one another, but also non-traditional threats created by the emerging non-state and

transnational actors with international relations.1 Terrorism, piracy, drugs

trafficking, intra-state conflicts or civil war, has been assumed as a new-age

threats to the contemporary states.2 Such things possess a threat as it has the

tendency to jeopardize the stability of both region and state, their survival and

development, including the human kind as a whole.3

Terrorism has become one of the most challenging thing that is seen to be

a threat to the national security. Even though there is no universal definition of

terrorism, according to Virginia Fortna, on its broadest sense, the term terrorism

that refers to:

“the use of intentionally indiscriminate violence as a means to create terror among masses of people; or fear to achieve a financial, political, religious or ideological aim”.4

Meanwhile in 2004, the United Nation Security council was condemning

the act of terrorism that refers to:

1Srikanth, D. (2014). Non-traditional Security Threats in the 21st Century: A Review. International Journal Of Development And Conflict, 60-68. Retrieved from http://www.ijdc.org.in/uploads/1/7/5/7/17570463/2014junearticle4.pdf 2Ibid., 3Chaudhuri, S. Defining Non-traditional Security Threat. Retrieved from http://www.globalindiafoundation.org/nontraditionalsecurity.html 4Page Fortna, V. (2015). Do Terrorists Win? Rebels' Use of Terrorism and Civil War Outcomes. doi: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0020818315000089

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“criminal acts, including against civilians, committed with the intent to cause death or serious bodily injury, or taking of hostages, with the purpose to provoke a state of terror in the general public or in a group of persons or particular persons, intimidate a population or compel a government or an international organization to do or to abstain from doing any act, which constitute offences within the scope of and as defined in the international conventions and protocols relating to terrorism, are under no circumstances justifiable by considerations of a political, philosophical, ideological, racial, ethnic, religious or other similar nature”.5

There is also no clear root of when and where terrorism start to exist.

Many believed that terrorism start to appear at least on the 1st century AD6 while

some also believed the history of terrorism started from the French Revolution.7

As time goes by terrorism has also developed and exist in different types, such as

state-sponsored terrorism, dissent terrorism, terrorist of the left and right, criminal

terrorism, and religious terrorism.8 Mark Juergensmeyer refers what is called as

religious terrorism as consisting acts that means to terrify, accompanied by

religious motivation, justification, organization, or world view.9 The acts of

terrorism through history have been done in religious ground with the aims of

spreading and enforcing some particular system of belief, opinion, or viewpoint.10

The September 11 terrorist attacks or infamously known as 911 that took

place in the United States on 2001 was believed to be the remarkable start of the

rise of religious terrorism in the modern era. The attacks were carried out by Al-

Qaeda, an Islamic terrorist group that hijacked two American airline’s airplane

and crashed it to two tower buildings and resulted casualties of the death of 2,996

5Security Council Acts Unanimously to Adopt Resolution Strongly Condemning Terrorism as One of Most Serious Threats to Peace | Meetings Coverage and Press Releases. (2004). Retrieved from https://www.un.org/press/en/2004/sc8214.doc.htm 6Page Fortna, V. (2015). Do Terrorists Win? Rebels' Use of Terrorism and Civil War Outcomes. doi: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0020818315000089 7Definition, History, and Types of Terrorism | Homeland Security Degree Online. Retrieved from https://hlsonline.eku.edu/hls-101-terrorism 8Ibid., 9Juergensmeyer, M. (2003). Terror in the Mind of God: The Global Rise of Religious Violence (3rd ed.). The Regents of The University of California. 10I. Rose, P. (2003). Disciples of religious terrorism share one faith. Retrieved from https://www.csmonitor.com/2003/0828/p15s02-bogn.html/(page)/2

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lives and 6,000 people getting injured. 11 On a report of Global Terrorism Index

published by University of Maryland, religious extremism has become the main

driver of terrorist attack around the world. The report also stated that as of 2013,

death caused by terrorist acts was rising to 60% from last year and reached the

number of 18,000 death.12 Up to 66% of all the deaths were attributable to four

terrorist groups, namely the Islamic State of Iraq and Levant that exists in Iraq and

Syria, Boko Haram in Nigeria, Taliban in Afghanistan, and Al-Qaeda.13

The Islamic State of Iraq and Levant or also known as ISIL and Daesh, has

become one of the most active terrorist group, acknowledge by United Nations as

well as many countries all around the world. Since the occupation of United

States in Iraq on 2003, the Middle East region has experience conflicts following

by a chaotic change of regime.14 The group participated on the Iraqi insurgency

and pledged to Al-Qaeda before, before rebranding their name and standing

independently out of Al-Qaeda two years later and operates in Iraq and Syria and

started to have networks all over the world.15 The group was infamous for its

human rights abuses videos, such as videos of people from various countries such

as soldiers, civilians, journalist, aid workers, who were getting beheaded.16 The

group also uploaded the other videos to social media such as the destruction of

cultural heritage.17 The United Nations has stated that the group is responsible for

not only human rights abuses, but also war crimes.

11J. Morgan, M. (2009). The Impact of 9/11 on Politics and War: The Day that Changed Everything?. Springer. 12 Arnett, G. (2014). Religious extremism main cause of terrorism, according to report. Retrieved from https://www.theguardian.com/news/datablog/2014/nov/18/religious-extremism-main-cause-of-terrorism-according-to-report 13Ibid., 14 The rise and fall of ISIL explained. (2017). Retrieved from https://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/features/2017/06/rise-fall-isil-explained-170607085701484.html 15Allen Greene, R., & Thompson, N. (2016). ISIS: Everything you need to know. Retrieved from https://edition.cnn.com/2015/01/14/world/isis-everything-you-need-to-know/index.html 16 Allen Greene, R., & Thompson, N. (2016). ISIS: Everything you need to know. Retrieved from https://edition.cnn.com/2015/01/14/world/isis-everything-you-need-to-know/index.html 17 Ibid.,

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Figure 1. ISIL territorial claims in Iraq and Syria 2014

Source: https://www.businessinsider.sg/maps-of-isis-territory-2014-2017-

10/?r=US&IR=T

As of October 2014, ISIL has reached its peak on territorial claims, by

claiming several major cities in Iraq and Syria like Raqqa, Mosul, Falujjah, and

Tikrit.18 By the end of 2015, ISIL has covered landlocked territory on the west of

Iraq and east of Syria, with estimated population up to 2,8 million until eight

million of people.19 ISIL has also successfully leveraged its territorial claims to

other countries, such as establishing an official province in several Arab countries

like Egypt, Yemen, Libya, Afghanistan, 20 Both the human rights abuses and the

territorial claims of ISIL had been condemned by countries all around the world.

The existence of ISIL itself is seen as security threat and countries began to put

effort in defeating the group.

18 Kranz, M., & Gould, S. (2017). These maps show how drastically ISIS territory has shrunk since its peak. Retrieved from https://www.businessinsider.sg/maps-of-isis-territory-2014-2017-10/?r=US&IR=T 19 Birke, S. (2015). How ISIS Rules. Retrieved from http://www.nybooks.com/articles/2015/02/05/how-isis-rules/ 20 Kranz, M., & Gould, S. (2017). These maps show how drastically ISIS territory has shrunk since its peak. Retrieved from https://www.businessinsider.sg/maps-of-isis-territory-2014-2017-10/?r=US&IR=T

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In 2014, Gen Marin Depsey, the United States military commander

confirmed that the Iraq government has requested air power from the United

States.21 President Barack Obama then ordered and sent the United States forces

to Iraq to start the American-led Intervention in Iraq to fight against ISIL in 15

June 2014.22 Not only the United States, many countries were also started to

intervene to fight against ISIL such as French, Russia, and Muslim countries

around the region.

Another country that has an urge to defeat ISIL and start to take further

action is the United Kingdom (UK). UK has become one of the countries at the

forefront of global effort to fight against terrorism. The UK government has

claimed that ISIL has poses national threat to threat to the country as well as its

international partners.23 The suppression of their extreme ideology is seen to be

vital for the country’s national security. The government of UK itself has claimed

ISIL as a terrorist group, saying that

“ISIL is a brutal Sunni Islamist terrorist group active in Iraq and Syria. The group adheres to a global jihadist ideology, following an extreme interpretation of Islam, which is anti-Western and promotes sectarian violence. ISIL aims to establish an Islamic State governed by Shari'a law in the region and impose their rule on people using violence and extortion”.24

In a speech of oral statement to parliament, UK Former Prime Minister

David Cameron stated that “ISIL is not some remote problem thousands of miles

away. It is a direct threat to our security at home and abroad”.25 The threat that

ISIL has been posing to the Iraqi government has also meaning to plot terror on

21 Iraq formally seeks US air strikes. (2014). Retrieved from https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-27905849 22 Pike, J. (2014). Iraq Operations in 2014. Retrieved from https://www.globalsecurity.org/military/ops/iraq-2014.htm 23UK action to combat Daesh. Retrieved from https://www.gov.uk/government/topical-events/daesh/about\ 24Home Office. Proscribed Terrorist Organizations [Ebook]. Retrieved from http://www.refworld.org/pdfid/55375ed24.pdf 25PM statement on National Security Strategy and Strategic Defence and Security Review 2015. (2015). Retrieved from https://www.gov.uk/government/speeches/pm-statement-on-national-security-strategy-and-strategic-defence-and-security-review-2015

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attack on the UK.26 As of June 2014, The British Foreign Secretary William

Hague, stated that there are estimated of 400 British citizens fighting in Syria, and

some are for the ISIL.27 Therefore UK cannot ignore the security threat it faced

coming from the existence such extremist jihadist like ISIL.28

Thus, the government will take ‘full-spectrum’ approach to tackle such

threat, including using the country’s armed forces, counter-terrorism strategy,

international aid and diplomacy, as well as work together with allies in dealing

with the common threats.29 UK itself has become one of the members of the

Global Coalition, an international coalition containing 74 member states that

dedicate themselves to fight and defeat ISIL.30 All members of the coalition are

committed to combat ISIL’s ambition and dismantle their networks through; a.)

providing essential military support for the local forces b.) stifling ISIL’s

infrastructure of finance and economy c.) preventing the flow of foreign terrorist

fighter across border for ISIL d.) supporting the effort of stabilization in areas that

have been liberated from ISIL and e.) exposing ISIL’s religious narrative that is

delusional and false through counter messaging.31

The UK also joined the American-led intervention in Iraq as well as in

Syrian Civil War to fight against ISIL. One of the military action and contribution

of UK towards the military intervention against ISIL is known with the official

code named ‘Operation Shader’. The operation began in late September 2014

following the request of Iraq government for a formal assistance in defeating

ISIL.32 As of October 2014 the operation has also been extended to Syria with UK

26 ISIS militants threaten UK - Cameron. (2014). Retrieved from https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-politics-27898724 27 Wintour, P., & Watt, N. (2014). Up to 400 British citizens may be fighting in Syria, says William Hague. Retrieved from https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2014/jun/16/400-uk-citizens-fighting-syria-isis-iraq-william-hague 28 Ibid., 29 PM statement on National Security Strategy and Strategic Defence and Security Review 2015. (2015). Retrieved from https://www.gov.uk/government/speeches/pm-statement-on-national-security-strategy-and-strategic-defence-and-security-review-2015 30 Ibid., 31 Ibid., 32Operation Shader: Britain’s War in Iraq and Syria. (2017). Retrieved from http://www.warfare.today/2017/04/04/operation-shader-britains-war-in-iraq-and-syria/

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Reaper and Rivet Joint aircraft to fly surveillance missions in Syria.33 The

Operation Shader is the British contribution as a member of Global Coalition to

defeat ISIL in Iraq and Syria, that operates a military element named Combined

Join Task Force – Operation Inherent Resolve.34

Figure 2 Map of UK forces committed to Operation Shader

Source: https://www.gov.uk/government/news/update-air-strikes-against-daesh

As of 2017, the Ministry Defence of UK has revealed that more than one

thousands British personnel had engaged in the operations, with the Royal Air

Force had conducted more than 900 strikes,35 held 2,200 missions,36 and killed

more than 300 ISIL fighters.37 The British Army had also actively train the Iraqi

forces, as of 2016 the Defence Secretary Michael Fallon has stated that the British

33 Surveillance missions over Syria confirmed. (2014). Retrieved from https://www.gov.uk/government/news/surveillance-missions-over-syria-confirmed 34 Ibid., 35 UK sending 250 more troops to Iraq. (2016). Retrieved from https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-36670789 36 UK to increase training to Iraqi forces. (2016). Retrieved from https://www.gov.uk/government/news/uk-to-increase-training-to-iraqi-forces 37 RAF 'has killed 3,000 IS fighters'. (2017). Retrieved from https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-41336973

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Army had helped more than 6,500 Iraqi personnel.38 The legal basis of the UK

military operations in Iraq has been in the request of the Iraqi government.

