1Medical Terminology

Unit 9Surgery, Diabetes, Prefixes of

Place, Immunology, and Numbers

Lapar/o = Abdominal Walln Lapar/ectomy : An excision of part of the

abdominal walln Lapar/o/scopy: The process of examining the

abdominal cavity with a scopen Lapar/o/scope: An instrument that allows a

physician to view the inside of the abdominal cavity and its organs

n Lapar/o/scop/ic (adj.): Pertaining to laparoscope or laparoscopyn Lapar/o/scop/ically assisted vaginal hyster/ectomy

(LAVH)n Lapar/o/scopic cholecystectomy

Lapar/o = Abdominal Walln Lapar/o/tomy: An incision into the abdominal

walln Lapar/o/rrhaphy: A suturing of the abdominal

wall

n Lapar/o/hepat/otomy: Incision into the liver through the abdomen

n Lapar/o/col/ostomy : New opening in the colon through the abdomen

n Lapar/o/gastr/otomy: Incision into the stomach through the abdomen

n Laparohysterosalpingo-oophorectomy

MeansExcision of uterus, fallopian tubes, and

ovaries through abdominal incision.(p.292 of textbook is incorrect)

Pyr/o = Heat, Fever, Fire

n Pyr/o/maniac: One who has a madness (excessive preoccupation) for starting or seeing fires

n Pyr/exia: Fevern Pyr/osis: A condition of heat

(heartburn)n Hyper/pyr/exia: A condition of high

fever (over 102 degree F)

Pyr/o = Heat, Fever, Fire

n Pyr/o/meter: Instrument for measuring heat (thermometer)

n Pyr/o/lysis: Destruction by fevern Pyr/o/phobia: Abnormal fear of firen Pyr/o/mania: Madness (obsession) for

setting firesn Pyr/o/toxin: A toxin (poison) produced

by fever or high body temperature

2Hydro- & Hidro-

n Hydro- = Water, Fluid

n Hidro- = Sweat n hidros = sweat

Hidro- = Sweat

n Hidro/cyst/aden/oma: Cystic tumor of a sweat gland

n Hidr/aden/itis: Inflammation of sweat glands

n Hidr/osis: Condition of sweatingn Hyper/hidr/osis: Profuse sweatingn Hidr/o/rrhea: Flow of sweatn An/hidr/osis: Absence of sweat

Glyc/o, Gluc/o = Sweet, Sugar

n Glyc/o (glycos), Gluc/o (glucos)n Glyc/o/genesis, Gluc/o/genesis:

Formation of sugarn Glyc/o/protein, Gluc/o/protein:

substance made of sugar and proteinn Glycos/uria, Glucos/uria: Sugar in the

urine

Glyc/o, Gluc/o = Sweet, Sugar

n Glyc/o/gen: Animal starch formed from simple sugars and stored as reserve fuel. To use its reserve fuel supply, body must convert it to its simple form, glucose

n Gluc/o/genesis: The formation of glucose from glycogen stores

n Glyc/o/genesis: The formation of glycogen from glucose

Glyc/o, Gluc/o = Sweet, Sugar

n Glyc/o/lysis: The breakdown (destruction) of sugar

n Glyc/o/rrhea: The discharge (flow) of sugar from the body

n Glyc/o/lipid: Sugar and fat

Glyc/emia = Sugar in blood

n Hyper/glyc/emian High blood sugar in

blood

n Hypo/glyc/emian Low blood sugar in

blood

3Diabetes Mellitusn Characterized by hyperglycemia and other

metabolic disturbancesn Type I (insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus,

[IDDM])n Childhood onset. Cannot produce insulin, so insulin

dependent, and can develop ketoacidosisn Type II (Non-insulin-dependent diabetes

mellitus, [NIDDM])n Adult onset. Makes insulin but body is resistant to insulin.

Associated with obesity. Responds to diet modification and oral hypoglycemic agents

n Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM)n Hyperglycemia developed during pregnancy.

Symptoms of Diabetes

n Poly/ur/ian Poly/dips/ian Poly/phag/ia

v Excessive urinationv Excessive thirstv Excessive hunger

New Prefixes

n Ecto-, Exo-n Endo-n Meso-n Retro-n Para-

Outer- outside Inner-inside Middle Backward-behind Near

n Blast/o/derm: an embryonic disk of cells that gives rise to the 3 main layers of tissue

n Inner germ layern Organs inside the body: stomach, intestine

n Middle germ layern Muscle

n Outer germ layern Skin, nerve, glands, sense organs

Endo/derm

Meso/derm

Ecto/derm

Ecto-, Exo- = Outside

n Ecto/genous, Exo/genous: Something produced outside an organism

Opposite ofn Endo/genous: Something produced

within an organism

Ecto-, Exo- = Outside

n Ecto/cyt/ic: Outside a celln Ecto/plasm: Protoplasm that forms

outer membrane of the cell

4Endo- = Insiden Endo/cyst/ic: Inside a bladdern Endo/plasm, Cyt/o/plasm: Protoplasm within

