Unit OneUnit One

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学习方法与阅读2

微型讲Mini-lecture座

怎样记忆单词？

学好英语需要掌握大量的单词。背单词是英语学习的一项基本功，也是一个记忆与忘却斗争的

过程。记住单词既要下苦功，又要有好的方法。

首先，要确定单词范围。同学们可以先根据《高职高专教育英语课程教学基本要求》（试行）

中的词汇表，对照检查自己目前的词汇量。词汇表共收单词 3,400 个，其中 1,000 个词要求在入学

时就应该掌握。如果你发现其中还有不认识的，就先把它们挑出来背 ( 记 )。词汇表中还有 1,500 个

B 级单词，用 * 标出；900 个 A 级单词 , 用 ★ 标出。同学们可以按照单词的级别分阶段记忆。

然后，制作生词卡。把不认识的单词从词汇表中挑选出来，用哪一种方式记录为好 ? 有的人在

试卷或是书上的生词底下划线，有的人把生词集中抄在本子上，这两种办法都有一个缺点：在记忆

时往往会不自觉地依赖上下文或单词所在的页面位置及其前后的单词。这样，如果失去先前的环境，

往往就想不出单词的意思。为了避免上述缺点，比较好的办法是制作生词卡。把要记的生词写在卡片

上，做到一词一卡。卡片的大小可以是 2—3 厘米宽，6—8 厘米长。用质量较好的纸自制，便于日

后组合和增减，也有利于长期保存和反复使用。书写单词的方法如下图所示：

卡片正面 要记的词 同义词 卡片反面

↓ ↓

big large 大

SMALL*

↑ ↑ ↑ ↑

橡皮筋 反义词 中文解释 橡皮筋

* 反义词用大写字母表示。

做卡片一开始比较费时间，但是做卡片的同时也记了一遍单词，“磨刀不误砍柴工”。

有了一定数量的单词卡，就可以像玩扑克一样，每天翻来倒去，“卡”不离手，坚持一段时间

肯定会有很大进步。

一词一卡的优点是单词分类组合起来比较容易。组合的形式多种多样。比如 , 可以把拼写相近

的词组合在一起；也可以把表达同一类事物的词组合在一起；还可以把同义词组合在一起。人的记

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Unit One忆需要联想、比较、对比，这样才能记得牢靠。对词卡进行不同的分类加以记忆，可以提高效率。( 参

照本讲的“即学即练”，学会对单词进行分组。)

记单词要适时反复。有了一定数量的词卡，就可以把它们分成若干组，每组可以在 20 个单词左

右，作为一天背词的总量。一天反复三遍，把已经记住的词暂搁一边，把没有记住的词与新词放在

一起，凑足 20 个，留作第二天记，依此类推。需要注意的是：已经记住的单词在 5—6 天之后要复

习一遍，否则很快会淡忘。如果不抓住时机及时巩固，就会前功尽弃，这一点非常重要。克服遗忘

的最好办法是及时地反复。

《高职高专教育英语课程教学基本要求》（试行）词汇表 A 级、B 级单词总数为 2,400，如果每

天背 20 个单词，即使平均每天只能记住一半，那么这些词在八个月之内就可以记住。记忆英语单

词需要经过数次拉锯战，才能取得最后的胜利。

要善于利用零星时间背单词。我们每天要做的事情很多，有时很难找出完整的时间专门记单词，

所以要把零星的时间利用起来。古人说 , 学习有“三上”：马上，厕上，枕上。说的就是要善于利用

零星时间学习。其实，记单词的时间应该分散，因为人的注意力能集中的时间不长，如果连续背一

个小时，会头晕脑胀，效果反而不佳。

如果你每天计划花一个小时左右的时间记单词，最好是早、中、晚各背一遍，每次 10—15 分钟。

在一天之内这组单词就重复记了三次，且每次都能保持高度集中的注意力。这样做不仅有效利用了

零星时间，也符合记忆的规律，效果会更好。

即学即练

请指出下列各组单词分组的标准，并说出每个单词的词义。

1. advance, advanced, advantage

2. abroad, aboard, absorb

3. get, gain, win, achieve, obtain; good, kind, fine, nice; bad, spoil, awfully, ruin, evil

4. adopt, adapt; fridge, bridge; less, unless

5. count, account; accustomed, custom, customer

6. handkerchief, handbook, handwriting

7. patient, disease, doctor, operation, medicine, stomachache

8. patient, impatient; possible, impossible; understanding, misunderstanding

9. little, less, least

10. respect, inspect, aspect, expect

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学习方法与阅读2

阅读实Reading Practice践

1 Language Is Changing

Language is always changing. In a society where life continues year after year with few changes,

the language does not change much, either. The earliest known languages had complicated grammar

but a small, limited vocabulary. Over the centuries, the grammar changed, and the vocabulary

grew. For example, the English and Spanish people who came to America during the sixteenth and

seventeenth centuries gave names to all the new plants and animals they found. In this way, hundreds

of new words were introduced into the English and Spanish vocabularies. Today life is changing very

fast, and language is changing fast, too.