Meanwhile for the military operations in Syria, former UK Prime Minister David

Cameron stated that the legal justification of both UK military airstrikes in Iraq

and Syria was for the self-defence of Iraq and UK’s individual self-defence.39

Prime Minister David Cameron was also referring to the United Nations

Security Council resolution number 2249 as the legal justification of the use of

force in defeating ISIL in both Iraq and Syria. The resolution has determined ISIL

as “constitutes a global and unprecedented threat to international peace and

security”.40 The resolution represents the urge of taking actions towards defeating

ISIL, and stated that states is permitted to use all necessary measures for the

actions against ISIL.41 The Prime Minister also argued that the campaign that has

been done by ISIL against UK and its allies can be referred to have reached the

level of ‘armed attack’ against them. Then, relating it to the Article 51 of the UN

charter that contained the right to self-defence, that the act of self-defence is

necessary and proportionate if it meets the criteria whereas the threat attack is

imminent.42 In terms of the attack that proposed by non-state armed groups, it is

necessary for the state where the armed group exist, is unable to prevent that

group to attack other countries.43

38 UK to increase training to Iraqi forces. (2016). Retrieved from https://www.gov.uk/government/news/uk-to-increase-training-to-iraqi-forces 39 Moynihan, H. (2015). Assessing the Legal Basis for UK Military Action in Syria. Retrieved from https://www.chathamhouse.org/expert/comment/assessing-legal-basis-uk-military-action-syria 40 Security Council Acts Unanimously to Adopt Resolution Strongly Condemning Terrorism as One of Most Serious Threats to Peace | Meetings Coverage and Press Releases. (2004). Retrieved from https://www.un.org/press/en/2004/sc8214.doc.htm 41 Moynihan, H. (2015). Assessing the Legal Basis for UK Military Action in Syria. Retrieved from https://www.chathamhouse.org/expert/comment/assessing-legal-basis-uk-military-action-syria 42 Ibid., 43 Moynihan, H. (2015). Assessing the Legal Basis for UK Military Action in Syria. Retrieved from https://www.chathamhouse.org/expert/comment/assessing-legal-basis-uk-military-action-syria

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Figure 3 Map of Daesh losses and gains in Iraq and Syria since September 2014-

2018

Source: https://www.gov.uk/government/news/update-air-strikes-against-daesh

Prime Minister David Cameron, has stated that the reign of terror done by

ISIL in Iraq, Syria, and Libya is posing a threat to the people of UK.44 He also

stated that the bottom line of the UK National Security Strategy should be the

willingness and capability to use force when necessary, and believed that the UK

armed forces have the capabilities to defeat ISIL.45

I.2. Problem Identification

The presence of terrorism has become a threat to both the world’s security

and national security. The fact that some cases of terrorism happened cross

boundaries, gave the urge of collective actions by states. The Islamic States of

44 Syria air strikes 'will make us safer'. (2015). Retrieved from https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-politics-34927939 45 PM statement on National Security Strategy and Strategic Defence and Security Review 2015. (2015). Retrieved from https://www.gov.uk/government/speeches/pm-statement-on-national-security-strategy-and-strategic-defence-and-security-review-2015

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Iraq and Levant or infamously known as ISIL, not only possess a threat through

its barbaric actions of human right abuses and territorial claims, but also through

its aims to spread the extremist ideology globally.

The United Kingdom (UK) is in the forefront of global efforts to fight

against ISIL. The government has officially acknowledged the group as a terrorist

group owning a global jihadist ideology and followed extreme interpretation of

Islam, and promotes violence.46 The Former UK Prime Minister, David Cameron,

has stated that ISIL poses a threat to UK national security.47

Aware of the presence of ISIL that poses a threat to UK and its allies, UK

has been taking a serious effort to defeat the group. Together with other countries,

UK continuously put efforts in defeating ISIL through various ways. The country

plays a leading role in the Global Coalitions consist of 74 partners that works

together to defeat ISIL.48 One of the ways is through military actions. The

contribution of UK to international military operations against ISIL is through an

operation code-named Operation Shader, that has started from September 2014,

operating in Iraq and Syria to defeat ISIL.49 UK believed defeating ISIL with the

use of force through military operations is needed.50

I.3 Statement of Problem

The research question of this study is:

How did United Kingdom conduct Operation Shader to combat ISIL under the

premiership of David Cameron?

46Home Office. Proscribed Terrorist Organizations [Ebook]. Retrieved from http://www.refworld.org/pdfid/55375ed24.pdf 47 PM statement on National Security Strategy and Strategic Defence and Security Review 2015. (2015). Retrieved from https://www.gov.uk/government/speeches/pm-statement-on-national-security-strategy-and-strategic-defence-and-security-review-2015 48 UK action to combat Daesh. Retrieved from https://www.gov.uk/government/topical-events/daesh/about\ 49Operation Shader: Britain’s War in Iraq and Syria. (2017). Retrieved from http://www.warfare.today/2017/04/04/operation-shader-britains-war-in-iraq-and-syria/ 50 PM statement on National Security Strategy and Strategic Defence and Security Review 2015. (2015). Retrieved from https://www.gov.uk/government/speeches/pm-statement-on-national-security-strategy-and-strategic-defence-and-security-review-2015

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I.4 Research Objectives

The objective of this research is to analyze how was the implementation of

United Kingdom defense policy to defeat Islamic States of Iraq and Levant during

the second premiership of David Cameron, which is from the year 2010 – 2016.

I.5 Significance of Study

The significance of this study is to understand the implementation of UK’s

defence policy in defeating ISIL.

I.6 Theoretical Framework

I.6.1 Neoclassical Realism

Neoclassical realism is one theoretical approach rooted in realist theory. In

the realist theory we know that the theory is based on international conflict that is

being or has been happened by focusing on power and conflictual relations among

states.51 Realism has many sources and explanation of conflict and war, such as;

human nature, the dynamic of national politics or major characteristic of the

international area. In contrast, neoclassical realism has the purpose to explain the

foreign policy of a country with reference to the international and domestic

levels.52

Neoclassical realism stated that the actions of the state in the international

system can be explained by intervening variable systemic distribution of power

capability between countries, as well as cognitive variable perceptions and

misperceptions systemic pressure, the intentions of other countries, or threats and

domestic variable as well as state institutions, elite, and societal actors within

society that could affect the power and freedom of action of the decision makers

51 Dawood, L. (2019). Neoclassical Realism - Political Science - Oxford Bibliographies - obo. Retrieved from https://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/view/document/obo-9780199756223/obo-9780199756223-0187.xml 52 Ibid

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in foreign policy. Supporters of neoclassical realism believes that this theory

could fill the gap found in other version of realism.5354

The theory of Neoclassical Realism is used as an approach to analyze

foreign policy, combining other theories such as classical realism, neo-realism,

and defensive realism. The theory was coined by Gideon Rose in 1998 World

Politics review article. Rose argued that neoclassical realism refers:

“Explicitly incorporates both external and internal variables, updating and systematizing certain insights drawn from classical realist thought. Its adherents argue that the scope and ambition of a country’s foreign policy is driven first and foremost by its place in the international system and specifically by its relative material power capabilities. This is why they are realist. They argue further, however, that the impact of such power capabilities on foreign policy is indirect and complex, because systemic pressures must be translated through intervening variables at the unit level. This is why they are neoclassical.”55

53 Lobell, S., Ripsman, N., & Taliaferro, J. (2010). Neoclassical realism, the state, and foreign policy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 54 Rose, G. (1998). Neoclassical Realism and Theories of Foreign Policy. World Politics, 51(1), 144-172. doi: 10.1017/s0043887100007814 55 Rose, G. (1998). Review: Neoclassical Realism and Theories of Foreign Policy. World Politics, 51(1). Retrieved from https://www.jstor.org/stable/25054068

cognitive variables:

intentions of other states,

misconception, and threat

domestic variables: states

institutions, elites, actors of

the states,

Foreign Policy

13

Neoclassical realist believed that a state’s foreign policy, which will turn

out to be action, can be explained through several factors. Which are states’

distribution of power, the cognitive variables, such as the intention of other states,

misconceptions, and threat, and the domestic variables, such as the institutions of

the states, actors in society, and elites of the states, that are all can affect the

foreign policy’s decision makers.56 Randal Schweller stated that

“Domestic processes act as transmission belts that channel, mediate, and (re)direct policy outputs in response to external forces”.57

In short, it can be assumed that neoclassical realism take into account both

the internal and external variables to be the model of analysing a state’s foreign

policy.58 The more dynamic shift in international system made threats can come

from both regional and domestic environments, making states launch an actions

internationally for domestic reasons, or on the opposite, domestically for

international reasons.59

What makes neoclassical realism different from any other kind of realism-

based theories is, it gives more space for the idea of non-state actors that

somehow contribute to the making of foreign policy.60 Based on the basic

principle of neoclassical realism that take into account the factors of both

domestic and international that can gives pressure to the making of foreign policy

of a state, sees the non-state actors, with their own particular capabilities, can

gives effect to influence the foreign policy decision makers.

Relating the theory to the topic of this thesis, neoclassical realism is a

suitable theory to explain the actions done by a state, which is based on its foreign

policy, towards non-state actors. The decisions of United Kingdom to conduct

Operation Shader in order to combat ISIL is rooted from the threat ISIL has poses

to UK and its allies. First, the fact that the Iraqi government as an ally of UK has

56 E. Lobell, S. (2009). Threat assessment, the state, and foreign policy: a neoclassical realist model. doi: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511811869.002 57 Ibid., 58 E. Lobell, S. (2009). Threat assessment, the state, and foreign policy: a neoclassical realist model. doi: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511811869.002 59 Ibid., 60 Ibid.,

14

requested the country to give help in combating ISIL is an external factors that

trigger UK’s foreign policy to help Iraq. Second, the involvement of some British

citizens in the terrorist group and the British citizen who became the victim of

ISIL has also triggered the UK government to immediately take actions to put an

end to ISIL.

I.6.2 Defence Policy

A defence policy, can be perceived as a tool for a state to achieve their

national security interest through the use of political-military adversaries.61

However, since different countries have different kind of security interest, the

making of their defense policy, the output, and how they implement it are

different from one another. Security itself remains a crucial thing for a state, as it

plays a major role in the survival of the country.

When it comes to defense policy, there are a few things that should be

firstly prepared before the making of defense policy. Those are, knowing the idea

of what it is that we are seeking to defend, and what it is that we are wishing to

defend.62 As countries have different interest from one another, those questions

should be answered based on the country’s national interest. Then, the defense

policy can be formulated.

There are a few aspects that should be concerned on in the making of

defense policy in a peacetime. First is threat assessment that aims to identify the

challenges, risk, threats, and strength, to determine the factors that can influence

the security of the state in national, regional, and international level.63 Second is

the political consequences and defense choices. Third, the balance between

military and non-military when addressing a threat. Fourth, the sources for

61 Prof. Anak Agung Banyu Perwita, Ph.D, “Defense Policy: Theory and Practice.” 2016. 62 Cleary, Laura R. “Political direction: The essence of democratic, civil and civilian control.” Routledge, 2006. Page 36. 63 Cleary, Laura R. “Political direction: The essence of democratic, civil and civilian control.” Routledge, 2006. Page 36.

15

defense and security which can be seen from the growth of the country’s economy

and security. The last, the utilization of armed force for non-military purpose.64

Foreign policy might not always works best solely with diplomacy and

soft power tool as it instruments, but also through military force, as it can help on

creating secure environment in order to pursue a more lasting economic and

political solutions.65 How military instruments is used in supporting the foreign

policy of a nation can be in two scenarios. First, it is in preventive intervention

where preventive use of force is conducted as a response of developing threats.66

Preventive strikes would likely have targets like terrorist capabilities and central

facility of the development of unnatural weapons.67 The second one is internal

interventions that give direct military involvement to another states’ international

affairs which are mainly have some purposes such as humanitarian, nation-

building, and peacekeeping.68

The National Security Strategy and Strategic Defence and Security

Review 2015 was published by British government outlining the country’s

defence strategy until the year of 2025 by identifying key threats and UK

capabilities to address them, where one of UK main top priority is combatting

terrorism.69 Written on the National Security Strategy and Strategic Defence and

Security Review 2015, British defence policy sets the country’s Armed Forces to

eight missions, one of it is:

“Defend and contribute to the security and resilience of the UK and Overseas Territories. This includes deterring attacks; defending our airspace, territorial waters and cyber space, countering terrorism at home and abroad, supporting the UK civil authorities in strengthening resilience, and protecting our people overseas”.70

64 Ibid., 65 Shelton, H. (2017). From the Chairman: The US Military and Foreign Policy | Harvard International Review. Retrieved from http://hir.harvard.edu/article/?a=14423 66 Haas, R. (1994). Military Force: A User's Guide. Retrieved from https://foreignpolicy.com/1994/10/16/military-force-a-users-guide/ 67 Ibid., 68 Ibid., 69 Brooke-Holland, L. (2015). The 2015 SDSR: A Primer [Ebook]. House of Common Library. Retrieved from https://researchbriefings.parliament.uk/ResearchBriefing/Summary/CBP-7235 70 Government of United Kingdom. (2015). National Security Strategy and Strategic Defence and Security Review 2015 [Ebook]. Retrieved from https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/555607/2015_Strategic_Defence_and_Security_Review.pdf

16

As counter terrorism becomes a crucial point for the nation’s security, the

British government build a counter terrorism strategy known as CONTEST,

updated by New National Security Council committee on Counter-Terrorism and

chaired by Prime Minister.71 CONTEST has outlined UK military action as a part

of countering terrorism. For example, as a response of growing terrorist attack,

precisely ISIL, the House of Commons has approved a motion that supported Her

Majesty’s Government conduct of military airstrikes in Syria.72

Referring to UN Security Council Resolution 2249, ISIL has been

described as “constitutes a global and unprecedented threat to international

peace and security…” and thus calling for “all necessary measures... to prevent

and suppress terrorist acts committed specifically by ISIL... and to eradicate the

safe haven they have established over significant parts of Iraq and Syria”.73

The British government decision on doing military action against ISIL in

Iraq and Syria is not only based by the reasons stated above, but also right of self-

defence as recognized in Article 51 of UN Charter.74 The military action taken by