a celln Endo/crani/al: Within the craniumn Endo/chondr/al: Within cartilagen Endo/enter/itis: Inflammation of the lining of

the small intestinen Endo/cardi/al, Endo/cardi/ac: Pertaining to

the lining of the heartn Endo/col/itis: Inflammation of the lining of a

colon

Endo- = Inside

n Endo/scope: An instrument used to look into a hollow organ or cavity of the body

n Endo/scopy, Gastr/o/scopy : The process of viewing the stomach through an instrumentn Esophag/o/gastr/o/duoden/o/scopy (EGD)

n End/arter/ectomy : Removal of a substance (atheroma) from the inside of an artery

Ectopic

n Ec/topic: Out of place

n Ect/o = outsiden Top/os = placen -ic = (adjectival suffix)

n Ectopic pregnancy is a pregnancy occurring outside of the uterus

Meso- = Middle

n Mes/entery: Peritoneum attaching intestine to the abdominal wall. (middle intestine)

n Meso/colon: Peritoneum attaching large intestine to the abdominal wall. (mesentery of the colon)

n Meso/dont/ic: Pertaining to middle-sized teeth

Retro- = Behindn Retro/colic: Behind the colonn Retro/mammary: Behind the mammary gland

(breast)n Retro/stern/al: Behind the stern/umn Retro/version: Turning backwardn Retro/periton/eum: Space behind the

peritoneumn Retro/periton/itis: Inflammation of

retroperitoneal space

5Ante- vs. Retro-

n Ante- = Front, Forward

n Ante/flexionn Bending forward

n Ante/versionn Turning forward

n Retro- = Behind, Backward

n Retro/flexionn Bending backward

n Retro/versionn Turning backward

ERCP

n Endo/scop/ic Retro/grade Chol/angi/o/pancreat/o/graphy (ERCP)n An X-ray procedure in which an endoscope

is used to inject a contrast medium into the ducts of the pancreas and gallbladder so that any obstructions can be viewed.

Para- = Near, Beside, Aroundn Para/centr /al: Near the center or around the

centern Para-/appendic/itis: Inflammation around the

appendixn Para/cyst/itis: Inflammation around (near) the

bladdern Para/colp/itis: Inflammation of tissues around

(near) the vaginan Para/hepat/itis: Inflammation of tissues around

(near) the livern Para/nephr /itis: Inflammation of tissues around

(near) the kidney

Immun/o = Immunen Immun/ity: One of the bodys protections

from diseasesn Immun/o/logy: The study of the function of

the immune systemn Immun/o/logist: The one who specializes in

immune systemn Immun/o/therapy: Treatment through

stimulation or suppression of immune response

n Immun/ization: Protection of an individual from diseases by vaccination or injection

Immun/o = Immune

n Immun/o/deficiency: Decreased ability to respond with appropriate immune responsen HIV (Human immunodeficiency virus)n AIDS (Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome)

n Immune response: Bodys response to antigen (foreign protein) by producing antibodies to disable the invader.

Vaccin/e = Vaccine

n Vaccines (immunization) are given by injection (or ingestion for older vaccines) to stimulate the bodys natural immune response. This allows us to resist an infection when exposed to that specific organism in the future.n Vacca = Cow (cow pox was used for the

first vaccine against small pox.)

6Typical vaccinesn (DPT), DaPT

n (OPV), IPVn HBV

n (MMRV) MMRn Hib

n T d

n Var

n Diphtheria, pertussis, tetanusn Acellular pertussis used now

n (Oral) or Injectable Polio Vaccine

n Hepatitis B Virusn Measles, Mumps, Rubella

n Haemophilus influenzae bn Tetanus, diphtheria (adult booster)

n Varicella (chicken pox)

Aut/o = Self

n Aut/o/mobile: Self-propelled vehiclen Aut/o/bi/o/graphy: Self-biographyn Aut/o/di/a/gnos/is: Diagnosing ones

own diseasen Aut/o/derm/ic: Pertaining to ones own

skinn Aut/o/nom/ic: Self-controllingn Aut/o/lysis: Self-destroying

Aut/o = Self

n Aut/o/immunity: Reaction of immune response to ones own tissues

n Aut/o/phobia: Abnormal fear of being alone

n Aut/o/phagia: Biting ones selfn Aut/o/hem/o/therapy: Therapy with

ones own bloodn Aut/o/plasty: Surgery using grafts from

ones own body

Aut/o = Self

n Aut/o/logous: (adj.) Originating in itself. Coming from ones own body.n Autologous blood transfusion

n Aut/o/graft: Graft of tissue from ones own body

n Aut/o/gen/ous: Made by or from ones own bodyn i.e. vaccines made from a culture of the patients