Linguists say there are nine major language families. The languages in each family are related,

and linguists think that they came from the same parent language. About three percent of the people in

the world speak languages that are not in these major families.

1. year after year 年复一年

2. the earliest known languages 所知道的最早

的语言

3. complicated /Xk�mplHkeHtHd/ a. 复杂的，难

解的

4. limited /XlHmHtHd/ a. 有限的

5. Spanish /'spBnHS/ a. 西班牙的，西班牙

语的

6. be introduced into 被传入，被引进

(introduce /"Hntr�'d�Us/ vt. 引进，传入 )

7. linguist /XlHNgwHst/ n. 语言学家

8. major language families 主要语系 (major /'meHdJR(r)/ a. 主要的，较大的 )

9. parent language 原始语，母语

Notes

I. Choose the best answer to each of the following questions.1. Which of the following statements is true about the early languages?

A. They were from the same parent language.

B. They had complicated grammar but a small number of words.

C. They had difficult words but easy grammar.

D. They had a huge number of words and complicated grammar.

2. How many major language families are there in the world?

A. Three. B. Five. C. Seven. D. Nine.

3. Which of the following statements is NOT true?

A. Language changes more slowly in a primitive society than in an advanced society.

B. Although words in a language grow, its grammar never changes.

C. Languages reflect changes in the society.

D. Language is forever changing.

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Unit One4. What is the main idea of this passage?

A. Languages change slowly.

B. Both languages and society change slowly.

C. Languages change with society.

D. There are many language families in the world.

II.Answerthefollowingquestionsbriefly.1. What happens to a language in a society with relatively few changes?

2. Why are English and Spanish mentioned in the passage?

3. What conclusion have linguists drawn about languages within each major family?

4. How many people in the world speak the languages belonging to the nine major families?

III. Put the following Chinese expressions into English.1. 复杂的语法 2. 有限的词汇

3. 西班牙人民 4. 主要语系

5. 16 世纪

2 TheAssemblyofEnglishWords

Some English words are made up of the same part but have different beginnings or different

endings, such as import, export, report and transport. All these words, as you can see, have the same

“port”, which comes from the Latin word meaning “carry” or “move” from one place to another. And

according to the bit at the beginning, which we call the prefix, the meaning changes. “Import” means

“bring into a country”; “ex-” means “out of”, so “export” means “carry out of the country”; “re-”

means “back”, so “report” means “bring back information”; “trans-” means “across”, so “transport”

means “carry across one place to another”.

Let’s look at the following words: supporter, reporter, importer and exporter. You can see that

in this case these words are nouns which are made up of a verb plus a suffix, thus meaning a person

who completes the action. So a supporter means somebody who supports, a reporter is somebody who

reports, an importer is somebody who imports and an exporter is somebody who exports, and so on.

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学习方法与阅读2

1. assembly /RXsemblH/ n. 集合

2. be made up of 由……组成

3. bit /bHt/ n. 一小部分

4. prefix /"pri#'fHks/ n. [ 语 ] 前缀

5. in...case 在……情况下

6. suffix /'sVfHks/ n. [ 语 ] 后缀

7. and so on 等等

Notes

I. Answerthefollowingquestionsbriefly.1. Why are the words “import”, “export” “report” and “transport” mentioned in the passage?

2. Where does “port” come from and what does it mean?

3. What is the function of a prefix?

4. What does the passage mainly discuss?

II. Match the following Chinese terms with their English equivalents.1. 词首 A. prefix

2. 词尾 B. verb

3. 前缀 C. beginning

4. 后缀 D. noun

5. 名词 E. suffix

6. 动词 F. ending

III. Complete the following sentences after the two models.Model 1: A dishwasher is a machine that is used to wash dishes.

Model 2: A landowner is a person who owns land.

1. A bookseller is .

2. A pencil-sharpener is .

3. A trouble-maker is .

4. A is a tool that is used to open tins.

5. A is a person who is an expert in building ships.

6. A credit card is a person who holds a credit card.

3 Are You Too Old to Learn?

Most people think that the older you get, the harder it is to learn a new language. In other words,

they believe that children learn more easily and efficiently than adults. Thus, at some point in our

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Unit Onelives, maybe around age 12 or 13, we lose the ability to

learn languages well. Is this idea fact or myth?

