Unit Six: 1900 to present
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Transcript of Unit Six: 1900 to present
Unit Six: 1900 to presentUnit Six: 1900 to present
Technology Age
Revolution
Authoritarianism
Decolonization
Ideologies
Nationalism
Global Conflict
Remember the acronym…Remember the acronym…
UNIT SIX
Two World Wars and Fascism,
Communists and Cold War;
Russia, China, Iran
All have revolutions;
Computers, Unit Six
……and the song.and the song.
World War IWorld War ICauses: M.A.I.N…Militarism, Alliances,
Imperialism, NationalismSpark? Assassination of heir to Austrian
throne (Archduke Ferdinand)New Kind of War
– Improvements in weaponry increases casualties (gas, machine guns)
– Trenches lead to prolonged, defensive war– Civilians involved in war effort: “Total War”
Treaty of Versailles– Big Four: US, GB, France and Italy meet at
Paris Peace Conference– Wilson’s Fourteen Points: self-determination,
disarmament, peace w/o victory, League of Nations
– Harsh terms of the treaty
Outcomes of the war– Devastation of GB and France– Weakening of control over colonies– Japan and Italy upset at lack of spoils– US a true world power, but doesn’t want it– China’s May Fourth Movement– Russia’s early withdrawal and revolution– Germany WRECKED and forced to accept full
blame…ripe for rise of fascism– Ottoman Empire collapses and creation of
Mandate System– India intensifies push for independence
Global DepressionGlobal Depression
Global economy dependent on health of US economy (especially Europe)
US stock market crashed in 1929 and created global depression– Wave of bank failures and personal
bankruptcies– Unemployment at double digit levels– Increase in tariffs blocked international trade
Causes of depression– Overdependence on American loans and buying– Increase in tariffs and protectionism– Industrial and farming surpluses led to deflation– Poor banking management
Results?– Political instability and rise in political
extremism (communists and fascists)– Invasion by dictatorial states– Modern welfare state emerges
What is Fascism?What is Fascism?
Destroy will of individual in favor of “the people”
Unified society, but unlike the communists, not at expense of private property or class distinctions
Rooted in extreme nationalism, usually reliant on racial identity
Comparing Fascism and Comparing Fascism and CommunismCommunism
Political Philosophy
Communism Fascism
Leader Dictator/authoritarian Dictator/authoritarian
Political Parties One-party rule; totalitarian
One-party rule; totalitarian
Rights of Citizens
Individual rights denied; use of secret police
Individual rights denied; use of secret police
Social classes Classless society Favored upper classes
Goals Unite all workers around the world
Promote national interest; extreme nationalism
Fascism in ItalyFascism in Italy
Benito Mussolini seizes power from King Emmanuel III by threatening to march on Rome
Completely took over Parliament in 1922– Outlawed all political parties, seized radio stations and
newspapers, set up secret police
1926: Italy transformed into totalitarian regime focused on expansion (Ethiopia 1936)
Germany– Weimar Republic and Reichstag– Rise of the National Socialist Party (Nazis) in the
20’s– Hitler
Preached ultra-nationalism and promised a greater Germany
1923 he was imprisoned and wrote Mein Kampf, outlining ideas of “master race” and lebensraum
1933 appointed chancellor through aggressive anti-communist propaganda
– Gathering support Established himself as dictator: outlawed political
parties and SS (personal guard) eliminated all opposition
Gestapo: political police force Used schools, newspapers, radio, the arts, churches to
gather support Public rallies burned anti-Nazi books Openly attacked Jews, other minorities and Communists
– Hitler boldly announced would defy treaty, and nobody stopped him. WHY?
