UNIT V

Ch. 20 & 21

Before the French Revolution….

The Changing lives of the people-Family

*nuclear family: couples began raising their families away from their parents

*avg. age 27 -needed to support themselves-needed permission from local lord

*Work away from home: boys worked on farms or were apprenticed to a craftsman to learn a trade

(7- 14 yrs long); girls worked on family farms or as servants (usually exploited)

Marriage Practices from 1750-1850

• Illegitimacy explosion– Between 10%-20% births were illegitimate

• Why?– Cottage industry not tied to land– Migration to cities (closer living quarters)

• Children and Education– Infant mortality rate high (1 out of 5)– Too many children led to infanticide or abandonment

at foundling homes (usually at churches)– Few kids went to school

• Usually between the ages 7-12• Stressed religion and morals

Food and Medical Care

• Nutrition– Main food was bread– Poor did not eat meat– hunting was illegal except for nobles and large

landowners• Medical Practices

– Rise in medical practitioners because of Enlightenment’s focus on law of nature

– Faith healers believed patients were possessed by demons (countryside)

– Apothecaries (pharmacists) dispensed herbs and drugs (cities)

– Hospitals were unsanitary– **noteworthy: 1760 smallpox inoculation

Religion and Popular Culture

• Protestant revival– Wanted to recapture Christian religion (Pietism)

• More emotional religion and priesthood for all believers

• Catholicism– Took on a new look: many religious ceremonies were

mixed with pagan rituals

• Leisure time– Carnival– Blood sports—bullbaiting,

cockfighting, etc.

Battle Between Carnival and Lent, Pieter BrugelBattle Between Carnival and Lent, Pieter Brugel

The French RevolutionThe French Revolution

1789

Causes of the French Revolution• Fundamental causes:

– 1) Widespread Poverty• Hit Third Estate hardest

– 2) Enlightenment Thinkers • Taught the importance of freedom• Examples: Locke, Rousseau, Voltaire

– 3) Success of the American Revolution• American colonists proved they could defeat a

“corrupt” government– Gave the French hope

• 1775-1783

The 3 Estates of France(The Old Regime)

3rd Estate

2nd Estate

Estate =Class

1st Estate

98% of the French

Population

•Peasants•Servants•Bourgeoisie-(Educated, often wealthy merchants or artists)

Rich Nobles/Lords (Owned Land)

Clergy (Priests)

Esta

tes

1 &

2 ar

e ca

lled

the

priv

ilege

d cl

asse

s.

They

ow

ned

mos

t of t

he la

nd a

nd p

aid

little

in ta

xes!

The 3rd Estate paid almost all of the taxes in France!

– 4) Discontent of the Third Estate• Made up 98% of the population• Burdened by heavy taxes

– 5) King Louis XVI and his wife, Marie Antoinette

• Could not solve France’s problems (resulting from years of poor leadership—i.e. King Louis XIV)

• Provided more weak leadership• Inherited a huge national debt

– Even though Marie Antoinette was known as “Madame Deficit,” they had little power over controlling the economy

(this one is Marie….)(this one is Marie….) I’m with I’m with Madame DeficitMadame Deficit

• Immediate Causes– Estates-General

• The King and Queen refused to use the nation’s money wisely, they began taxing the 2nd estate. 2nd estate called on the representative body of all 3 estates (Estates General).

• The Third Estate asked for reforms– Fair taxes– Freedom of Speech and Press (Enlightenment ideas)– Gov’t leave business alone (laissez-faire)– For a written constitution securing basic rights

• The third estate was written out by other two

So they….-declared themselves to be the National Assembly for France on June 17, 1789-Took the Oath of the TENNIS COURT on June 20, 1789 swearing to create a constitution-Led a revolt when Louis XVI refused to sign their constitution

The Tennis Court Oath“The National Assembly, considering that it has been

summoned to establish the constitution of the kingdom, to effect the regeneration of public order, and to maintain the true principles of monarchy; that nothing can prevent it from continuing its deliberations in whatever place it may be forced to establish itself; and, finally, that wheresoever its members are assembled, there is the National Assembly.

Decrees that all members of this Assembly shall immediately take a solemn oath not to separate, and to reassemble wherever circumstances require, until the constitution of the kingdom is established and consolidated upon firm foundations; and that, the said oath taken, all members and each one of them individually shall ratify this steadfast resolution by signature.”