Is it true that children learn a foreign language more

efficiently than adults? In fact, research studies suggest

that the opposite may be true. One report, on 2,000

Danish children studying Swedish, concluded that the

teenagers learned more, in less time, than the younger

children. Another report, on Americans learning Russian,

showed a direct improvement of ability over the age

range tested; that is, the ability to learn increased as age increased, from childhood to adulthood.

There are several possible explanations for these findings. For one thing, adults know more about

the world and therefore are able to understand meanings more easily than children. Moreover, adults

can use logical thinking to help themselves see patterns in the language. Finally, adults have more self-

discipline than children.

All in all, it seems that the common idea that children are better language learners than adults may

not be fact, but myth.

1. efficiently /HXfHS�ntlH/ ad. 有效率地

2. at some point in our lives 当我们到了一定

的年龄

3. myth /mHF/ n. 神话

4. suggest /sR'dJest/ v. 表明

5. opposite /'�pRzHt/ a. 相对的，相反的

6. Danish /'deHnHS/ a. 丹麦的

7. Swedish /'swi#dHS/ n. 瑞典语，瑞典人；

a. 瑞典的

8. Russian /XrVSRn/ n. 俄语； a. 俄罗斯的，

俄国的，俄语（的）

9. a direct improvement of ability 能力的直接

提高

10. range /reHn�J/ n. 范围

11. explanation /"eksplR'neHS�n/ n. 解释，说明

12. findings /XfaHndHNz/ n. [pl.] 研究结果

13. logical thinking 逻辑思维

（logical /Xl�dJHk�l/ a. 逻辑的，符合逻辑的）

14. patterns in the language 语言模式

（pattern /'pBt�n/ n. 模式）

15. self-discipline /"self'dHsHplHn/ n. 自我约束

Notes

I. Decide whether the following statements are true (T) or false (F).( ) 1. Most people believe age has a great effect on language learning.

( ) 2. Both experiments are about children learning their native languages.

( ) 3. The results of both experiments led to the same conclusion.

( ) 4. Children are able to use logical thinking in language learning.

II.Answerthefollowingquestionsbriefly.1. How do most people understand the relationship between age and language learning?

2. What does the expression “the opposite may be true” mean?

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学习方法与阅读23. What do the two experiments have in common?

4. What are the possible reasons for the findings of the experiments?

III. Fillintheblankswiththegivenwordsorexpressions.Changetheformwherenecessary.

efficiently suggest improvement findings pattern

1. That girl’s sun-tanned ( 日晒后的 ) face excellent health.

2. The first two chapters ( 章 ) of the book mainly deal with sentence .

3. Although examinations do the job quite , their side effects are also huge.

4. The of the test were in favor of us.

5. Much has been made in the public order of the city.

4 Languages in China

The Han people speak Chinese. Spoken Chinese has many dialects. To bring about better

communication among people of China, the government has made putonghua (which is based on the

principal dialect spoken in and around Beijing) the official language. Many foreigners call the official

language Mandarin, but the Chinese prefer the term putonghua (common language). The Northern

Chinese dialect is spoken by about 70 percent of the nation’s people, and it is now taught in all

Chinese schools. Other varieties of Chinese include Min (spoken in Fujian province), Wu (spoken in

Shanghai), and Yue (Cantonese), each of which has many local dialects.

Although each dialect of Chinese has its own pronunciation, all speakers of Chinese write the

language in the same way. The Chinese writing system uses characters instead of alphabets. Each

character is a symbol that represents a complete word.

The ethnic minority peoples of China speak many other languages, including Korean, Mongolian,

and Uigur, etc.

1. dialect /'daHRlekt/ n. 方言

2. official language 官方语言

3. Mandarin /'mBndRrHn/ n. 官话，普通话

4. prefer /prH'f!#(r)/ vt. 喜欢

5. term /t!#m/ n. 术语

6. variety /vRXraHRtH/ n. 各种，种类，变化

7. pronunciation /prR�"nVnsH'eHS�n/ n. 发音

8. in the same way 同样地

9. character /'kBrRktR(r)/ n. 字符

10. alphabet /'BlfRbHt/ n. 字母

11. represent /ZreprHXzent/ vt. 代表

12. the ethnic minority 少数民族

13. Korean /kRXrHRn/ n. 朝鲜语

14. Mongolian /m�NXgRGlHRn/ n. 蒙古语

15. Uigur /Xwi#gGR(r)/ n. 维吾尔语

Notes

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Unit One

I.Answerthefollowingquestionsbriefly.1. Why has the Chinese government made the Northern Chinese dialect the official language?