Coming of WarComing of War
Appeasement– 1936: When Germany reoccupied the Rhineland,
France and Britain did nothing because they feared war, hoping it would stop further aggression
– 1938: Marched into Austria and annexed it…again no one steps in
– 1938: Germany wanted Sudetenland. Munich Conference called and powers let him have it…he ended up taking ALL of Czechoslovakia
Japanese Aggression– Japan wanted Manchuria’s iron ore and coal,
seizing it in 1931– League of Nations could do nothing– 1937: Japanese soldiers sweep through much of
China, torturing and killing thousands
Italian Expansion– 1935: Mussolini invaded Ethiopia– League of Nations voted only for sanctions when
Emperor of Ethiopia asked for help– Again…appeasement
World War IIWorld War II
In Europe– Most of northern and Eastern Europe fall, as well
as France, fairly easily– GB and RAF left to defend against Hitler– Hitler invades USSR in 1941– The Holocaust: as many as 20 million die,
including 6 million of Europe’s 9.5 million Jews
In the Pacific– Japanese attack Pearl Harbor in 1941– By 1942 controlled much of the Pacific– Militarist oppression and extermination
New Technologies– Radar and sonar to detect planes and subs– Rockets– Nuclear bombs dropped on Hiroshima and
Nagasaki (killing over 150,000)– Industrial capacities of US and USSR outpace
Germany and Japan
Outcomes of WWII– Unconditional surrender – Only two “winners”: USSR and US as GB,
China, France are devastated (US-Soviet ascendancy)
– Formation of the United Nations and state of Israel
– War Crimes Tribunals and international law– Rise of women– Decline of colonialism
Cold WarCold WarDe facto division of Western Europe and
Eastern Europe (Iron Curtain)US Foreign Policy
– Containment and Domino Theory– Truman Doctrine– Marshall Plan– NATO
USSR Foreign Policy– Eastern Bloc– Warsaw Pact
Cold War competition: arms race, space race, fight for aligned nations and promotion of ideology
Cold War turned HOT? Berlin Blockade, Korean War, Berlin Crisis, Cuban Missile Crisis, Vietnam War, Soviet war in Afghanistan, Non-aligned nations (India)
Normalizing relations with ChinaDétente beginning in 1970s and M.A.D.
Independence and Nationalist Independence and Nationalist MovementsMovements
India (1947)Sub-Saharan Africa (beg. 1950s)Zionism and Palestinian Nationalism
(creation of Israel 1948)Vietnam (1950s to 1975)
INDIAINDIA
Led by the Indian National Congress– British-educated
Government of India Act of 1919– Gave some power over domestic issues
Repression (1919)– Cracked down on freedom of press and
assembly– Amritsar: troops fire on protest rally
GandhiGandhi
Focus on peasant roots and spiritual traditions of India
Ahimsa: nonviolence in face of attackCivil disobedience
After WWII difficult for British to maintain an empire
August 15, 1947– Independence granted to India and Pakistan
(Muslim-dominated area led by Muhammad Ali Jinnah)
– Division led to mass migration of Muslim and Hindu refugees and violence
– Gandhi assassinated by Hindu extremist
SUB-SAHARAN AFRICASUB-SAHARAN AFRICA
Economically had become a monoculture of cash crops and mines of precious metals such as gold and diamonds
Ownership exclusively in European handsIndependence movements led by small minority
of Africans w/ European educationVehicles for protest: labor organization, social
clubs, literary circles, and youth movements
Ghana (The Gold Coast)Ghana (The Gold Coast)
First to achieve independence 1957Led by US educated Kwame NkrumahStrikes and protest removed British from
powerOn the other hand, Kenya had sizable
European population blocking independence leading to armed revolt (1963)
Chaos and Ethnic Tension in Chaos and Ethnic Tension in AfricaAfricaCongo 1959
– Belgian gov’t departed suddenly, leaving country of chaos and civil war
Rwandan Genocide (1994)– Political borders created by colonial powers led to
nations comprised of unrelated ethnic groups who became rivals competing for power
– Conflict between majority Hutus and minority Tutsis– 100 day genocide, almost 1 million Tutsi deaths
South AfricaSouth Africa
