Policy Studies Review, August, 1984, Yol. 4, No. 1.

D8Vld Steel UNITED KINGDOM

1. Training proqrammes designed to prepare people for teaching, research or qovernment practice in policy analysis. The definition o f policy studies and i t s boundaries wi th publ ic administration and political science are ve ry imprecise. For practical reasons these answers focus mainly upon the activities o f political scientists (most o f which, o f course, occur in con- junction wi th those from other disciplines). Inevitably, however, th is means that they provide only pa r t o f the picture.

(1) In recent years there has been a rapid increase in the number o f programmes, a t both undergraduate and postgraduate levels, whose t i t les include the word lpoiicyl. They vary, however, in the extent t o which they focus both upon policy-making rather than public administration generally and upon pol icy analysis rather than pol icy studies. It has not been possible to examine their contents in detail and the l is t below there- fore includes al l 'policy1 programmes and those public administration pro- grammes which appear to have a part icular policy orientation. Many political science programmes also include courses in policy-making.

( 2 ) The programmes l isted also va ry in the extent o f the i r vocational orientation. Many o f the postgraduate programmes are attended by serv- ing public servants (on secondment, day- o r block-release); a number o f the undergraduate programmes include a year's placement w i th a public authority; and in planning most o f the programmes discussions wil l have taken place with publ ic authorities. No information is available as to the number o f graduates who obtain employment in the f ield o f policy analysis. Of the inst i tut ions listed, the Inst i tute o f Local Government Studies (Birm- ingham), the School for Advanced Urban Studies (Bristol) and the Centre for the Study o f Public Policy (Strathclyde) have part icular ly close l inks with publ ic authorities.

(3 ) The Centre for the Study o f Public Policy launched a Policy Analy- sis Teaching Package in 1981 to provide a series o f teaching booklets to assist others in designing and mounting policy analysis courses.

(4 ) The position in Br i ta in generally i s discussed and compared with the USA by R.A.W. Rhodes in Public Administmtion and Policy Analysis (Farnborough: Saxon House, 1979).

U N DE RG RADUATE PROGRAMMES

#Poi icy' programmes

University o f Birmingham BA in Public Policymaking and Adminis- trat ion

University o f Essex University o f Kent Paisley College o f Technology BA in Social Studies (w i th specialisation in

BA in Policymaking and Administration BA in Br i t i sh and American Policy Studies

Public Policy) 156

Steel /Unl tad K1 ngdm 157

Public Administration Programmes

University o f Kent Leicester Polytechnic Manchester Polytechnic Newcastle Polytechnic Sheffield Polytechnic University o f Strathclyde

POSTGRADUATE PROGRAMMES

University o f Bath universi ty o f Birmingham

(Inst i tute o f Local Government Studies)

University o f Bristol (School for Advanced Urban Studies)

University o f Kent London School o f Economics

MSc in Public Policy MSocSc in Local Government and Health

Service Studies

MSc in Public Policy Studies

MSc in Public Policy Studies MSc in Public Administration

MA(Econ) in Public Policy and Adminis-

Diploma in Public Policy Diploma in Policy and Administrative

MSc in Public Policy

and Public Policy

t rat ion

Studies

University o f Manchester

Newcastle Polytechnic Sheffleld Polytechnic

University o f Strathclyde (Centre for the Study o f Public Policy)

2. Major act ivi t ies in government agencies that deal w i th evaluating the abi l i ty o f alternative policies to achieve given goals.

(1) Most central departments have a policy planning unit one o f whose functions is policy analysis (see J. Macdonald and G.K. Fry, 'Policy Planning Units - Ten Years On', Public Administrotion, Vol. 58 (1980). pp. 421-37). Many local authorities have established equivalent units.

(2) In 1970-71 the then Conservative Government set up machinery designed to bring the effectiveness o f government policies under periodic and systematic review. First, it established a system o f programme analy- sis and review (known as PAR) to explore the effectiveness o f selected departmental programmes and to consider alternative means o f achieving a given policy objective. Second, i t established a small (16-20 members) multi-disciplinary unit, the Central Policy Review Staff (CPRS), to act as a policy analysis unit ranging across departmental boundaries. PAR was wound up in 1979 and the CPRS in 1983 (but from 1974 i t s role was limit- ed). Since 1979, under the supervision o f Sir Derek Rayner, a serles o f investigations had been undertaken into the efficiency o f part icular pro- grammes.