Bastille Day, July 14, 1789

• Mobs attacked this Paris prison trying to get gunpowder in order to defend Paris from Louis’ troops

• The Bastille fell into the control of the French people– National holiday for

France (their “4th of July”)

The Great Fear

• Characterized by revolts along the countryside– Peasants revolted against their lords

• Killed many, destroyed land/manor houses, etc.• Wanted to free themselves from manorial rule

– Spurred on rebellious fervor in France– Led to the abolishment of serfdom in France

and the end of feudal payments made by peasants

Declaration of the Rights of Man, August 27, 1789

• Proclaimed mankind’s natural rights– “life, property, security, and resistance to

oppression”– “every man is presumed innocent until proven

guilty”

Sound familiar?

-MAIN GOAL: To limit the monarchy’s power and put the power in the hands of the people

**Difficult balance to find**

Women March on VersaillesOct. 5, 1789

• Women responsible for food in a family• The start of the Revolution forced many nobles

out of France– No one to sell their luxury goods to– The church was no longer able to give grants of food

and money to poor• Economic crisis

• 7,000+ women marched 12 miles to Versailles from Paris seeking help– Sought out Marie Antoinette– Killed royal bodyguards– Forced the king and queen out of

Versailles and into Paris– Huge victory for the women of France

The Legislative Assembly

• September 1791 new constitution completed– Louis reluctantly approves

• Places power into a new assembly—The Legislative Assembly

Factions Split France• Old problems (debt, food shortages, etc.)

still existed

• As a result, the Legislative Assembly split into three groups

Radicals(Sans-culottes)

Moderates Conservatives(Emigres)

Opposed the king and the idea of a monarchy; wanted sweeping changes and wanted common people to have governmental power

Wanted some changes in gov’t, but not as many as the radicals

Upheld the idea of a limited monarchy; wanted few gov’t changes

Left Center Right

War with Austria

• Monarchies in other countries feared what was occurring in France (deposition of the king, etc.)

• As a result of their fear, Austria and Prussia pressured France to reinstate Louis XVI to the throne– The National Assembly responded by

declaring war on Austria in April 1791• By summer of 1792 enemy armies were nearing

Paris

The king and queen imprisoned

• The Prussian commander threatened to destroy Paris if the revolutionaries harmed any member of the royal family– In response, 20,000 Parisians invaded the

royal palace where the king and his family were staying, brutally killed the king’s guard of 900, and took the royal family captive

The Execution of Louis XVI

Why?

• Summer 1792- Mobs have more power than the French government.

• Jacobins= Radical group that wanted to remove the King and establish a republic– Prominent radical leader: Jean Paul Marat

• Louis XVI was considered an enemy of the revolution• Sept. 21, 1792: National Convention abolished the

monarchy and declared France a republic– *women not given the right to vote, just men– Louis was diminished to a common citizen and prisoner, tried for

treason, and found guilty• Executed on Jan. 21, 1793 by the guillotine

The Reign of TerrorJuly 1793- July 1794

• Jacobins faced many oppositions– Peasants horrified by the king’s execution,

priests who would not accept the new gov’t, rival leaders in other areas of France, etc.

• How to deal with this situation?– Committee of Public Safety 1793

• Headed by Maximilien Robespierre• Decided who was to be executed and

who wasn’t• Begins the Reign of Terror• Choice method for execution….

The Guillo

tine!!!

!

The Guillo

tine!!!

!

Execution of Marie Antoinette

• During the Reign of Terror, hundreds were executed daily

• Most famous execution was that of the widowed queen, Marie Antoinette

End of the Reign of Terror

• Execution of Robespierre – His closest advisors began to feel threatened– Death came by guillotine on July 28, 1794

Napoleon Forges an Empire

• Napoleon comes to power: Coup d’etat (sudden seizure of power)

– French gov’t: The Directory (established after the Reign of Terror)

– By 1799, the Directory had lost the confidence of the people

• Napoleon, a war hero, was urged to take over power– Step 1: given control of the army (Nov. 1799)

– Step 2: his troops drive out members of the national assembly

– Step 3: the remaining members vote to dissolve the Directory and put 3 consuls in its place

» Napoleon named first consul

The Directory

Napoleon Rules France

• 1800: plebiscite (vote of the people) held to approve the new constitution– Gave Napoleon real power as first consul

• Lycees established: government-run public schools

• Concordat (agreement) with Pope Pius VII working out new relations between the Church and state – Gained Napoleon the support of the organized church

as well as the majority of the French people

Napoleonic Code

• Comprehensive system of laws– Gave the country a uniform system of laws,

yet limited liberty and promoted authority over individual rights

– Took away some rights to sell their property– Freedom of speech and of the press were

restricted rather than expanded– Also restored slavery in the French colonies

that had been abolished previously

Napoleon Crowned as Emperor1804

• French voters supported him in his decision to be emperor – December 2, Notre Dame Cathedral– Arrogantly took the crown out of the pope’s

hands and placed it on his own head

• He wanted to control not only France, but the rest of Europe as well

Conquering Europe• Annexed the Austrian Netherlands and

parts of Italy and set up a puppet gov’t in Switzerland

• Fearful of his ambitions, Britain persuaded Russia, Austria and Sweden to join in a third coalition against France– Third Coalition