Union of South Africa formed in 1910Black majority population granted no rightsRestrictive laws controlled black pop. Apartheid: separate black and white
societies
ApartheidApartheid
87% of land for white citizensAfrican National Congress (ANC):
organized resistance was formedGov’t combated it repressive measures of
extensive jail times for opponentsInternational opposition, like UN economic
sanctions and international boycotts, brought global attention
1989, National Party began to take apart apartheid system
Nelson Mandela released from jail after 26 years and ANC legalized
1994: elections for all people held and Mandela became the first freely elected president of South Africa
Zionism and Palestinian Zionism and Palestinian NationalismNationalism
After WWI, British had a mandate (nation administers territory on behalf of League of Nations) in Palestine
Conflicting promises to Arabs and Jews Balfour Declaration of 1917
– Committed to support creation of homeland for Jews in Palestine
– Allowed Jews to migrate to Palestine during mandate Arab Palestinians saw British rule and Jewish
settlement as imperial control
Migration increased during WWIIPan-Arabism movementHolocaust increased Jewish commitment to
homeland1947: British gave up the mandate to the
UNUN decided to divide land into two statesCivil war and Jewish victories create Israel
in May 1948
Continued fighting in the regionSix Day War in 1967Palestinian Liberation Organization (PLO)
– Created and dedicated to reclaiming the land and establishing a Palestinian state
VietnamVietnam
French colonial rule of SE Asia dealt with rising nationalism
France and colonies occupied by Axis powers (Japan) during WWII
Vietnamese nationalists under Ho Chi Minh fought Japanese then returning French using guerilla warfare
Minh was a Marxist who idealized Jefferson Wanted US support but…Cold War
French-Indochina War lasted 9 years before France gave up Asian possessions
Conference in Geneva in 1954 created four zones: N and S Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia
Cold War sideshow– US gave aid to South Vietnam– Beijing and Moscow supported the communists
in the North– Evolved into large-scale American war to
protect S Vietnam from communist encroachment (1965-1975)
Revolution and ReformRevolution and Reform
Russia 1917China 1949Iran 1979Mexico 1910Cuba 1959
RussiaRussia Behind Western Europe economically and
technologically Losses in Russo-Japanese War and Revolution of
1905 weakens ability to fight and strength of autocracy
March of 1917: Duma forced czar to abdicate Vladimir Lenin and Bolsheviks: “Peace, Land and
Bread”: Nov 1917 Treaty of Brest-Litovsk 1918-1921 Civil War: Reds v. Whites Lenin’s NEP Joseph Stalin and 5-Year Plans Great Purges of the 1930s
Khrushchev (1953): de-Stalinization, encouraged more freedom of speech
Brezhnev (1964-1982): more restrictive of dissidents and freedom of expression; industrial growth declined w/ no incentives and a quota system
Gorbachev (1985-1991): perestroika (restructuring into a market economy w/ some free-enterprise and private property); glasnost (openness of discussing strengths and weaknesses of Soviet system); other parties and elections
Nationalism in the Soviet RepublicYeltsin (1991-1999): economic reform against
inequality and corruption; ChechnyaPutin (2000-2008): return of order, stability
and progress at expense of libertiesTODAY:
– Medvedev– Changes too much, too fast??– Major problems with corruption and an unstable
economy
Eastern EuropeEastern Europe Economic hardships
and lack of liberty leads to dissent with Soviet Union
Did have rise in education and urban-working class
1956: student protest in Hungary crushed
1960s: Czechoslovakia’s Prague Spring
Lech Walesa and Solidarity in Poland
1989: reunification of Germany
Eastern European countries join NATO/EU
Ethnic cleansing in Bosnia in 1990: Milosevic on trial in International War Crimes Tribunal
ChinaChinaRevolution of 1911: Nationalist gov’t only
nominally in controlChiang Kai Shek (Jiang Jieshi) leads Republic
of China in 19241921 Chinese Communist Party (CCP) est.