own bacteria

Numerical Prefixes

GREEK LATINn hemi- semi-n mono- uni-n prot- prim-n di(plo)- bi-n tri- tri-n tetra- quadr-n penta- quint-

o Halfo Oneo Firsto Twoo Threeo Fouro Five

Numerical Prefixesn hexa- sexta-n hepta- septa-

n octa- oct-

n enne(a)- non(i)-n deca- dec(i)-

(10) (0.1)

n hecto- cent(i)-(100) (0.01)

n kilo- mill(i)-(1,000) (0.001)

o Sixo Seveno Eighto Nineo Ten, tentho One hundred,

One hundredtho One thousand,

One thousandth

7Mono- = One, Single

n Monorail, Monopoly, Monogamyn Mono/graph: Deals with a single subjectn Mono/nucle/ar: Has one nucleusn Mono/mania: Abnormal preoccupation

with one subject onlyn Mono/cyte: One cell (a type of

leukocyte)n Mon/oma: One tumor

Mono- = One, Single

n Mono/my/o/plegia: Paralysis of one muscle

n Mono/neur/al: Pertaining to one nerven Mono/cyt/osis: Condition of increase in

number of monocytesn Mono/nucle/osis: Viral infection causing

monocytosisn Mono

Multi- = Many, More than one

n Multiply, Multitude, Multiplen Multi/capsular: Many capsulesn Multi/glandular: (adj.) Many glandsn Multi/cellular: (adj.) Many cellsn Multi/nuclear: (adj.) Many nuclei

Multi- = Many, More than one

n Multi/para: Having many live births n Par = to bearn Refers to the mother

n Multi/parous: (adj.) Having borne more than one childn Refers to the mother or may mean multiple

births (twins or triplets)

Nulli- = None

n Nullify = to bring it to nothingn Nulli/para: A woman who has never

borne a childn Nulli/par/ous: (adj.) Pertaining to no

live births

Primi- = First

n Primi/para: A woman who is having her first child. First live birth

n Primi/gravida: A woman experiencing her first pregnancyn Gravida = heavy or weighted down,

pregnant

8deca- = Ten, deci- = One tenth

n Deca- = 10n Deca/liter (dal)

= 10 litern Deca/gram (dag)

= 10 gram

n Deci- = 1/10, 0.1n Deci/liter (dl)

= 1/10 of a litern Deci/gram (dg)

= 1/10 of a gram

Kilo- Milli-

n = One thousandn = 1000n Kilo/meter (km)

= 1000 metern Kilo/gram (kg)

= 1000 gram

n = One thousandthn = 1/1000n Millimeter (mm)

= 1/1000 metern Milli/gram (mg)

= 1/1000 gram

Cubic Centimeter

n Cubic Centimeter (cc) = cm3

= 1 cm x 1 cm x 1 cmn Unit for measuring a volumen In fluid such as water, 1 cc = 1 ml

Practice

n One Hundred meters

n One hundredth of a meter

n One hundred grams

n One hundredth of a gram

q Hecto/meter(hm)

q Centi/meter(cm)

q Hecto/gram(hg)

q Centi/gram(cg)

Abbreviation

n 2 h pc, 2o pc

n 2 h pp, 2o pp

n 2 h pg, 2o pg

n C6H12O6n ab (I, II, III)

n Sab2, Tab3

n 2 hours postcibal (after meal)

n 2 hours postprandial (after meal)

n 2 hours post-glucose test (after drinking glucose)

n Glucosen Abortion (spontaneous or

induced) number

Abbreviationn AIDS

n ARCn CSTn DPT or

DTPn EGDn ERCP

n Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome

n AIDS-related complexn Certified surgical technologistn Diphtheria, pertussis, tetanus

n Esophagogastroduodenoscopyn Endoscopic retrograde

cholangiopancreatography

9Abbreviationn FBSn grav (I, II, III)

n G 1, G 2n GTT

n HBn hBvn Hibn HIV

n Fasting blood sugarn Number of pregnancies

n Glucose tolerance test (3h, 5h)n Hepatitis virusn Hepatitis B vaccinen Haemophilus influenza vaccinen Human immunodeficiency virus

Abbreviationn IDDM (type I

diabetes)n LAVH

n mg/dln MMRV

n monon NIDDM (type II

diabetes)

n Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus

n Laparoscopically assisted vaginal hysterectomy

n Milligrams per decilitern Measles, mumps, rubella

(vaccine)n Mononucleosisn Noninsulin-dependent diabetes

mellitus

Abbreviationn OPVn para (I, II, III)

n P 1, P 2

n S/A, S&An Tdn Var

n Oral poliovirus vaccinen Number of live births

n Sugar and acetonen Tetanus (and diphtheria)n Chicken pox vaccine

(Varicella zoster)