British government is not only as a collective self-defence of Iraq, as the Iraqi

government has requested for formal assistance in defeating ISIL.75 But also for

UK individual self-defence against an actual or imminent armed attack where

force is necessarily used to proportionate the threat.76

71 Ibid., 72 Government of United Kingdom. (2016). CONTEST The United Kingdom’s Strategy for Countering Terrorism: Annual Report for 2015 [Ebook]. Retrieved from https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/539683/55469_Cm_9310_Web_Accessible_v0.11.pdf 73 Memorandum to the Foreign Affairs Select Committee Prime Minister’s Response to the Foreign Affairs Select Committee’s Second Report of Session 2015-16: The Extension of Offensive British Military Operations to Syr. (2015). [Ebook]. Retrieved from https://www.parliament.uk/documents/commons-committees/foreign-affairs/PM-Response-to-FAC-Report-Extension-of-Offensive-British-Military-Operations-to-Syria.pdf 74 Ibid., 75Operation Shader: Britain’s War in Iraq and Syria. (2017). Retrieved from http://www.warfare.today/2017/04/04/operation-shader-britains-war-in-iraq-and-syria/ 76 Memorandum to the Foreign Affairs Select Committee Prime Minister’s Response to the Foreign Affairs Select Committee’s Second Report of Session 2015-16: The Extension of Offensive British Military Operations to Syr. (2015). [Ebook]. Retrieved from https://www.parliament.uk/documents/commons-committees/foreign-affairs/PM-Response-to-FAC-Report-Extension-of-Offensive-British-Military-Operations-to-Syria.pdf

17

I.7 Research Methodology

The research methodology that will be used in this study is the qualitative

research methodology. According to Taylor, Bodgan, and DeVault, qualitative

research methodology refers to a methodology with descriptive data output that

will be based oral or written words of the object that is getting observed.77 This

research will also be a Descriptive-Analytical research that will analyze about

issues in the chosen topic, and the problems behind the issue, followed by relevant

arguments.78 In finishing the research, the writer will look up to reliable sources

such as official publications and report published by British Government and

reliable institutions.

I.8 Scope and Limitation of Study

This research will be about the implementation of UK defense policy in

defeating ISIL, as a terrorist group whose presence is seen as a threat not only in

the countries it operates, but also to the UK and its allies. ISIL as a terrorist group

separated from Al-Qaeda, has been operating and claims territory in various

countries such as Iraq, Syria, Libya, Algeria, Egypt, Yemen, West Africa, and

Southeast Asia. However, this study will only discuss the UK defense policy in

defeating ISIL at its first presence territory, which are in Iraq and Syria.

The UK government has an urge to put military force in defeating ISIL

and put the group to an end. The Former Prime Minister David Cameron had

encouraged that UK own one of the world’s best finest force, which should be

used to combat such threat of terrorism brought by ISIL. UK defense policy and

military operation that will be discussed on this thesis is the UK military

contribution to the global effort in defeating ISIL through United States-Led

Coalition and the Global Coalition through an operation codenamed Operation

Shader. The Military operations under UK defense policy that will be discussed is

limited to the time period of 2014 until 2016, as of where the military operation 77 J. Taylor, S., Bodgan, R., & DeVault, M. (2015). Introduction to Qualitative Research Methods: A Guidebook and Resource, 4th Edition (4th ed.). Willey. 78 What is the difference between descriptive, analytical, persuasive and critical writing?. Retrieved from http://sydney.edu.au/stuserv/learning_centre/help/analysing/an_distinguishTypes.shtml

18

started in 2014 and the end of David Cameron premiership in 2016. Thus, this

study will aim to see how UK conducted Operation Shader under the premiership

of David Cameron.

I.9 Thesis Structure

I.9.1 Chapter I – Introduction

In this chapter, the writer will discuss and explain about the main topic in

the background of study section, where the writer explain about various

threat exist in the contemporary international relations, including the non-

traditional threat such as terrorism. An explanation followed by examples

of terrorism threat and attack will be written in order to have a

comprehensive understanding about terrorism. The writer will also explain

the existence of ISIL as one of the most active terrorist group in the world,

followed by an explanation about what they have done and how they poses

threat to international world. An explanation about UK, as one of the

country that sees ISIL to poses a threat to their national security, and a

glance of what it has done through military way to defeat ISIL will also be

written. In the problem identification, the writer will narrowed the topic

and clearly explain the existence of ISIL which has been officially

acknowledge as terrorist group, and UK military effort and its contribution

to defeating the group. Statement of problem will stated the clear research

question of this study, followed by research objective, and significance of

study. Theoretical framework section will discuss about the theories used

by the writer to finish the study, followed by research methodology, scope

and limitation of study, and thesis structure.

I.9.2 Chapter II – Religious Terrorism and the Islamic State of Iraq and Levant

In this chapter the writer will discuss about the background of religious

terrorism that have been rapidly developing and become a serious threat to

19

the world. The writer will also discuss about the history and background of

ISIL, how it recruits its fighter and how it developed its armed and

operates. An explanation about ISIL barbaric actions of human rights

abuses and destruction of cultural heritage will also be written, followed

by ISIL territorial claims in several areas in various countries. This chapter

will also discuss narrower about the ISIL operation in Iraq and Syria.

I.9.3 Chapter III – United Kingdom Defense Policy and Interest in Iraq and Syria

In this chapter, the writer will firstly discuss about UK defense policy. The

defense policy that will be discussed will be specifically related to ISIL,

and how the UK armed forces are operating in Iraq and Syria. Aside of

that, this chapter will also discuss about the interest of UK in Iraq and

Syria to get a deeper understanding why UK sent its armed forces to

operates in both of Iraq and Syria.

I.9.4 Chapter IV - The Implementation of United Kingdom Defense Policy against Islamic State of Iraq and Levant in Iraq and Syria 2014 - 2016

In this chapter the writer will discuss about the UK decision to deploy the

use of force in their effort in defeating ISIL. This chapter will also discuss

about the legal basis used by the UK government to justify their decision

of using force and military efforts to defeat ISIL. An explanation about the

implementation of UK defense policy which can be seen from their

contribution to the global effort of defeating ISIL through United States-

led Coalition and Global Coalition against ISIL will also be written, which

then will be analyzed to answer the research question of this study.

I.9.4 Chapter V – Conclusion

In this chapter, the writer will write the conclusion that includes the brief

explanation about the chosen topic as well as the finding of the study.

20

CHAPTER II

RELIGIOUS TERRORISM AND THE ISLAMIC STATE OF IRAQ AND LEVANT

II.1. The Development of Islamic State of Iraq and Levant between the year of 2014-2016

This second chapter is going to be the supporting chapter of our analysis to

understand more on the development of the Islamic State of Iraq and Levant in the

timeline of 2014 until 2016. It was all started in 2004 when ISIL began to separate

themselves from one of the largest terrorist network in the world, known as Al-

Qaeda.79 ISIL was formed by Abu Musab Al-Zarqawi, whom also known as the

‘right hand’ of Osama bin Laden in the Al-Qaeda network.80

When Zarqawi was killed by the U.S. air strikes in 2006, the Al-Qaeda in

Iraq was then led by Abu Ayyub Al-Masri.81 Al-Masri, then changed the name of

Al-Qaeda into the Islamic State in Iraq, which then taken over by Abu Bakar Al-

Baghdadi in 2010 due to the death of Al-Masri under the U.S. Iraq operation.82

June 2014, was the day ISIL announced itself as an overall caliphate, where as a

caliphate, it could claims religious, political and military specialist over all

muslims in the world.83 Due to that matters, the government of Iraq as well all the

muslim pioneers in the world have dismissed the idea of ISIL becoming the

caliphate and using the name Islamic State for their action.84

7979 ISIS. (2018). Retrieved from https://www.history.com/topics/21st-century/isis 80 Ibid. 81 War in Iraq begins. (2018). Retrieved from https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/war-in-iraq-begins 82 Ibid. 83 Moore, J. (2018). Iraq Crisis: Senior Jordan Jihadist Slams Isis Caliphate. Retrieved from https://www.ibtimes.co.uk/iraq-crisis-senior-jordan-jihadist-slams-isis-caliphate-1455041 84 Muslim leaders reject Baghdadi's caliphate. (2018). Retrieved from https://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2014/07/muslim-leaders-reject-baghdadi-caliphate-20147744058773906.html

21

In June and July 2014, Jordan and Saudi Arabia have moved their troops

to Iraq due to the situation of Iraqi government has lost control and pulled back

from their key intersection focuses area because of ISIL.85 86 At the same time,

ISIL has enlisted in excess of 6,300 warriors, as indicated by the Syrian

Observatory for Human Rights, some of whom were thought to have already

battled for the Free Syrian Army.87 These days ISIL is one of the most influential

militant groups, which they are already controlling several areas in the Middle

East. ISIL is famous for their coercive way of movements as they murdered

civilians in the purpose to have a control over some significant areas in the region.

II.1.1. Development of ISIL Operations between the year of 2014-2016

The development of ISIL between the year of 2014 until 2016 covers on

two categories, which are the process of ISIL on recruiting members of the group

and how is the ISIL get the revenue.

II.1.1.1. The Recruitments of the ISIL Member

The recruitment of the ISIL is targeting the populaces of Western Muslims

who seen themselves underestimated and oppressed in their occupations, in this

manner is a chance to encounter a superior life.88 Joining oneself announced

caliphate and the mission to safeguard and grow it offered another feeling of

direction.89 Ending up some portion of IS enabled them to receive another

character and satisfy a young want for experience.90 Individuals living already

85 Arango, T., & Gordon, M. (2018). Iraqi Insurgents Secure Control of Border Posts. Retrieved from https://www.nytimes.com/2014/06/24/world/middleeast/sunni-militants-seize-crossing-on-iraq-jordan-border.html 86 Spencer, R. (2018). Saudi Arabia sends 30,000 troops to Iraq border. Retrieved from https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/middleeast/saudiarabia/10942680/Saudi-Arabia-sends-30000-troops-to-Iraq-border.html 87 Williams, L. (2018). Syrians adjust to life under ISIS rule. Retrieved from http://www.dailystar.com.lb/News/Middle-East/2014/Aug-30/269031-syrians-adjust-to-life-under-isis-rule.ashx 88 Meleagrou-Hitchens, A. (2018). Recruitment by the Islamic State. Retrieved from https://www.britannica.com/topic/Recruitment-by-the-Islamic-State-2089162 89 Islamic State in Iraq and the Levant | History & Facts. (2018). Retrieved from https://www.britannica.com/topic/Islamic-State-in-Iraq-and-the-Levant 90 Burke, J. (2018). Al-Qaida moves in to recruit from Islamic State and its affiliates. Retrieved from https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/jan/19/al-qaida-recruit-from-islamic-state-affiliates-isis

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unglamorous and unfulfilling lives who joined were presently "fighters of the

Caliphate," gallant lions of Islam who were partaking in a standout amongst the

most vital crossroads in the whole history of the religion.91

ISIL also found another way to spread its propaganda by using internet,

specifically social media.92 The Internet made the spread of ISIL purposeful

publicity in the West moderately direct. Through internet based life and

unregulated download destinations that hold the majority of the most recent ISIL

items, sympathizers of (and potential enlisted people to) the gathering in the West

could access such yield in a simple, generally safe way.93 As a major aspect of its

methodology, ISIL likewise took into account the decentralization of generation.94

Previously, jihadist bunches kept close control of their yield through

authority media focuses.95 While ISIL kept up its very own such elements, it

likewise urged its Western supporters to make and circulate their own master ISIL

materials, utilizing crude film of combat zone scenes, executions, and

comparative settings gave online by the gathering.96 This took into consideration

additionally fitting of IS messages to particular gatherings of people inside

different geographic areas. Moreover they are exceptionally dynamic via web-

based networking media; they post a huge number of Facebook messages and

twitter tweets. IS has made a twitter application that encourages them to send all

connections, hashtags, and pictures.

