UNIT THREE REALISM. REALISM The U.S. Civil War (1861-1865) between the industrial North and the...
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Transcript of UNIT THREE REALISM. REALISM The U.S. Civil War (1861-1865) between the industrial North and the...
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UNIT THREEREALISM
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REALISM• The U.S. Civil War (1861-1865) between the
industrial North and the agricultural, slave-owning South was a watershed in American history. The innocent optimism of the young democratic nation gave way, after the war, to a period of exhaustion.
• From 1860 to 1914, the United States was transformed from a small, young, agricultural ex-colony to a huge, modern, industrial nation.
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Frontier Humor and RealismLocal Colorists
• Two major literary currents in 19th-century America merged in Mark Twain: popular frontier humor and local color, or "regionalism.“
• These related literary approaches began in the 1830s -- and had even earlier roots in local oral traditions. In ragged frontier villages, on riverboats, in mining camps, and around cowboy campfires far from city amusements, storytelling flourished.
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MAIN AUTHORS• Samuel Clemens (Mark Twain)
1835-1910 “Frontier Humor and Realism”
• Bret Harte 1836-1902 “Local Colorist”
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Samuel Clemens (Mark Twain) 1835-1910
• For Twain and other American writers of the late 19th century, realism was not merely a literary technique: It was a way of speaking truth and exploding worn-out conventions. Thus it was profoundly liberating and potentially at odds with society. The most well-known example is Huck Finn, a poor boy who decides to follow the voice of his conscience and help a Negro slave escape to freedom, even though Huck thinks this means that he will be damned to hell for breaking the law.
Htel2
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• The novel also dramatizes Twain's ideal of the harmonious community: "What you want, above all things, on a raft is for everybody to be satisfied and feel right and kind toward the others."
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Bret Harte 1836-1902
• Bret Harte is remembered as the author of adventurous stories such as "The Luck of Roaring Camp" and "The Outcasts of Poker Flat”.
• Outwardly realistic, he was one of the first to introduce low-life characters -- cunning gamblers, gaudy prostitutes, and uncouth robbers -- into serious literary works.
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Cosmopolitan Novelists
•Henry James 1843-1916
•Edith Wharton 1862-1937
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Henry James 1843-1916
• James is noted for his "international theme" -- that is, the complex relationships between native Americans and cosmopolitan Europeans.
• James's first, or "international," phase encompassed such works as Transatlantic Sketches (travel pieces, 1875), The American (1877), Daisy Miller (1879), and a masterpiece, The Portrait of a Lady (1881).
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• James's second period was experimental. He exploited new subject matters -- feminism and social reform in The Bostonians (1886).
• In his third, or "major," phase James returned to international subjects, The Ambassadors (1903) (which James felt was his best novel).
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Edith Wharton 1862-1937
• Like James, Wharton contrasts Americans and Europeans. The core of her concern is the gulf separating social reality and the inner self. Often a sensitive character feels trapped by unfeeling characters or social forces.
• Wharton's best novels include The House of Mirth (1905), The Custom of the Country (1913), Summer (1917), The Age of Innocence (1920), and the beautifully crafted novella Ethan Frome (1911).