– Initially RofC works with CCP, but turns on them in 1927
– Unified against Japanese attacks in 1931 and 1937
1945: negotiations break down into civil warCCP and GMD fought until communists win
in 1949 under Mao ZedongChanges under Mao
– Economic: businesses nationalized, land distributed to peasants, urged to pool land and form cooperative farms
– Political: one-party totalitarian state, Communist party supreme, gov’t attacked crime and corruption
– Social: peasants speak “bitterness” against landlords, Communist ideology replaced Confucian ideals, health care workers to remote areas, women won equality?, extended family weakened
Great Leap Forward in 1950s– All life a collective: commune life, backyard
steel furnaces– FAILURE: production tanked and bad weather
of 50s and 60s killed 16-30 million
Cultural Revolution of 1960s– Instituted reforms to erase any Western-
influenced intelligentsia/elite– “Cultural retraining” and forced egalitarianism– Group of teenagers (Red Guards) destroyed
temples, cities and closed schools– Military suppressed the anarchy, but cost
country loss of entire generation of educated people
1976: Deng Xiaoping – Four Modernizations (industry, agriculture,
technology, and national defense)– Foreign investment increased and student study
abroad– Economy booms with these capitalist reforms,
but left out democratic reform
1989 Tiananmen Square
Women of Russian and Chinese Women of Russian and Chinese RevolutionsRevolutions
Russia– Served in Red Army– 65% of factory workers were women– Gov’t ordered equal pay (not enforced)– Maternity leave w/ full pay– Women entered professions
China– New marriage law forbade arranged marriage– Women worked with men in factories– State-run nurseries– Party leadership remained male– Efforts made to end foot-binding
IranIran
Qajar Dynasty (1781-1921) Reza Khan 1921 Shah Reza (1953-1979)
– Influenced by West and modernized, but also oppressive, using secret police
– Opposed by Religious ulama Students and intellectuals Farmers and urban workers
1979: demonstrations under Ayatollah Khomeini force Shah into exile
Under Khomeini (Theocracy)– Sharia (Islamic law) becomes law of land– Women req’d to return to traditional clothing and under
legal restrictions– A stand against Western culture??– After Khomeini’s death in 1989, more moderate leaders
in power
Iran hostage crisis and Iran-Iraq War President Ahmadinejad (2005-present)
MexicoMexico
Dictatorship of Portfino Diaz– Late 19th, early 20th c.– 95% people owned no land, foreign investors
controlled 20-25% 1910: Civil War, mestizos want to break control of
creole elite Pancho Villa and Emiliano Zapata 1916: Venustiano Carranza became president and
wrote Constitution of 1917
Constitution of 1917– Promised land reform– Imposed restrictions on foreign economic control– Set minimum salaries and max hours for workers– Granted right to unionize and strike– Restrictions on Church-ownership of property– 1928: National Revolutionary Party (Party of
Institutionalized Revolution - PRI) dominates politics throughout 20th c.
CubaCuba Batista 1939-1959
– Small % of people very wealthy and vast majority extremely poor
Fidel Castro 1959-2008 guerrilla mm– Did not hold elections but denied Communist– Est. close ties with USSR
1961: communist plans – collectivized farms, centralized control of economy, free education and medical services
Bay of Pigs 1961 1962: Cuban Missile Crisis
Japanese ReformJapanese Reform
Occupied for 5 years by Allied administration after WWII: constitution, land reforms, education system
Defensive alliance with US: spent nearly no money on own defense; tried to strengthen economically (export economy with focus on technology)
Economic stagnation starting in 1990s Changes: a more individualistic society Continuities: maintained importance of strong
work ethic
Demographic and Demographic and Environmental IssuesEnvironmental Issues
Demographic– Population surpassed 6 billion
Use of vaccines, antibiotics, and decline in death rate High levels of fertility in Asia and Africa
– Migration Internally (urbanization) and externally (lack of resources,
persecution, pop. pressure)
Environmental Problems– Loss of animals species– Overuse of natural resources
Social ChangesSocial ChangesGender Roles
– Political: Women’s suffrage, female heads of gov (GB, Israel, Philippines)
– Economic: world wars give power in wages, feminist movement
– Social: sexual revolution of 60s and 70s and use of birth control, marriage and child-rearing, China’s one-child policy
– Intellectual: educational opportunities, in South Asia literacy rates still far below men
Globalization– Regional and International Organizations
Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) 1960
General Agreement of Tariffs and Trade (GATT) World Trade Organization (WTO) 1995
Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) 1967 European Union (EU) 1993 North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) NGOs (non-governmental organizations) such as Red
Cross and Greenpeace
– Internationalization of Culture Cultural imperialism? As Western companies and
entertainment spread, ideas do too Consumer culture and cultural conformity of
materialism (McDonalds, Coca-Cola, KFC) Rise in use of English
– Internet, movies, music
Traditional forces still strong though (Islamic fundamentalism)
– Access to information Fax, phone, email, internet
– Globalization of multinational businesses