II.1.1.2. The Money Funding of ISIL to Support their Movements

ISIL has controlled a territory of more than 70,000 km, with around 8

million inhabitants, which includes the huge tracts of the Syrian governorates of

Aleppo, Raqqa, Deir ez Zor, Homs, Hasakah and Damascus, as well the Iraqi 91 Islamic State in Iraq and the Levant | History & Facts. (2018). Retrieved from https://www.britannica.com/topic/Islamic-State-in-Iraq-and-the-Levant 92 Meleagrou-Hitchens, A. (2018). Recruitment by the Islamic State. Retrieved from https://www.britannica.com/topic/Recruitment-by-the-Islamic-State-2089162 93 Ibid 94 Why ISIS Is Winning the Social Media War—And How to Fight Back. (2018). Retrieved from https://www.wired.com/2016/03/isis-winning-social-media-war-heres-beat/ 95 Ibid 96 Tan, R. (2018). Russia wants to stop terrorists by banning their app of choice. Good luck. Retrieved from https://www.vox.com/world/2017/6/30/15886506/terrorism-isis-telegram-social-media-russia-pavel-durov-twitter

23

provinces of Saladin, Al-Anbar and Nineveh.97 ISIL then exerts their own

authority over the wide range of industrial and commercial activities, natural

resources and raw materials, from oil to agricultural products including the

minerals.98 The exploitation of those natural reserves constitutes one of its

primary sources of financing, the majority of its funds currently comes from the

widespread extortion from the population under the control, mainly in the form of

taxes, confiscations and fees. The resources are used to fund military actions,

administration of the group’s territories and its expansion abroad, particularly in

Libya.99

The ISIL territorial holdings are the one provide them a self sustaining and

diversified economic system. The ability to secure the internal resources without

dependence upon external funds explain the ISIL financial power to the

unprecedented political challenge with regard to combat the financing of

terrorism.100 ISIL then has lost control of 25% of their territory since January

2015, which resulted to their military setbacks, it is because of the logical

reduction in the access to their resources.101 In addition, ISIL has been able to

compensate the loss of revenue from the natural resources by increasing its

revenue from the criminal activities.102

97 ISIL Financing, 2015. Center for the Analysis of Terrorism. https://cat-int.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/ISIS-Financing-2015-Report.pdf 98 The region of Palmyra, which was under the ISIL control between May 2015 and March 2016, contains one of the country’s main phosphate deposits. 99 ISIL Financing, 2015. Center for the Analysis of Terrorism. https://cat-int.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/ISIS-Financing-2015-Report.pdf 100 Ibid. 101 The area under ISIS control totals 73,440 km but the far greater area of influence, according to C. Stark, “Islamic State loses 22% of the territory.” IHS Jane’s 360, March 15, 2016. 102 ISIL Financing, 2015. Center for the Analysis of Terrorism. https://cat-int.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/ISIS-Financing-2015-Report.pdf

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Figure 1: The share of ISIL revenue of criminal origin.103

Based on the figure above, we could see that there are differences from the

ISIL revenue of funding. The increase in military setbacks suffered since the

autumn of 2015 and the resulting territorial losses are depriving ISIL of some of

the main sources of financing. In 2014, the most 82% of the funding is coming

from the presence of the natural resources, 16% from the criminal movements and

the rest of 2% is from the donations. But in 2015, there are differences in the

natural resources which are decreasing in 60%, but the resources for criminal

origin is increasing into the number of 38%, and the rest of donation is still 2%.

II.1.1.1.1. ISIL Resources of Funds

The basic resources of funds for the ISIL are particularly in hydrocarbons,

minerals and agricultural resources. The first element emerged by the ISIL was

the oil, which currently identified as a key element for the development of the

ISIL.

No Name of State Specific Region Number of Oil Fields

103 ISIL Financing, 2015. Center for the Analysis of Terrorism. https://cat-int.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/ISIS-Financing-2015-Report.pdf

25

1 Syria Deir Ez-Zor 15 Oil Fields

Raqqa

Hasakah

2 Iraq 10 Oil Fields

Figure 2: Number of oil fields owned by ISIL in Syria and Iraq.104

This group currently controls several numbers of oilfields in Syria and

Iraq. Which in 2015, the organization has around 15 oilfields in Syria, chiefly in

the region of Deir Ez-Zor, Raqqa and Hasakah and oilfields in Iraq. There are

around 40,000 bpd of oil as the production by ISIL in 2015.105 According to

consistent local reports, transactions are conducted at between $15 and $45 per

barrel, depending on the quality of the oil.106 Syria’s largest oilfields (al-Tanak

and al-Omar) yield the highest prices, at between $40 and $45 per barrel, and

these are barely affected by the fluctuations on the world market due to a

monopoly over the captive market within the combat areas to the north and east of

Syria.107

These barrels of oil are being sold based on the market constitutes as the

primary commercial outlet for oil. ISIL is able to maintain the high number of

prices in the market despite the slump in the international oil prices.108 The first

factor is based on the documents seized by the U.S. Army in May 2015, where

ISIL has followed the practice of the local black market vendors, which they sell

the oil to the highest bidder.109 The second factor is the monopoly system did by

ISIL, they principally in the rebel controlled areas in the northern Syria, which

104 Ibid. 105 Barrels per day. 106 Varies according to gravity, expressed in API (American Petroleum Institute) units. 107 ISIL Financing, 2015. Center for the Analysis of Terrorism. https://cat-int.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/ISIS-Financing-2015-Report.pdf 108 Ibid. 109 B. Faucon and M. Coker, “The Rise and Deadly Fall of Islamic State’s Oil Tycoon.”, Wall Street Journal, April 2016.

26

those in the East dominated by Syrian Kurdish militia, and within its own

territory.110

ISIL also sells most of their crude oil to independent traders at the oilfields

in order to avoid the risks associated with transportation.111 The crude oil is also

smuggled into bordering territories or countries with porous borders, less by ISIL

itself which focus on making profits immediately upon extraction than by Syrian

or Iraqi traders.112

The second significant ISIL resource of fund is the natural gas. In 2015,

ISIL exerted control over several natural gas fields. The capture of Palmyra in the

late May of the year led to the increasing of ISIL gas fields. The fields in the

region account for almost half os Syria’s entire natural gas production, which

allow ISIL to make up for the loss of the Ajil and Himreen fields in Iraq following

the retaking of Tikrit by the Iraqi army in the late March.113

II.1.2. ISIL Forces Development and their Weaponry Capabilities in 2014-

2016

ISIL strategy of survival is built around a millenarian vision which

executed with an uncompromising and merciless ideological approach, which

aimed at the establishment of an enduring caliphate. They believe that a

‘caliphate’ they said could be seen as a magnet to gain more people on joining

their group. They would need a massive number of followers to support their

paradox on their attempt to create a state with their own way of believing.114

110 E. Solomon, R. Kwong and S. Bernard, “Inside ISIS Inc: the journey of a barrel of oil”, Financial times, October 14, 2015. 111 Ibid. 112 Ibid. 113 Y. Sayigh, “The war over Syria’s Gas Fields,” Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, June 8, 2015. 114 The rise and fall of ISIS: from Evitability to Inevitability. The Hague Centre for Strategic Studies, StratMon 2016-2017. https://hcss.nl/sites/default/files/files/reports/The%20Rise%20and%20Fall%20of%20ISIS.pdf.

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II.1.2.1. The Interpretations and Uses of Islam

Based on their purpose on creating their own state due their symbolic

significance and the proclamation of the Caliphate, ISIL used the interpretation of

how a Muslim should be as their strategy to recruit as many people as possible

worldwide.115 ISIL claims to be Islamic and they would implement the Sharia to

serve their instrumental purposes very well.

Since the last half of the 20th century, as the globalization also occurring,

the globalization of jihad has also occurred in religious thought and in armed

struggles. Based on the understanding of Islam, jihad is a Quranic aspects that

also mean as the struggle or the effort done by the human being to follow the

God’s path, as well to lead a good life which remains central to the Muslim

spiritually.116 But these days, the meaning of jihad has been used and misused by

the resistance group and liberation movements and hijacked and misused by the

extremist and terrorist organizations to legitimate, recruit and motivate their

followers.117 It has been used by them in their national even until their

transnational or the global agenda.

The ISIL followers are somehow mostly coming from the disenfranchised

Sunni youth in Iraq and Syria. Despite of that ISIL has also attracted an amount

number of foreign fighters from Arab and the Western Countries, including the

religious converts and criminals.118 After the withdrawal of the US troops in the

Iraq, ISIL became one of the military force to be reckoned with. Their army is

growing to the number of 30,000119, which include around 5,000 until 10,000

foreign fighters120. After all, as the Middle East expert Lina Khatib wrote,

115 Molly Jackson, “70,000 Indian Clerics Issue Fatwa against Terrorists.” Christian Science Monitor: Global News Blog. December 10, 2015. http://www.csmonitor.com/World/Global-News/2015/1210/70-000-Indian-clerics-issue-fatwa- against-terrorists. 116 Ibid 117 Ibid 118 Johannes Siebert, “Identifying and Structuring the Objectives of the “Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant and its Followers.”” August, 2015. http://teamcore.usc.edu/projects/security/Muri_publications/ISIL%20Paper%20Revision%20-%20Main%20Body%208-22-15.pdf. 119 Cockburn, 2014. 120 Altman 2014, Ackermann 2014, Lund 2013.

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“ideology is not the group’s purpose; it is a tool to acquire power and money.

The group continuously interprets sharia in ways that justify its actions.”121

II.1.2.2. Recruitment

ISIL characterized its long haul objective, giving its pioneer a twofold

power, both natural and otherworldly, to be the head of the Ummah

(comprehended both as a religious network and a political substance). In the short

and not all that here and now, be that as it may, ISIL point is to fortify its capacity

in the regions that it previously prevailed. This procedure can be accomplished

initially, through savagery, increasing military authenticity utilizing the

deliberately symmetric arrangement that Al Qaeda dependably needed, and

besides, through the likelihood of the securing of a worldwide character

dependent on the coordination of the fundamental highlights of a state.

The vast majority of ISIL activities are similarly as ruthless as those of Bin

Laden, Al Zawahiri or other fundamentalist Muslim gatherings, yet on a political

dimension, when contrasted and past fundamentalist Islamic movements, Al

Baghdadi's association went above and beyond. In this content the author attempt

to quickly feature the basic and most trademark highlights of ISIL, particularly

those components that are making ISIL personality move from that of a basic fear

based oppressor amass towards a condition more like that of a state. As of not

long ago, these couple of components are yet proposing an extremely slight move

towards a national model; the aftereffects of this on-going procedure can't at this

stage be characterized.

ISIL quickly forced and afterward extended a genuine political control on

areas of both the Iraqi and the Syrian region, building up a circumstance

reviewing the imposing business model of physical pressure – regardless of

whether its level of authenticity, as expected by Weber, is still to be proved. It is

the first occasion when that a fear based oppressor bunch grabs hold of a logically

more tremendous and delimited region.

121 Lina Khatib, “The Islamic state’s strategy: Lasting and Expanding.” Carnegie Endowment for international peace, June 29, 2015. http://carnegieendowment.org/2015/06/29/islamic-state-s-strategy-lasting-and-expanding-pub-60511.

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One of the reason on why ISIL wants to sustain their strategy is the

recruitment of soldiers is the economic motives. One of the example is offering

much higher salaries than other jihadists outfits.122 The ISIL is also promising the

women of their member for young, single and economically marginalized men.123

ISIL has estimates about the total size of forces vary, the core force of the ISIL is

at least 30,000 strong, with 50,000 until 70,000 more split between local members

and auxiliary and part time forces.124 The number of foreign fighters among this

group was estimated to be 27,000 in December 2015.125 Of these 27,000, the

Hagues based international center for counter terrorism (ICCT) estimates that

some 6,000 hail from the Europe in April 2015.126 Of the 260 Dutch Jihadists who

went to Syria, some 180 are still there.127

II.1.2.3. ISIL Weaponry Capabilities

Accomplishments in involving Syrian and Iraqi army installations and

offices has given ISIL access to an extensive stock of military weapons and

hardware. The stock incorporates strategic gear, little arms furthermore, light

weapons, light strategic and utility vehicles, overwhelming machine/hostile to air

ship firearms, mounted guns, and heavily clad vehicles. This is disturbing

temporarily, be that as it may, it is yet to be checked whether ISIL can

appropriately keep up the gear and weapons and acquire save parts and ammo.

Preparing in legitimate utilize is additionally a basic obscure. Moreover, a tank

might scare in a city, however it likewise offers a bigger target. These

122 Khatib, “The Islamic State’s Strategy: Lasting and Expanding.” 123 The United Nations Security Council, “Security Council Uneuquivocally’ Condemns ISIL.” Terrorist attacks, unanimously adopting text that determines extremist group poses unprecedented threat. Meetings coverage and press release. 124 Sam Jones and Erika Solomon, ISIS Inc: Jihadis Fund War Machine but Squeeze Citizens. The financial times, December 15, 2015. https://www.ft.com/content/2ef519a6-a23d-11e5-bc70-7ff6d4fd203a#axzz4HTeB63Jg. 125 The United Nations Security Council, “Security Council ‘Unequivocally’ Condemns ISIL Terrorist Attacks, Unanimously Adopting Text That Determines Extremist Group Poses ‘Unprecedented’ Threat | Meetings Coverage and Press Releases.” 126 Alex P. Schmid and Judith Tinnes, “Foreign (Terrorist) Fighters with IS: A European Perspective” (ICCT The Hague, December 2015), https://icct.nl/wp-content/uploads/2015/12/ICCT-Schmid-Foreign-Terrorist-Fighters-with-IS-A- European-Perspective-December2015.pdf. 127 Eric Schmitt, “Caliphate in Peril, More ISIS Fighters May Take Mayhem to Europe,” The New York Times, September 17, 2016, http://www.nytimes.com/2016/09/18/us/politics/caliphate-in-peril-more-isis-fighters-may-take-mayhem-to- europe.html.

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contemplations don't totally wipe out the genuine idea of an association, for

example, ISIL getting an expansive armory of refined military weapons and

hardware, however may limit a few of the risk after some time.

The following table is representative but not inclusive of weapons and equipment

captured or acquired by ISIL:

Figure 4 : ISIL Weapons and Equipment128

Based on the data above we could see that ISIL has several armored

equipment which are the tanks include the T-55, T-72, T-62, HUMMWV and the

MRAP.