3. Universi ty o r pr ivate research inst i tutes that do policy analysis.

UNIVERSITIES. In most universit ies and polytechnics there are a few In a few cases, however, there individuals engaged In policy analysis.

are research teams constituted as a research unit:

158 Polfcy Studies Revfar, August, 1984, 4:1

University o f Birmingham, Inst i tute o f Local Government Studies University o f Bristol, School for Advanced Urban Studies University o f Essex, Centre for Economic and Political Analysis University o f Glasgow, Department o f Social and Economic Research University o f Leicester, Public Sector Economics Research Centre University o f Strathclyde. Centre for the Study o f Public Policy

There are also a number o f uni ts dealing w i t h part icular policy sectors (e.g. University o f Aston, Technology Policy Unit; University o f Bath, Centre for European Industr ial Studies; University o f Sussex, Science Policy Research Unit; Centre for Urban and Regional Studies, University o f Birmingham).

PRIVATE INSTITUTES

Insti tute for Fiscal Studies National Inst i tute o f Economic and Social Research Policy Studies Inst i tute (created through a merger in 1978 o f Political

Royal Inst i tute of International Af fa i rs Royal Inst i tute o f Public Administration

and Economic Planning and the Centre for Studies in Social Policy)

In addition, there are a number o f politically-committed inst i- tuteslorganisations (e.g. Centre for Policy Studies and Inst i tute o f Eco- nomic Affairs on the right, the Fabian Society on the lef t ) .

4. Sources of funding for policy analysis research. The principal sources o f funding are:

(1 ) the Social Science Research Council (Exchequer funded but directed

( 2 ) government agencies (e.g. central departments and local author-

( 3 ) pr ivate foundations (e.g. Leverhulme Trust , Nuff ield Foundation,

largely by academics)

i t ies)

Joseph Rowntree Trust, Gatsby Charitable Foundation)

5. Especially prominent individuals and their leading publications in the field o f policy analysis. This question is too extensive to answer here and there are no satisfactory cr i ter ia fo r selection. Readers wishing to contact Br i t ish researchers in this f ield should consult the directors o f the various inst i tut ions l isted in the other sections and lor any o f the standard bibli- ographies.

PER 10D 1 CALS

Br i t i sh Journal o f Political Science (Cambridge University Press) Journal o f Public Policy (Centre for the Study o f Public Policy and

Cambridge University Press) Local Government Studies ( Inst i tute o f Local Government Studies and

Charles Knight Ltd.) Policy and Politics (School for Advanced Urban Studies) Policy Studies (Policy Studies Inst i tute)

Stwl/Unlted Kingdom

Political Studies (Political Studies Association and Butterworth) Public Administration (Royal Inst i tute o f Public Administration) Public Administration Bullet in (Public Administration Committee) Public Money (Chartered Inst i tute of Public Finance and Accountancy)

159

There are also many journals dealing w i t h policy in part icular areas, e.g. British Journal of International Studies, Energy Policy, Fiscal Studies, Journal of Social Policy, Social Policy and Administration 1.

BOOK PUBLISHERS

Most social science publishers have produced some policy analysis titles. The following have extensive l ists in political science and public adminis- trat ion and have published a number o f books with a policy focus.

Allen and Unwin Cambridge University Press Croom Helm Frances Pinter Cower Cran t Mclnty r e Harvester Press Heinemann Macmillan Mart in Robertson Routledge and Kegan Paul Sage Saxon House W i ley

Most o f the research inst i tutes l isted above publ ish series o f occasional papers (e.g. the Centre for the Study o f Public Policy's Studies in Public Policy 1.

7 . Associations o f scholars, practitioners, o r the general publ ic that have poi icy analysis as one o f their major activities.

Political Studies Association o f the United Kingdom (the professional asso- ciation o f political scientists in higher education)

Public Administration Committee o f the Joint University Council for Social and Public Administration (which represents al l those inst i tut ions in higher education which are involved in teaching and research in public administration.

Royal inst i tute o f Public Administration (whose members comprise public inst i tut ions and Individuals - scholars, practi t ioners and the general publ ic)

There are also various associations in part icular policy sectors (e.g. Royal Inst i tute o f International Affairs, Br i t i sh Inst i tute o f Energy Economics, Br i t i sh International Studies Association, Social Administration Association, Regional Studies Association).