• Napoleon crushed his opposition in a series of battles

– Strategic– Eventually the rulers of Austria, Prussia, and Russia all

signed peace treaties with Napoleon» Britain laid just outside his grasp

The Battle of Trafalgar

• In his battle against the Third Coalition, Napoleon only lost one battle– Naval– The battle took place off the coast of Spain– British commander, Horatio Nelson,

outmaneuvered Napoleon’s fleet• Nelson died during the battle, but it proved that

Britain could not be defeated by Napoleon’s forces

Napoleon’s Empire Collapse• 3 costly mistakes

– 1) Continental System• blockade: forcible closing of ports• Continental System

– Prevented trade and communication between Great Britain and other European nations

– 2) Peninsular War 1808-1813• Portugal ignored the continental system• Sent his army through Spain

– Spanish revolted; Napoleon lost 300,000 men » Placed Joseph II (his brother) on the throne

– 3) Invasion of Russia 1812• French/Russian alliance broke down• Napoleon invaded Russia• As the Russians retreated, they burned everything behind them,

leaving nothing for the French to use for supplies – Scorched-earth policy

• Napoleon’s troops were caught in a Russian winter– Lost at the Battle of Borodino; hundreds of thousands died

Napoleon’s Downfall

• Coalition defeats Napoleon– Took advantage of his weak position– All of the main powers were against him

• The Battle of Leipzig, Oct. 1813• Gave up his throne in April of 1814

– Exiled to Elba, a tiny island off the Italian coast» Bourbon king, Louis XVIII, brother of Louis XVI, ruled

in France (unpopular)

Napoleon’s Return

• Napoleon’s return:– Escaped from Elba in March 1815– Thousands of French people welcomed him

back– Within days, Napoleon was emperor again

• Louis XVIII flees to the border

Battle of Waterloo, Belgium June 15, 1815

• In response, European allies fought back– British army, led by the Duke of Wellington,

prepared for a battle near the village of Waterloo

• With help from the Prussian forces, the British defeated Napoleon for the final time

– Exiled to St. Helena, a remote island in the Southern Atlantic

» He died in 1821

“He was as great as a man can be without virtue.”

-Alexis de Tocqueville

UNIT VICh. 22 & 23

The Revolution in Energy and Industry

• Refers to the increase in machine-made goods

• Began in England in the 18th century and quickly spread to North America and the rest of Europe

Why Britain First?• 1) Abundance of Natural Resource

– Deposits of coal and iron ore• 2) Geographical location

– Good harbors and rivers made foreign trade easier• 3) Abundance of labor

– Unemployment among ag workers led to an urban migration• 4) Capital

– Wealthy entrepreneurial class had money to set up new industries

• 5) Markets– Demand from two large markets benefited manufacturing

industry• Growing middle class; British colonial population

• 6) Inventions– Allowed for mass production of goods– Mainly in the textile industry

The Spread of the Industrial Revolution

-The rest of Europe was slow to industrialize because the French Revolution and the Napoleonic Wars halted trade, interrupted communication, and caused inflation

-Belgium led the way in adopting Britain’s new methods of manufacturing goods*rich deposits of iron and coal*waterways for transportation

-William Cockerill smuggled secret plans for building spinning machinery to Belgium in 1799

Germany Industrializes

Lacked countrywide industrialization-rather pockets of industrialization sprung up

ex: coal-rich Rural Valley of west-central Germany

-beginning around 1835 Germany began to copy the British model-imported English equipment and engineers

-built railroads that linked growing manufacturing cities to one another

ex: Frankfurt with the Rural Valley-by the late 1800s Germany had become an industrial and

militaristic giant-foreshadows future world wars

Expansion throughout Europe

-proceeded by region rather than by country-Examples:

-Bohemia developed its spinning industry-Spain’s Catalonia processed cotton-Northern Italy specialized in silk -Russia serf labor ran factories

-France industrialized after 1850 when the central government constructed railroads

-Some nations did not industrialize-Ex: Spain and Austria-Hungary

Inventions

Spinning Jenny

The Cotton Gin: by Eli Whitney

John Kay’s Flying Shuttle

Workers

Coal Miners

THE END!!!!