ISIL is estimated to have 30 T-55 tanks, which is also known as the series

of Soviet tank line that was produced from the end of World War II through the

1980s. The tanks feature a heavy armor, along with the 10 mm rifled gun and a

secondary 7.62 mm machine gun.129

128https://info.publicintellegence.net/ISArmy-TRISA-ISIL.pdf 129 Ibid

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Picture I : The T-55 Tanks.

Despite of the T-55 tanks, ISIL also happened to have the T-62 tanks

which has estimated 15 T-62 tanks, which also known as the main Soviet battle

tank that was developed to replace the T-55. This tank was heavily armored by the

115-mm tank gun along with the two secondary machine guns.130

Picture 2: The T-62 Tanks.

ISIL also have an estimated 5 to 10 T-72 tanks, these tanks are the Soviet

battle tanks which they first entered production in 1971 and they are still rolling

off the assembly line. This tank is heavily armored and feature a 125 mm main

gun, and also a secondary machine gun and an antiaircraft gun.

130 Jeremy Wilson, Jeremy Bender and Armin Rosen. “These are the weapons Islamic State fighters are using to terrify the Middle east.” January 17, 2016. https://www.businessinsider.com/isis-military-equipment-arsenal-2016/?IR=T/#t-55-tanks-1.

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Picture 3: The T-72 tanks.

Those are several tanks used by the ISIL on the mobilization in the Iraq

and Syria. Despite of that we could also see on the table above regarding on the

other weapons used by the ISIL on their movements. They have M79 Osha

Rocket Launcher, which could fires a 90 mm shell that is highly effective against

tanks and fortified position (this weapons are originated in Croatia before being

smuggled to Syrian rebels), the RPG 7s, SA 16 Manpads, etc.

II.2. Islamic State of Iraq and Levant Territorial Claim in Iraq

and Syria between the year of 2014-2016.

Since December 2013, continuous conflicts have happened all through

western Iraq between inborn civilian armies, Iraqi security powers, and ISIL.

Toward the beginning of January 2014, ISIL aggressors effectively caught the

urban communities of Fallujah and Hīt,131 bringing quite a bit of Anbar Province

under their control. In June 2014 ISIL controlled over the one of Iraq city, Mosul.

By December 2015, the Islamic State secured a huge landlocked region in western

Iraq and eastern Syria, with a populace gauge of 2.8 to 8 million people.132

131 Iraq's Fallujah falls to 'Qaeda-linked' militants. (2018). Retrieved from http://www.dailystar.com.lb/News/Middle-East/2014/Jan-04/243100-fallujah-outside-iraq-government-control-security-official.ashx 132 Ibid

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By June 2015, it had built up authority "regions" in Libya, Egypt (Sinai

Peninsula), Saudi Arabia, Yemen, Algeria, Afghanistan, Pakistan, Nigeria and the

North Caucasus.133 Since at that point, ISIL has kept on accepting promises of

devotion and distribute media discharges from gatherings in nations like

Somalia,134 Bangladesh135 and the Philippines,136 however it has not reported any

further official branches, rather recognizing new offshoots as essentially "warriors

of the caliphate".137 In this research, author main focuses are in Iraq and Syria

region.

133 Islamic State moves in on al-Qaeda turf. (2018). Retrieved from https://www.bbc.com/news/world-31064300 134 Roul, A. (2018). How Bangladesh Became Fertile Ground for al-Qa`ida and the Islamic State – Combating Terrorism Center at West Point. Retrieved from https://ctc.usma.edu/how-bangladesh-became-fertile-ground-for-al-qaida-and-the-islamic-state/ 135 Weiss, C. (2018). The Islamic State grows in the Philippines | FDD's Long War Journal. Retrieved from https://www.longwarjournal.org/archives/2016/06/islamic-state-officially-creates-province-in-the-philippines.php 136 Weiss, C. (2018). Islamic State in Somalia claims capture of port town | FDD's Long War Journal. Retrieved from https://www.longwarjournal.org/archives/2016/10/islamic-state-in-somalia-claims-capture-of-port-town.php 137 Winter, C. (2018). Has the Islamic State Abandoned Its Provincial Model in the Philippines?. Retrieved from https://warontherocks.com/2016/07/has-the-islamic-state-abandoned-its-provincial-model-in-the-philippines/

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Picture 1: Areas of ISIL Influence of Presence.138

In Syria, IS Fighter lost region in the upper east to a blend of Kurdish and

unified Arab powers upheld by alliance airpower and, north of Aleppo to hostile

to Assad powers supported by the Turkish military. IS powers have demonstrated

resurgent in focal Syria, where Syrian government and Russian military powers

had prevailing with regards to recovering Palmyra yet later pulled back in the

midst of star Assad powers' crusade against restriction held regions of Aleppo.

U.S.- and Turkish-supported nearby powers have separated the Islamic State's

residual access to the Turkish outskirt and expelled its contenders from a

significant part of the enclave of northwest Syria once alluded to by U.S.

authorities as the "Manbij take." U.S. which supported nearby powers

additionally have propelled southward on the east bank of the Euphrates waterway

as a major aspect of the battle to retake the IS-held city of Raqqah.

The threat from ISIS to the UK is one that still can't seem to emerge in any

generous frame, however echoes of the risk from the combat zone in Syria have

138 ISIL Areas of Influence. https://www.refworld.org/pdfid/5885d7434.pdf

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just begun to show themselves in the UK and somewhere else. Foreign fighters

give the most clear vector to a danger to return to the UK from Syria and Iraq, yet

all things considered, the neighborhood danger from the gathering to other

Levantine states is all the more instantly considerable. The ISIS story keeps on

reverberating unequivocally among a wide group of onlookers and this is far-

fetched to change until the contention in Syria and the longstanding pressures in

Iraq are wrapped up. Until some end to Syria's merciless common war is

seemingly within easy reach, it appears to be far-fetched that the risk from ISIS or

remote contenders will subside. It is going to keep on being the key distraction of

British what's more, European security administrations.

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Figure : ISIL Territorial Claim Report

Source : The Rise and Fall of ISIS.pdf

In Iraq, IS fighter endured a progression of misfortunes to different Iraqi

powers in Tikrit, Baiji, Sinjar, Ramadi, Hit, Haditha, Rutbah, Fallujah, and

encompassing territories. Iraqi authorities pronounced the city of Fallujah in

Anbar Province freed in late June 2016, and in October Iraqi powers, with U.S.

what's more, alliance backing, propelled a crusade to retake Iraq's second biggest

city—Mosul. Toward the finish of 2016, Iraqi powers had confined Mosul and

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were battling to recover the eastern portion of the city in the midst of savage IS

opposition. Iraqi powers reported they had retaken control of eastern Mosul in

January 2017, with Islamic State contenders responsible for the more crowded

western portion of the city what's more, disconnected zones of Salahuddin,

Ninawa, and Anbar Provinces.

ISIL built up a defense area of the Mosul Dam in August 2014. ISIL

protections coordinated urban regions, their staying regular citizen populace, and

synthetic structures into complex fight positions. ISIL disturbance powers went

from little strategic cells to bigger gatherings of agitators showing up as

paramilitary units with weapon frameworks caught from involved military offices.

Heavily clad vehicles and substantial weapons were incorporated into the territory

barriers in straightforward and complex fight positions. ISIL INFOWAR

concentrated on the message that foe powers would be pulverized on the off

chance that they entered the contention, and compromised a development of the

contention into their individual countries.

The group has been endeavoring to assume control parts of the Aleppo

Governorate, in any case, it has confronted a progression of obstacles there too. At

first, the Islamic State confronted opposition in the territory from Western-upheld

Syrian radical gatherings, in particular the Hazm Movement and the Syria

Revolutionaries' Front. Following the decay of these gatherings after assaults on

them by Jabhat al-Nusra in late 2014 and the ascent of Jaysh al-Fateh in the

north, the Islamic State has been confronting opposition from this new opponent

revolutionary alliance, and in addition proceeded with obstruction in northern

Aleppo from essentially Islamist bunches under the umbrella alliance called al

Jabhat al-Shamiya. The routine air strikes and barrel shelling are likewise making

it troublesome for the gathering to extend in Aleppo, in light of the fact that

expanding the domain it controls would require an uplifted military nearness,

which dangers uncovering the Islamic State to additionally strikes.

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CHAPTER III

THE UNITED KINGDOM DEFENSE POLICY ON ISIL

III.1. THE UNITED KINGDOM DEFENSE WHITE PAPER 2015

“This is vital at a time when the threats to our country is growing. This morning I was in Paris with President Hollande discussing how we can work together to defeat the evil of ISIL… It is a direct threat to our security at home and abroad… It has already taken the livers of British hostages.”-David Cameron, the Former Prime Minister of the United Kingdom.139

White paper could be used to describe the international security

environment facing individual countries at given moments in time and how they

could expect to counter and defeat national enemies if resort to military force

required. White paper is an important assessment by the government of the day on

their national and international security priorities and the financial measures they

are willing to take to meet their national interests.140 The white paper documents

are also cover the economic, diplomatic, environmental, financial, and

geopolitical factors influencing their ability or inability to achieve their

objectives.141

139 Oral statement to Parliament, “PM Statement on National Security Strategy and Strategic Defense and Security Review 2015.” David Cameron gave a statement in the House of Commons on the National Security Strategy and Strategic Defense and Security Review 2015. https://www.gov.uk/government/speeches/pm-statement-on-national-security-strategy-and-strategic-defence-and-security-review-2015. 140 Chapman, Bert (2016), “Geopolitics of the 2015 British Defense White Paper and Its Historical Predecessors,” Geopolitics, History, and International Relations 8(2): 42–63. 141 See Bert Chapman, Military Doctrine: A Reference Handbook (Santa Barbara: Praeger Security International, 2009); President of the United States, National Security Strategy (Washington, DC: The White House, 2015); https://www.whitehouse.gov/ sites/default/files/docs/2015_national_security_strategy.pdf; (accessed December 17, 2015); U.S. Department of Defense, Quadrennial Defense Review 2014 (Wash- ington, DC: Department of Defense, 2014); http://archive.defense.gov/pubs/2014_ Quadrennial_Defense_Review.pdf;

39

The United Kingdom itself has issued several defense white papers since

the World War II. It was called as the statement on defense and statement the

defense estimates which were issued from the 1946 until 1996.142 This document

stressed the nuclear deterrence as the keystone of the British defense policy

recommending the abolition of compulsory military service, greater allied burden

sharing with the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) conventional forces,

reducing overseas military forces and the number of the Royal Air Force (RAF)

fighters, and changing the Navy’s role in order to help them emphasize relying on

aircraft carriers to project power in peacetime emergencies and limited

hostilities.143

Based on the UK Defense White Paper in 2015, the vision of UK itself is

for a secure and prosperous United Kingdom, with global reach and influence. It

means that every single movement of the UK government in the UK as well

around the world is because of the determination to protect the UK people and

values, and ensure the country prospers. Through this white paper, the United

Kingdom next five years priorities is going to be about terrorism. It is going to be

tackling the terrorism at home and abroad in a tough and comprehensive way,

counter extremism and challenge their ideologies.144

In particular, for the next five years the UK government priorities is going

to be, tackling the terrorism head on at home and abroad in a tough and

(Accessed December 17, 2015); and U.S. Joint Chiefs of Staff, The National Military Strategy of the United States of America: The United States Military’s Contribution to National Security (Washington, DC: JCS, 2015): http://www.jcs.mil/Portals/36/Documents/Publications/2015_National_ Military_Strategy.pdf 142 Nigel Walker and Claire Mills, A Brief Guide to Previous British Defence Reviews (London: House of Commons Library, 2015): 2; http://researchbriefings. files.parliament.uk/documents/CBP-7313/CBP-7313.pdf 143 Wyn Rees, “The 1957 Sandys White Paper: New Priorities in British De- fence Policy,” Journal of Strategic Studies 12(2)(1989): 215–229; DOI:10.1080/01 402398908437373; and Walker and Mills, 7–8; and North Atlantic Council, Reorganization of the United Kingdom Armed Forces (Brussels: North Atlantic 58 Council, February 14, 1957); http://archives.nato.int/uploads/r/null/2/8/28286/C- M_57_18_ENG.pdf; (accessed December 17, 2015).

144 Judge Peter Lane, Paul Taylor and Anna Chafer. “Between Chris Cole and The Information Commissioner and The Ministry of Defense.” 2017. http://www.statewatch.org/news/2017/sep/uk-drone-wars-v-ico-mod-armed-drones-transparency-judgment-8-17.pdf.

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comprehensive way, counter extremism and challenge the poisonous ideologies

that feed it. The purpose is to remain a world leader in cyber security, as well to

deter state based threats. Next, is to strengthen the rules based international order

and the institutions, encouraging reform to enable further participation of growing

powers. It is to reduce conflict, and to promote stability, good governance and

human rights.145

III.2.1. The UK National Security Objectives based on the Defense White

Paper 2015

Based on their defense white paper 2015, the UK realized that a rapid

changing and globalized world, would definitely affect the security of the UK

itself. The UK realized that they need policies and capabilities which can enable

them to tackle the immediate challenges like the threat of ISIL, in order to secure

their interests over the longer term, and to respond rapidly to the unexpected that

could be happening in the future. Thus, the UK government has organized their

National Security Strategy which could be seen from three high level, enduring

and mutually supporting the National Security Objectives.146

Table 3: The National Security Objectives of the United Kingdom.147

No UK National Security Objectives The Government Plan

1 Protect our People The UK government is going to protect

their people at home, their overseas and

abroad, as well to protect their territory,

economic security, infrastructure and way

of life.

