UNIT 1:OVERVIEW ON READINGSKILLS AND REVIEW OF

TENSESObjectives:1. To get general ideas of reading

skills2. To learn tenses used to

express ideas in a text

I. Reading and ReadingComprehension

1) What is reading comprehension?2) What do we read?3) Why do we read?4) How do we read?5) What skills does reading involve?

I. Reading and ReadingComprehension

1) What is reading comprehension? Understanding text as efficiently as possible for different

purposes

2) What do we read? Novels, short stories; other literary texts and passages (e.g.

essays, diaries, anecdotes, biographies) Newspapers and magazines Handbooks, textbooks, guidebooks Statistics, diagrams, flow / pie charts, time-tables, map Others

3) Why do we read? Reading for pleasure Reading for information (in order to find out something or in

order to do something with the information you get)

4) How do we read?

Skimming: quickly running ones eyes over atext to get the gist of it.

Scanning: quickly going through a text tofind a particular piece of information.

Extensive reading: reading longer texts,usually for ones own pleasure. This is afluency activity, mainly involving globalunderstanding.

Intensive reading: reading shorter texts toextract specific information. This is more anaccuracy activity involving reading for detail.

5) What skills does readinginvolve?

Skimming to find the topic and the main ideaof a passage

Scanning to find specific pieces ofinformation intended

Finding referents Guessing meanings of unknown words Understanding particular text organizations Reading tables and graphs Transferring information and understanding

transitional markers Distinguishing facts from opinions

Verb Tense Review

Verb tense expresses the time of an eventor action. Time and how it is expressed inwriting is very important to Englishreaders. The English language has twelvedifferent tenses, but only seven of them,the most commonly found in a written text,will be discussed in this unit.

The Importance of Time

Verbs. What is a verb?

A verb is a word which describes theaction in a sentence (the doing word)

ExamplesI play football.They skip quickly.We eat spaghetti.Bob is seven today.

Verb Tenses

Verb tenses describe WHEN the actionis happening.

PRESENT (its happening NOW.) PAST (its ALREADY happened.) FUTURE (its ABOUT to happen.)

Simple Present Tense

Otherwise known as the

Timeless Present

Simple Present Tense isused:

When you are referring to habitualactions--actions that you always ornever do

When you are referring to unchangingtruths

When you are making generalstatements of fact

simple present tense

Diagram--time on a line

SIMPLEPRESENT

PRESENTPROGRESSIVE

PRESENTPERFECT

(+) {I-You-We-They}work.{He-She-It} works.

I am working.{You-We-They} areworking.{He-She-It} isworking

{I-You-We-They}have eaten lunch.{He-She-It} haseaten lunch.

() {I-You-We-They} donot work.{He-She-It} doesnot work.

I am not working{You-We-They} arenot working{He-She-It} is notworking

{I-You-We-They}have not (havent)eaten lunch.{He-She-It} has not(hasnt) eaten lunch.

(?) Do {I-you-we they} work?Does {he-she-it}work?

Am I working?Are {you-we-they}working?Is {he-she-it} orking?

Have {I-You-We-They} eaten lunch?Has {He-She-It}eaten lunch?

simple present tense

Indicators

Always Whenever Everyday

Usually Often Frequently

Sometimes Rarely Occasionally

never

Simple Past Tense

The Simple Past Tense is Used:

When an activity or situation beganand ended at a particular time inthe past--in other words, when anactivity or situation is completed inthe past

To refer to past habits

Simple Past Tense

Diagram--time on a line

STATEMENT {IYouSheHeItWeThey}

workedyesterday.ate breakfast.

NEGATIVE {IYouSheHeItWeThey}

did not (didnt)work yesterday.did not (didnt) eatbreakfast.

QUESTION Did {IYouSheHeItWeThey}work yesterday?eat breakfast?

Simple Past Tense

How do we form the simplepast tense?

English has two typesof verbs in the past:

-regular-irregular

Lets read the following list ofpast tense verbs.. Which are

regular and which are irregular?

Walked regular Studied regular taught irregular gave irregular Became irregular cried regular lived regular did irregular

Regular verbs are verbs thatend with -ed

Simple form verbs:

walk

study

cry

live

Past tense verbs:

walked

studied

cried

lived

Rules for adding ed:

Add ed to most verbs Drop the e and add ed to verbs that

end with e (smile= smiled). Change the y to i and add ed to

verbs that end with a consonant andy (carry= carried, study= studied).

Double the consonant and add ed toverbs that end with one vowel and oneconsonant ( drag= dragged, stop=stopped).

Irregular verbs are verbs thatdont end in ed..

Sometimes with irregularpast tense verbs you haveto change the vowel tomake the verb past tense:

become becamegive gavedrive droveforget forgot

The Future Tense is Used:

To indicate that an activity orevent will take place at a time inthe future

The Future Tense is Used:

To indicate that an activity orevent will take place at atime in the future

Future

Diagram--Time on a Line

STATEMENT {IYouSheHeItWeThey}will cometomorrow.

NEGATIVE {IYouSheHeItWeThey}will not (wont)come tomorrow.

QUESTION Will {IYouSheHeItWeThey} come tomorrow?

STATEMENT

I am going to

cometomorrow.

{SheHeIt} is going to

{YouWeThey} are going to

NEGATIVE

I am not (mnot) going to

{SheHeIt} is not (isnt)going to

{YouWeThey}are not(arent) goingto

QUESTION

Am I going to

cometomorrow?

Is {SheHeIt} going to

Are {YouWeThey} going to

Future

Indicators

Tomorrow

Next Saturday, week, month, year,etc.

Put the verbs in brackets in their correct forms.Our lecturer told us that he (finish) correcting the forms.He (study) when his parents got home.When I (leave) my office last night, it was still rainingvery hard.Arif interrupted the teacher while she (explain) thenation condition.The Japanese (develop) a transportation system that

doesnt need human driver.Some stress (be) good for us.Everything (go) well so far, and we feel relieved.Teachers (use) a conceptual approach in the classroom

next year.Food that (be) previously seasonal may now be eaten at

any time.All the students (do) their best for the gathering.

Exercise 2. Choose the correct verb form.

They (a. realize b. realized c. are realizing) that they shouldstudy hard.

Our classmates (a. are b. were c. have been) very helpfulyesterday.

This university (a. has b. had c. will have) a new faculty nextyear.

The ladies (a. are attending b. have attended c. attend) such kindof seminars several times.

We (a. do not come b. did not come c. had not come) late to theEnglish class a week ago.

When we entered the room, he (a. explains b. has expalined c.was explaining) Unit 3.

These students (a. studied b. were studying c. have studied) atIPB last month.

We (a. have got b. got c. get) the result of the test a week ago. The success of this system (a. depends b. has depended c. is

depending) on many things. She (a. will come b. was coming c. come) when we arrived.