145 Nigel Walker and Claire Mills, A Brief Guide to Previous British Defence Reviews (London: House of Commons Library, 2015): 2; http://researchbriefings. files.parliament.uk/documents/CBP-7313/CBP-7313.pdf 146 “National Security Strategy and Strategic Defense and Security Review 2015.” A Secure and Prosperous United Kingdom. https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/478933/52309_Cm_9161_NSS_SD_Review_web_only.pdf. 147 Ibid.

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No UK National Security Objectives The Government Plan

2 Protect our Global Influence The UK government is going to reduce the

likelihood of threats materializing and

affecting the UK, the national interests and

those of our allies and partners.

3 Promote our Prosperity This point means that seizing

opportunities, working innovatively and

supporting UK industry.

Based on the table above, we could see that the UK government really

concern on their people security as their national interests based on one of the

point in their defense white paper 2015. They need to protect their people, their

global influence and to promote the prosperity. They believe they need to protect

their people inside the UK region, as well overseas and abroad, in order to

maintain their state security among the international stage. Not only the people,

but also the sovereignty and their region, their territory, economic security and

infrastructure of the nation.148

In term of protecting their global influence, means that the United

Kingdom government is going to reduce the threat of materializing and trying to

protect their national interests of the nation. In this term, the UK government is

facing the existence of threat of the extremist and terrorism in the international

stage. At that moment, the UK terrorism threat level is Severe, which means that

the terrorist attack on the UK mainland is highly possible to happen, and since

2010, there are over 60 British nationals that have been killed by the terrorist

abroad (2015).149 The increasing number of threat in the UK and overseas,

notably with the emergence of the ISIL and its affiliates in addition to other

islamist terrorist groups like the Al-Qaeda. ISIL is radicalizing an amount number 148 “National Security Strategy and Strategic Defense and Security Review 2015.” A Secure and Prosperous United Kingdom. https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/478933/52309_Cm_9161_NSS_SD_Review_web_only.pdf. 149 Chapman, Bert (2016), “Geopolitics of the 2015 British Defense White Paper and Its Historical Predecessors,” Geopolitics, History, and International Relations 8(2): 42–63.

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of people, which they also use the social media in order to inspire and direct their

target to conduct terrorist attacks in the West or to travel to Syria and Iraq.150

“We (the UK) will continues to take action to investigate, disrupt and whenever possible convict terrorist. We will continue to give law enforcement, security and intelligence agencies and our Armed Forces the capabilities to deal with attack planning in the UK and overseas and in particular the means to deal with terrorists (ISIL)….” UK Defense White Paper 2015.

The UK national security objectives on ISIL could be seen from the first

national security objectives in UK defense white paper 2015 (in chapter 4 of the

UK defense white paper 2015), where they stated that they need to prioritize the

fight against terrorism, radicalization and extremism at home and overseas.151 The

objectives could be seen from the first national security objectives of Protect our

People, on combating the extremism and terrorism at home and overseas. The

United Kingdom is going to tackle all threats to the UK people and interests, they

are going to resilient and a hostile environment for those whom intend to harm

them, whether they are state based or non state actors like terrorist and criminals,

they also going to coordinate all levers of national power thus the sum of their

effort is greater than the constituent parts.152

They felt threatened on the existence of ISIL where ISIL have used a wide

variety of methods on their attack, from a simple attacks to more complex plan

which involved the firearms and explosives at multiple locations. They believe

that ISIL might inspire other terrorists groups which could pose a direct threat to

UK security and their allies. Which could be seen from the example of the attack

in Paris, Middle East and North Africa.153 Te significant threat by the ISIL

150 “National Security Strategy and Strategic Defense and Security Review 2015.” A Secure and Prosperous United Kingdom. https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/478933/52309_Cm_9161_NSS_SD_Review_web_only.pdf. 151 Tim Street.“SDSR 2015: Continuity, Control and Crisis in UK Defense Policy. ” January 2016. https://www.oxfordresearchgroup.org.uk/sdsr-2015-continuity-control-and-crisis-in-uk-defence-policy. 152 Ibid. 153 Ibid.

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terrorist group makes it all the more important to invest on tackling the issue head

on at home and abroad using the full spectrum of the UK capabilities.154

III.2. ISIL AS THE THREAT ASSESSMENT TOWARDS UK

“This is vital at a time when the threats to our country are growing, from the ISIL and greater instability in the Middle East…. Our priorities are to deter state-based threats, tackle terrorism, remain a world leader in cyber security and ensure we have the capability to respond rapidly to crises as they emerge.” - David Cameron, former Prime Minister of the United Kingdom.155

Based on the statement above, the United Kingdom has stated that ISIL

has become one of the threat assessment for their security of the state. They

believe that the United Kingdom is facing a significant threat from both

extremism and terrorism.156 The United Kingdom define the extremism as a vocal

or active opposition to their fundamental values, including democracy, the rule of

law, individual liberty and mutual respect and tolerance of different faiths and

beliefs.157 In term of terrorism, based on the United Kingdom Defense White

Paper 2015, the UK’s current terrorism threat level is Severe, which it means that

a terrorist attack on the United Kingdom mainland is highly likely to happen.158

Since the year of 2010, the volume and scale of threat in the United

Kingdom and overseas is increasing, and its nature has changed as the emergence

of ISIL and its affiliates in addition to other Islamist terrorist groups such as Al

154 “National Security Strategy and Strategic Defense and Security Review 2015.” A Secure and Prosperous United Kingdom. https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/478933/52309_Cm_9161_NSS_SD_Review_web_only.pdf. 155 “National Security Strategy and Strategic Defense and Security Review in 2015: A Secure and Prosperous United Kingdom.” Presented to Parliament by the Prime Minister by Command of Her Majesty. November 2015. https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/478933/52309_Cm_9161_NSS_SD_Review_web_only.pdf. 156 Ibid. 157 Chapman, Bert. “Geopolitics of the 2015 British Defense White Paper and Its Historical Predecessors.” https://docs.lib.purdue.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1135&context=lib_fsdocs. 158 “Securing Britain in an Age of Uncertainty: The Strategic Defense and Security Review.” Presented to Parliament by the Prime Minister by Command of Her Majesty. https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/62482/strategic-defence-security-review.pdf.

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Qaeda. Based on the White Paper, ISIL is radicalizing large numbers of people,

which they often use social media, and is seeking to inspire or direct them to

conduct terrorist attacks in the West or to travel to Syria and Iraq.159

Based on the UK perspective the danger from Islamist fear based

oppression remains the first and generally critical. In 2016 we restricted an

outrageous conservative fear based oppressor gathering, national action, out of the

blue. Northern Ireland related fear mongering remains a genuine risk, especially

in Northern Ireland itself.160

As of now, extremist in the UK is associated with Daesh. It happened as

the extremist believe system behind radicalization in the UK.161 For instance, Al

Muhajiroun is a banned extremist organization that progressed toward becoming

re-invigorated in the UK following Daesh's revelation of a "Caliphate" in Syria

and Iraq, distributing an online promise of devotion to Daesh and urging its

individuals to head out to Syria and Iraq. Al Qaeda keeps on endeavoring to pull

in and motivate UK nationals to act in help of their worldwide plan. English

nationals battling with Al Qaeda represent a particular risk because of their

linkages to the UK.

The worldwide setting, specifically the assertion of the "Caliphate", has

profoundly affected the danger to the UK. The 2015 National Security Risk

Assessment distinguished fear mongering as a level one hazard, and the Strategic

Defense and Security Review (SDSR) perceived that the volume and size of the

danger in the UK and abroad was expanding, and that its tendency had changed.

The volume and scale of the dangers that the administration confront, both

to the UK and their interests abroad, have expanded. UK government confronts a

progressing hazard associated with individuals who have headed out to Syria and

Iraq to join fear based oppressor gatherings, both from the individuals who have

159 Judge Peter Lane, Paul Taylor and Anna Chafer. “Between Chris Cole and The Information Commissioner and The Ministry of Defense.” 2017. http://www.statewatch.org/news/2017/sep/uk-drone-wars-v-ico-mod-armed-drones-transparency-judgment-8-17.pdf. 160 Ibid. 161 Ibid.

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returned, and the individuals who stay in the area, where they can rouse and

coordinate assaults. UK government kept on investigating and fortify our reaction

to guarantee that law authorization organizations have the forces and capacities

they have to react successfully.162

III.1.1. UNITED KINGDOM MILITARY OPERATION IN IRAQ AND

SYRIA

In their attempt to fight ISIL, United Kingdom conduct a military

operation in Iraq and Syria, the military operation known as Operation Shader.

Operation Shader are made by the British as a contribution to the Global Coalition

to defeat ISIL. 65 countries, including Arab, Iraq, European countries and the

United States has joined to the coalition. The operation is made to defeat ISIL in

every aspect, such as military, financial, against ISIL ideology and provide

humanitarian assistance.163

The operation began following the threatening video that has been released

by ISIL on 2 September 2014. In the video, ISIL threatened to behead British

citizen David Haines. David Haines worked with United Nations in the Balkans.

Before he worked with UN, he worked in Royal Mail and the he joined Royal

Airforce.164 In the video that ISIL has been posted, they called beheading over

Haines’ is “a message to the allies of America”. David Cameron reacted,

“We will do everything in our power to hunt down these murderers and

ensure they face justice, however long it takes.”165

The UK movement in Syria and Iraq is based on the House of Commons

Defense Committee’s inquiry ‘UK military operations in Syria and Iraq’ report

162 Chapman, Bert. “Geopolitics of the 2015 British Defense White Paper and Its Historical Predecessors.” https://docs.lib.purdue.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1135&context=lib_fsdocs. 163 House of Commons Defense Committee, “UK Military Operations in Syria and Iraq: Government Response to the Committee’s Second Report.” Seventh Special Report of Session 2016-2017. https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm201617/cmselect/cmdfence/1065/1065.pdf. 164 House of Commons Defense Committee, “UK Military Operations in Syria and Iraq: Government Response to the Committee’s Second Report.” Seventh Special Report of Session 2016-2017. https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm201617/cmselect/cmdfence/1065/1065.pdf. 165 Ibid.

46

(HC 106), published in the 21 September 2016. What have been done by the UK

in that region are conducting more than 1,100 airstrikes across Iraq and Syria,

which is the second after the US. The UK itself has helped to train more than

30,000 Iraqi forces,

No Recommendation from House of Commons Defense Committee

The United Kingdom Government’s response

1 Global terrorism trends indicate that Al-Qaeda,

the pre-existing islamist organizations is going

to attach themselves to whichever militant

network appears to be in the ascendant at any

given time. (paragraph 30)

The Government agrees with the fact of

terrorism trends and that pre existing

organizations could attach themselves to other

militant networks which are perceived to be in

the ascendant.

2 The UK and Coalition’s strategy to counter ISIL

is predominately focused on Iraq and Syria.

(paragraph 31)

The Government agrees that UK and Global

Coalition strategy to defeat ISIL and its

affiliates needs to remain adaptable.

3 We recommend that government should set

out the strategy should be flexible enough to

cope with various possible outcomes. The

military action is successful but the overall

strategy does not adapt, than ISIL is going to

pose a threat to stability and safety across the

region. (paragraph 32)

In order to face the threat, the UK strategy has

3 pillars, which are,

1. Pillar 1 that support the efforts to disrupt to

UK mainland and interests by delivering the

UK’s counter-terrorism strategy.

2. Pillar 2 drives action to strategically defeat

ISIL as an organization.

3. Pillar 3 includes works to stabilize the

region.

The strategy is effects-based and draws on

multiple lines of effort:

1. Defeating ISIL militarily

2. Disrupting ISIL’s finances

3. Exposing ISIL’s true nature

4. Disrupting the flow of foreign fighters and

protecting the homeland

5. Providing stabilization and humanitarian

support.

47

as well the cross-government strategy in order to support the Iraqi

government which could deliver reforms and promote the political settlement in

Syria.166

The Committee has several recommendations for the government of the

United Kingdom, Table 1: The House of Commons Defense Committee

Recommendation in term of ISIL.167

Based on the data above, the United Kingdom has several Pillars which

focused on defeating the ISIL in the UK mainland, the Iraq and Syria as well on

the other region in the international stage. The first pillar is to always support any

strategy to defeat the existence of ISIL in the UK mainland, because once the

terrorists are able to make a chaotic situation, it would definitely influence the

stability of state security, which is also going to shake down the people’s safety

and welfare, as well the state politics, economy and military aspects of the United

Kingdom.168

The second pillar is the United Kingdom strategy to defeat ISIL. The UK

is basically a member of the Global Coalition, as the unified body of the 79

international partners which dedicated to degrading and defeating the ISIL. The

Global Coalition was formed in the September 2014 and is unique in its

166 Ibid. 167 Judge Peter Lane, Paul Taylor and Anna Chafer. “Between Chris Cole and The Information Commissioner and The Ministry of Defense.” 2017. http://www.statewatch.org/news/2017/sep/uk-drone-wars-v-ico-mod-armed-drones-transparency-judgment-8-17.pdf. 168 Ben Connable, Natasha Lander and Kimberly Jackson. “Beating the Islamic State: Selecting a New Strategy for Iraq and Syria.” https://www.rand.org/content/dam/rand/pubs/research_reports/RR1500/RR1562/RAND_RR1562.pdf.

4 As a part of an explanation of how it is

countering the global threat from the ISIL, the

government should provide more details of the

military and capacity building operations which

are being undertaken to counter the ISIL

affiliates. (Paragraph 34)

Defeating ISIL in Iraq and Syria is the current

priority because that represents the immediate

threat. UK is building on existing military

relationships to contain ISIL’s threat by

strengthening global allies and partners. We

are targeting the military efforts where they can

best protect UK national interests from the

threat of ISIL branches and affiliates.

48

membership, scope and commitment. The members of Global Coalition have to

provide essential military support to local forces, stifling ISIL financing and

economic infrastructure, preventing the flow of foreign terrorist fighters across

borders, supporting stabilization efforts in areas liberated from the ISIL and

exposing the ISIL false religious narrative through the counter messaging.169

Table 2: The United Kingdom leading role to defeat ISIL.170

No The United Kingdom Role

1 Military The United Kingdom is going to provide their military

personnel to the Iraq and Syria, as the example is

through the royal air force and the British army soldiers.

2 Finance The UK recognizes the disruption of ISIL finances is the

essential to their defeat.

3 Foreign Terrorist Fighters The United Kingdom advises against all travel to Syria

and parts of Iraq.

4 Stabilization Stabilization is the process of rebuilding the essential

services and utilities for people to be able to return

home.

5 Strategic Communications The United Kingdom launched the Counter Daesh

(ISIL) Communications Cell.

The United Kingdom government is truly concern of the existence of ISIL

in the world, where based on the table above, they have created several strategies

in order to defeat the ISIL. Through the aspects of military, finance, the existence

of foreign terrorists fighters, stabilization and the strategic communications. The

United Kingdom has prepared their war against ISIL. In term of military, the

United Kingdom has prepared their troops in the Iraq and Syria to support the

169 “UK Action to Combat Daesh.” https://www.gov.uk/government/topical-events/daesh/about. 170 Ibid.

49

local forces, in term of the air forces and armies. They also provide the highly

advanced intelligence, surveillance and reconnaissance to Coalition partners.171

In the term of finance, the UK has created a cooperation between the

public and private connection with the banking industry where they could ensured

the ISIL would always get a denied access on their financial system. It is also to

prevent the ISIL on profiting from the illegal trafficking of antiquities, which they

might have plundered from Iraq and Syria.172 The UK is also protecting their

mainland by advising their people to hopefully not traveling to Iraq and Syria due

to the reason which could put themselves in considerable danger. Not only the

safety of the people, but it is also about the chance of the traveled people to be

back to UK as a terrorist, for the worst possibilities.173

The strategic communications of UK, in this case means that through the

UK leadership, the Cell has changed the international narrative around the ISIL,

from one that highlights their atrocities to one which emphasizes their failures.

The UK launched Counter Daesh (ISIL) Communications Cell, is going to be very

vital for the UK to damaging the perception of the ISIL as well to reduce the ISIL

ability to recruit people for their terrorist group. The UK government also tried to

create the Global Coalition website, which the houses up to date information on

the Coalition progress, it would help the UK government to highlight the ISIL’s

lies and expose their inadequacies.174

Thus, the United Kingdom is basically going to invest in their capabilities

on protecting their people and the world against the terrorism. They are going to

build and strengthening their security capacity and their security capabilities in

order to reduce the risk of terrorism to the UK itself as well to the British

171 Ben Connable, Natasha Lander and Kimberly Jackson. “Beating the Islamic State: Selecting a New Strategy for Iraq and Syria.” https://www.rand.org/content/dam/rand/pubs/research_reports/RR1500/RR1562/RAND_RR1562.pdf. 172 Ibid. 173 Ibid. 174 “UK Action to Combat Daesh.” https://www.gov.uk/government/topical-events/daesh/about.

50

interests. The implementation of their security capabilities is going to be

explained in the next chapter 4.

51

CHAPTER IV

THE IMPLEMENTATION OF UK DEFENSE WHITE

PAPER 2015

IV.1. United Kingdom Counter Terrorism Report 2015

The year 2015, has been the year of 11,774 terrorist attacks in the 92 state

nations.175 Meanwhile in the United Kingdom, the level of terrorism threat has

remained in the SEVERE status, which it means that the terrorism attack is highly

likely.176 There were also around 280 terrorism related arrests in the Great Britain

in 2015.177 The UK has been terrorized due to the attack on tourists (June 2015) in

Sousse, Tunisia, where there are around 30 (thirty) deaths of the British people.

As well the attack that occurred in Paris has resulted the around 130 people killed

that also include the British people as the victim.178

In order to reduce the terrorism risk to the United Kingdom and their

interests in the international stage from terrorism, which the purpose is to

maintain the freedom of people in the world. The UK government deals with

terrorism with four strands, pursue means the investigation and the disruption of

the terrorist attack; prevent means to stop people on becoming a terrorist or even

supporting the terrorist group; protect means to improve the state security to stop

the terrorist attack; and the last one is prepare means to minimize the impact of

175 Comments by Air Vice Marshal Stringer, Chief of Staff Joint Command, to the defence select committee inquiry on UK military operations in Mosul and Raqqa, 15 May 2018, Q2 176 Ibid. 177 Home Office (2016) Operation of police powers under the Terrorism Act 2000, quarterly update to December 2015. Available at: https://www. gov.uk/government/statistics/operation-of-police- powers-under-the-terrorism-act-2000-quarterly- update-to-december-2015 178 Ibid.

52

the terrorist attack as well to recover as quickly as possible if there was an

attack.179

IV.1.1. The Use of UK Counter Terrorism Powers

In order to maintain the stand of pursue which the purpose is to

investigate the threats towards the UK government as well their interests in the

international stage. The UK government need to be able on finding as well to

track down the terrorists in the hostile environment where they could thrive (as in

the unstable region as well the one amid the civil wars).180

The Royal Prerogative

The Royal Prerogative could be exercised against the British passport

holders to cancel or refuse to issue, a passport on public interest grounds. It could

be used to disrupt individuals whom seek to travel to engage in the action of

terrorism. It has been used by the UK government between December until

January 2015, the Royal Prerogative power was used for 23 times. In order to do

that the UK government need to prepare several ways which are the counter

terrorism and security act as well the disruption on the terrorist funding. The Counter Terrorism and Security Act

The Counter-Terrorism and Security Act 2015 (CTSA) was passed last

year to ensure that the police and the security and intelligence agencies that have

the powers and capabilities for them to need to respond to increased the terrorist

threats to relate to Syria and Iraq. The measure in the Act provides the additional

means to disrupt the travel of the foreign terrorist fighters to as well from the

conflict area as well to improve the ability of the UK to and from the conflict area.

The UK needs to improve the ability to manage the return of the foreign terrorist.

The Act came into the force in February 2015, this include the summary of the

179 CONTEST. The United Kingdom’s Strategy for Countering Terrorism: Annual Report for 2015. Presented to the Parliament by the Secretary of State for the Home Department by Command of Her Majesty. https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/539683/55469_Cm_9310_Web_Accessible_v0.11.pdf. 2016 180 Ibid.

53

measures in the Act.181 This term strengthened aspects of Prevent and Protect

work.182

The government of UK seeks to make a hostile environment for the

terrorist financing by disrupting terrorist fundraising and the movement of the

terrorist funds into and out of the UK. In October 2015, the UK government

published the assessment of the terrorist finance risks as the part of their National

Risk Assessment of the Money Laundering as well the Terrorist Finance. The

Collaboration of the private sector on the terrorist finance was also improved by

the Joint Money Laundering Intelligence Taskforce initiatives. In April of 2015,

the UK government published their own action plan for the money laundering as

well the counter terrorist finance, which could be setting out how the government

is going to address the weakness which could be identified as the risk

assessment.183

In the term of prevent the UK government need to strengthened their

program in order to safeguard that is going to be vulnerable on the response to the

terrorist threat. The UK government has worked with the online industry to

remove the material which contain the term of terrorism as well the one

supporting the delivering of the counter narrative campaigns. The key objectives

of the prevent term in 2015, is to respond on the ideology of extremism and their

threats; prevent the people from being drawn into the terrorist group; have a good

cooperation with the specific sectors that can help them to maintain the risks of

radicalization.184

181 CONTEST. The United Kingdom’s Strategy for Countering Terrorism: Annual Report for 2015. Presented to the Parliament by the Secretary of State for the Home Department by Command of Her Majesty. https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/539683/55469_Cm_9310_Web_Accessible_v0.11.pdf. July 2016. 182 Ibid 183 Ibid 184 CONTEST. The United Kingdom’s Strategy for Countering Terrorism: Annual Report for 2015. Presented to the Parliament by the Secretary of State for the Home Department by Command of Her Majesty. https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/539683/55469_Cm_9310_Web_Accessible_v0.11.pdf.

54

In order to challenge this threat, the UK government is going to reduce the

risk of the foreign people traveling to as well returning from, the conflict in Syria

and Iraq was a major focus of our work in 2015. Approximately 850 individuals

of national security concern have travelled since the conflict began. Just under

half have returned to the UK and approximately 15% are deceased. Over the

course of 2015, fewer people travelled from the UK to the conflict area than in

previous years. The National Offender Management Service (NOMS) manages at

any one time over 1,000 prisoners who have been identified as extremist or

vulnerable to extremism.185 NOMS has continued to manage these prisoners

through measures such as disciplinary action and transfers within the prison

estate, and standard and dedicated programs. 143 specialist interventions and

assessments were completed with this group, based on the level of risk individuals

represent, with around 60 interventions underway at any one point.186

The Prevent statutory duty has prompted a significant step forward in the

delivery of Prevent work in sectors. The number of frontline staff who have

received training on radicalization increased significantly. For example, over

150,000 NHS staff received training in 2015. In total, over 400,000 frontline staff

received training, more than double the number from the previous year. To reach

even more staff, we are expanding our training offer by endorsing more products

and developing e-learning modules.187

We published statutory guidance on the duty, setting out that activity

should be informed by a risk assessment and should be proportionate to the threat.

We also issued specific advice to each sector for example, we launched the

Educate Against Hate online portal with the Department for Education to provide

advice and curriculum materials to parents, school leaders and governors. All

185 This includes the 143 people in custody in Great Britain for terrorism-related offences as of December 2015. 186 Ibid 187 CONTEST. The United Kingdom’s Strategy for Countering Terrorism: Annual Report for 2015. Presented to the Parliament by the Secretary of State for the Home Department by Command of Her Majesty. https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/539683/55469_Cm_9310_Web_Accessible_v0.11.pdf. July 2016.

55

sectors now have robust inspection frameworks in place to monitor

implementation of Prevent.188

In term of protect, the UK government has several objectives, which are

to strengthen their border security; reduce the vulnerability of their transport

network; to increase the resilience of their critical infrastructure; improve the

security of the crowded place in the state nation as well to improve the protective

security in key overseas locations.189

Border security remains a key focus of our Protect work. We continue to

improve and evolve our border detection systems to ensure they identify those

individuals and consignments which pose the greatest risk to the UK (for

example, firearms, explosives and drugs), whilst facilitating the movement of

legitimate travel and trade. We have developed a sophisticated freight targeting

capability and further enhanced our passenger data analytical capability.

Following the Paris attacks in November, the Ministry of Defense provided

mutual aid to other organizations working at the Border to support our counter-

terrorism effort.190

Since April 2015, exit checks have been in place on all international

commercial scheduled air, sea and rail services leaving the UK for destinations

outside the Common Travel Area.191 The check is made against passenger

information provided by port and service operators and can enable appropriate

interventions to prevent travel, but not in every instance. Our ability to intervene

to prevent individuals, including vulnerable adults and minors, leaving to travel to

conflict areas, and to prevent foreign nationals arriving here, depends on the

availability and accuracy of this advance information. We will continue to work

with carriers and operators to ensure that data about individuals traveling from

and into the UK is available to ports police and to Border Force in advance of

travel.

188 Ibid. 189 Ibid. 190 Daesh: UK Government Response. https://www.gov.uk/government/topical-events/daesh. 191 The Common Travel Area comprises the United Kingdom, the Republic of Ireland, the Channel Islands and the Isle of Man.

56

There have been significant developments in the way security is delivered

on the general rail network. These include: implementation of new transport

policing tactics to deter and detect criminal and terrorist activity, as well as to

reassure the general public; commencement of armed patrols on the London

Underground; and the dissemination of cyber security guidance to the rail

industry. We have continued to review the effectiveness of security arrangements

in place at our ports and cross-Channel rail services. This has included ongoing

reviews of arrangements in place at the Channel Tunnel, the Port of Calais, and

other locations in partnership with France. We have further enhanced perimeter

security and made technological advancements to x-ray scanners (to detect

weapons or explosives on passenger shuttles) at each end of the Channel Tunnel.

We assess all risks to our Critical National Infrastructure, from flooding to

cyber- attack to terrorism, and work with operators to enhance our infrastructure

security. We are reviewing infrastructure policing to ensure that the UK has the

right capability to protect our national infrastructure and address national threats.

The scope includes the protection of civil nuclear and some military sites, policing

at airports and policing of the strategic road and rail network. A number of

different national and local forces are currently responsible for policing this

infrastructure.

Prepare term has the number of objects to continue to build capabilities

to respond to and recover from a wide range of terrorist and other civil

emergencies; improve our preparedness for the highest impact risks in the

National Risk Assessment; improve the ability of the emergency services to work

together during a terrorist attack; and enhance communications and information

sharing for terrorist attacks.192 The Home Office continues to work with the

police, security and intelligence agencies, Armed Forces and other government

departments to regularly exercise our counter-terrorism response capabilities.

During summer 2015, we delivered Exercise STRONG TOWER in London. This

exercise tested the response of the Metropolitan Police Service, British Transport

Police and other agencies to a terrorist firearms attack in the capital. The 192 Daesh: UK Government Response. https://www.gov.uk/government/topical-events/daesh.

57

successful exercise provided a number of lessons on how to further improve our

response.

We have longstanding plans for responding to firearms attacks. But the

November Paris attacks were a terrible reminder of the destruction which a

marauding terrorist firearms attack can cause and the challenges it poses for the

emergency services. Following the attacks in Paris, we took the decision to

provide extra funding to uplift armed policing capability and capacity to respond

more quickly and effectively to a firearms attack. This funding uplift will total

£35 million in 2016/17, with more to follow in future years.

In 2015, the Armed Forces established plans to provide support in the

event of a large scale terrorist attack in the UK. If needed, up to 10,000 military

personnel, supported by military experts such as bomb disposal teams, are on

standby to support the civil authorities. The Joint Emergency Services

Interoperability Program was developed to ensure that the emergency services

work together effectively to save as many lives as possible. In 2015, we built on

the original 2012 to 2014 program to continue to improve multi-agency response

to major incidents through joint training and exercising. In 2015, the emergency

services also implemented a new national system for identifying, analyzing and

addressing learning from both real-life incidents and training exercises.193

IV.2. The UK Operation Shader to Combat the ISIL

Operation SHADER is the operational code name given to British military

operations undertaken as part of the US global coalition against the ISIL. The

operation began in Iraq on 26 September 2014 in response to a formal request

from the Iraqi government. The intervention extended to Syria in October 2014,

with the Royal Air Force mandated to conduct surveillance flights over the

country. On 2 December 2015, the British Government approved RAF airstrikes

193 CONTEST. The United Kingdom’s Strategy for Countering Terrorism: Annual Report for 2015. Presented to the Parliament by the Secretary of State for the Home Department by Command of Her Majesty. https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/539683/55469_Cm_9310_Web_Accessible_v0.11.pdf. July 2016.

58

against ISIL in Syria. Since then, the RAF has operated at its highest level in 25

years in a single theatre of operation on June 2016, over 1,000 personnel were

engaged, with the RAF having flown more than 2,200 sorties, including

approximately 900 airstrikes that have resulted in the deaths of nearly 1,000 ISIL

fighters. Operation Shader also involves the Royal Navy, the British Army and

special forces.194

The Operation Shader is one of the UK operations in tackling the ISIL,

which also known as the second largest movement against ISIL after the United

States. There are MQ 9 Reaper drones based in Cyprus which responsible for 30%

of aerial surveillance over Syria. Tornado jets that have been involves since the

beginning of this mission, as well the Typhoon aircraft that joined this operation

in the late 2015, when the parliament voted to extend their air campaign against

ISIL in Syria.195

In the Operation Shader itself, the Royal Air Force, the Army and the

Royal Navy are taking each of their part in the movement. But, the fact is that,

most of the forces in the Operation Shader is basically coming from the Royal Air

Force (RAF). In 2014, there are total 1.950 RAF personnel were deployed with

the number growing each year. In 2017, there are around 2.230 RAF personnel

involved in this Operation Shader.196 For the British Army, there are 500 of them

in 2014 and in 2017 there are around 1.920 Army personnel involved in this

movement.197 The Royal Navy has around 60 personnel in 2014, but in 2017 it

rises into 80 members involved in Operation Shader.

During the nearly four-year campaign, the RAF operation has been

substantial. The UK has been the second largest contributor to air operations in

Iraq and Syria, conducting sorties at a During the nearly four-year campaign, the

RAF operation has been substantial. The UK has been the second largest

contributor in the air operations in the Iraq and Syria, which they could conduct 194 “Operation Shader.” http://www.warfare.today/category/operations/operation-shader/. 195 “Operation Shader: All you need to know about the Britain’s Fight Against IS.” April 2019. https://www.forces.net/news/three-years-op-shader-1500-airstrikes-against-islamic-state. 196 Ibid. 197 Ibid.

59

the airstrikes against the ISIL in the region. They also provided intelligence,

surveillance as well reconnaissance for the Coalition partners.198 In evidence to

the defense select committee in May 2018 Air Vice Marshal Stringer, former UK

Air Component Commander in the Middle East revealed that “our Sentinel stand

off radar provided about 25% to 30% of the overall [intelligence] contribution”.199

IV.2.1. The United Kingdom Royal Air Force to Defeat ISIL

The United Kingdom air forces or known as the Royal Air Force (RAF)

began their first air strike against the ISIL in 2014. Between then and. 2017, the

RAF Typhoon, Tornado and Reaper aircraft have struck the ISIL region more

than 1,300 times in Iraq and over 260 times in Syria.200 Through that time, the

terror group has lost their territory in the Iraq and Syria, their finance status has

been disturb and the leaders as well the fighters as the 71 member coalition has

liberated in those two cities.201 Militarily, the UK is now making the second-

largest contribution to the air component. However, in line with most other

coalition partners, at the time of writing the UK is only conducting bombing

operations against ISIL in the Iraq region and not across the border in Syria

(although it carries out airborne intelligence and surveillance missions over both

countries).202

The United Kingdom government efforts to defeat ISIL in Iraq and Syria

are part of a wider strategy to promote peace and prosperity in the Middle East

and North Africa. The Arab Spring in 2011 highlighted the interconnected nature

of the region, which ISIL has subsequently exploited to expand across Iraq, Syria

and Libya. Thus, efforts to defeat ISIL are essential to the stability and security of

198 Ministry of Defence, Update: air strikes against Daesh. 199 Oral evidence: UK Military operations in Mosul and Raqqa, HC 999, Q.9 200 Royal Air Force, “Combating DAESH: The UK is playing a leading role in a global coalition.” https://www.raf.mod.uk/what-we-do/overview/combating-daesh/. 201 Ibid. 202 US Department of Defense, ‘Operation Inherent Resolve Targeted Operations against ISIL Terrorists’, Special Report: Operation Inherent Resolve, <http://www.defense.gov/home/ features/2014/0814_iraq/>.

60

the whole region.203 According to official reports released by the Ministry of

Defence (MoD) reports, between October 2014 and the end of July 2015, RAF

Tornados conducted at least 200 air strikes, with a further 132 strikes launched by

Reaper drones.204

Given this force, the significant lesson is that strike numbers have been

severely limited by the lack of suitable targets rather than available assets: the

ISTAR assets, Tornados and Reapers together are capable of a far greater strike

rate than that achieved since October 2014. The RAF does not have political

clearance to attack targets within Syria, although Reapers do conduct

reconnaissance and, controversially, an RAF Reaper was employed in a targeted

strike against British foreign fighter Reyaad Khan in Syria on 21 August 2015, in

what the government justified as a necessary counter-terrorist act.205 The other

movements did by the UK Royal Air Force is the operation shader, which would

be supporting the air campaign did by the RAF in the Iraq and Syria.206

IV.2.2. The United Kingdom Army to Defeat ISIL

The British Army has been in Iraq since October 2014 in a non-combat

role, training Iraqi Security Forces and Kurdish Peshmerga forces. The British

Army is also leading the Coalition’s counter-IED training program. At the end of

June 2016, the MOD announced a further 50 personnel would deploy to Al Asad

airbase in western Iraq to give training in counter-IED methods, infantry tactics

and medical care. At present, the total size of the British Army in Iraq amounts to

500 personnel. It is estimated that the British Army has already trained almost

40,000 Iraqi troops, including 7,300 Peshmerga, in bases at Besmaya, Taji and al-

203 Royal Air Force, “Combating DAESH: The UK is playing a leading role in a global coalition.” https://www.raf.mod.uk/what-we-do/overview/combating-daesh/.. 204 Ministry of Defence, ‘British Forces Air Strikes in Iraq: Monthly List’, <https://www.gov.uk/ government/publications/british-forces-air-strikes-in-iraq-monthly-list>. 205 A second British foreign fighter, Ruhul Amin, was also killed in the strike. See David Cameron’s statement to the House of Commons on refugees and counter-terrorism in Syria, 7 September 2015, <https://www.gov.uk/government/speeches/syria-refugees-and-counter-terrorism-prime- ministers-statement>. 206 “Operation Shader.” http://www.warfare.today/category/operations/operation-shader/.

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Asad. Many of those soldiers are now seeing action in the battle to liberate

Mosul.207

The US requested additional help for its train and equip program in Syria,

and from 25 October 2016 the British Army was detailed to resume training of

vetted Syrian opposition groups. A total of 20 Army personnel have deployed to

locations outside of Syria to provide this training. The British Army has deployed

to Iraq elements of 2nd Battalion, The Yorkshire Regiment (2 YORKS); 2nd

Battalion, The Princess of Wales’s Royal Regiment (2 PWRR); 1st Battalion, The

Rifles (1 RIFLES) (July 2015 – January 2017); 4th Battalion, The Rifles (4

RIFLES); and 2nd Battalion, The Duke of Lancaster’s Regiment (2 LANCS). The

4th Battalion, The Royal Regiment of Scotland (The Highlanders) (4 SCOTS),

replaced 1 RIFLES at al-Asad airbase, Anbar Province, in January 2017 for a six-

month tour. Currently being deployed is the 2nd Battalion, The Royal Regiment

of Scotland (2 SCOTS).208

IV.2.3. The United Kingdom Royal Navy to Defeat ISIL

The Royal Navy first ship to be deployed was HMS Defender, a Type 45

destroyer, in October 2014. In August 2016, it was announced that HMS Daring,

another Type 45 destroyer, would deploy to the Gulf to give air defense support to

the US Carrier Groups there. HMS Defender returned to base. HMS Ocean was

deployed in September 2016 as part of the UK’s Joint Expeditionary Force

(Maritime) Task Force on operations until March 2017. In total, there are around

1350 Armed Forces personnel are deployed in Operation Shader, with elements in

Cyprus, Turkey, Iraq, Jordan, Kuwait, Bahrain and Qatar.209

207 Ibid. 208 “Operation Shader.” http://www.warfare.today/category/operations/operation-shader/. 209 Ibid.

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CHAPTER V

CONCLUSION

ISIL is one of the terrorist groups that is becoming the biggest threat to the

world’s security. ISIL has become the one shaking the world’s stable situation

into a chaos starting from the Syria and Iraq. In Syria and Iraq, the ISIL has taken

their place as the one perpetrators for the death of more than hundreds of people

in the region. Then, ISIL presence is not only in the Iraq and Syria but their

movement are now spreading towards the other part of the world. Like one of the

example to the Europe region like Paris for one of the example. Because of that,

the United Kingdom is also being threatened by the presence of the ISIL. They

believe that the ISIL somehow could be attacking the region in UK, in which

made the level of terrorism attack in the UK become in the level of SEVERE.

The whole analysis in this thesis is about the United Kingdom movement

against the ISIL threats toward the security of their region. The UK statement on

ISIL could be found in their Defense White Paper 2015, where in the chapter 4,

the UK stated that the ISIL is a significant threat towards the world and the UK

itself. UK then followed the movement of US against the ISIL, on war on

terrorism, in which the UK is being the second largest anti terrorism movement

after the US. This thesis is going to be focused on the military plan and

movement of the United Kingdom to prevent the attack of the ISIL by

maintaining the security of their border as well to protect the state nation bu

strengthening their military troops as well the military strategy they established

against the ISIL.

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The military strategy against the ISIL could be seen from the presence of the

Royal Navy, Royal Air Force and the United Kingdom Army whom are all ready

to prevent the spreading of ISIL also to attack on their presence in the Iraq, Syria

and the other part of the world. This is also in the same line of the UK national

interest to protect their people and their state from the threats of ISIL One of the

way is the Operation Shader. The Operation Shader is one of the UK operations in

tackling the ISIL, which also known as the second largest movement against ISIL

after the United States. There are MQ 9 Reaper drones based in Cyprus which

responsible for 30% of aerial surveillance over Syria. Tornado jets that have been

involves since the beginning of this mission, as well the Typhoon aircraft that

joined this operation in the late 2015, when the parliament voted to extend their

air campaign against ISIL in Syria.

In the Operation Shader itself, the Royal Air Force, the Army and the

Royal Navy are taking each of their part in the movement. But, the fact is that,

most of the forces in the Operation Shader is basically coming from the Royal Air

Force (RAF). In 2014, there are total 1.950 RAF personnel were deployed with

the number growing each year. In 2017, there are around 2.230 RAF personnel

involved in this Operation Shader. For the British Army, there are 500 of them in

2014 and in 2017 there are around 1.920 Army personnel involved in this

movement. The Royal Navy has around 60 personnel in 2014, but in 2017 it rises

into 80 members involved in Operation Shader. Thus, the implementation of the

UK movements to tackle on ISIL presence in the world is still on going as their

national security interests are also on the process to be fulfilled. The United

Kingdom is going to keep on maintaining the existence and the movement of ISIL

as well find new strategy to banished them from the international system.

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