2. What do Chinese dialects have in common?

3. What is the major difference between Chinese and English in the writing system?

II. Fill in the following boxes with the varieties of Chinese mentioned in the passage.

Varieties of Chinese

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

III. Match the following Chinese expressions with their English equivalents. 1. 方言 A. Mandarin

2. 发音 B. dialect

3. 官方语言 C. Cantonese

4. 普通话 D. the ethnic minority

5. 广东话 ( 粤语 ) E. Uigur

6. 汉字 F. Chinese characters

7. 少数民族 G. Korean

8. 朝鲜语 H. official language

9. 蒙古语 I. Mongolian

10. 维吾尔语 J. pronunciation

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学习方法与阅读2

situated /'sHtjGeHtHd/ a. 位于

square kilometer /skweR(r) XkHlR�mItR(r)/ 平方

公里

slightly /XslaHtlH/ ad. 稍微地

surface /'s!#fHs/ n. 表面，外表

slope /slRGp/ v. 倾斜

Qinghai-Tibet Plateau /XtSHNXhaH tHXbet XplBtRG/

青藏高原

scatter /'skBtR(r)/ v. 离散，分散

vast /vQst/ a. 巨大的；广阔的

territorial /"terH'tOrHRl/ a. 领土的；陆地的

territorial waters 领海

Notes

对照阅Bilingual Reading读

China’s Vast Territory

China is situated in the eastern part of Asia,

to the west of the Pacific Ocean. It has a total

land mass of some 9.6 million square kilometers,

slightly smaller than that of Europe. China’s

surface slopes down in steps starting from the

Qinghai-Tibet Plateau in the west leading to

the ocean in the east. China’s coast is 32,000

kilometers long, with more than 5,400 islands

scattered over its vast territorial waters. The

largest of these islands is Taiwan, the next largest

is Hainan, and both are provinces of China.

幅员辽阔的中国

中国位于亚洲大陆东部，太平洋西岸。

中国陆地面积约 960 万平方公里，略小于欧

洲总面积。中国的地势呈阶梯状排列，以青

藏高原为最高点，自西向东，级级下降，向

海洋延伸。中国的海岸线有 3.2 万公里长，在

辽阔的海域上分布着 5,400 多个岛屿，其中最

大的是台湾岛，其次是海南岛，这两个岛各

为中国的一个省。

China is a country with a vast territory,

complex topography and diverse climates. From

the south to the north, the country is divided

into tropical, subtropical, temperate and frigid

climate zones. The Qinghai-Tibet Plateau in the

southwest is a special alpine-cold zone with low

temperatures all the year round. China has a

great diversity of wildlife and plants. There are

2,000 species of terrestrial vertebrates and 7,000

species of plants.

中国幅员辽阔，地形复杂，气候类型多

样，从南到北分为热带、亚热带、温带和寒带。

西南的青藏高原是中国特殊的高寒地区，全

年气温较低。中国野生动物和植物资源极其

丰富 , 有陆栖脊椎动物 2,000 多种 , 木本植物

7,000 多种。

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Unit One

territory /'terHt�rH/ n. 领土，版图

topography /tRXp�grRfH/ n. 地形

diverse /daH'v!#s/ a. 不同的，变化多的

tropical /Xtr�pHk�l/ a. 热带的

subtropical /ZsVbXtr�pHk�l/ a. 亚热带的

temperate /'temp�rRt/ a. ( 气候 ) 温和的

frigid /'frHdJHd/ a. 寒冷的

zone /zRGn/ n. 地域，地带

alpine-cold zone /XBlpaHn XkRGld XzRGn/ 高寒地带

diversity /daH'v!#sRtH/ n. 差异，多样性

wildlife /XwaHldlaHf/ n. 野生动 ( 植 ) 物

species /'spi#Si#z/ n. 种类，物种

territorial /"terH'tOrHRl/ a. 陆生的

vertebrate /Xv!#tHbrRt/ n. 脊椎动物

Notes

句格言锦FamousSayings

1. Even the weariest river winds somewhere safe to sea.

河流虽历尽险阻, 终将蜿蜒流入大海。

2. Goals determine what you are going to be. — Julius Erving

目标决定你将成为什么样的人。 —— 朱利叶斯 · 欧文

3. Living without an aim is like sailing without a compass.

生活没有目标就像航海没有罗盘。

4. Have an aim in life, or your energies will all be wasted. — R. Peters

人生应该树立目标，否则你的精力会白白浪费。 —— 彼得斯

5. The important thing in life is to have a great aim, and the determination to attain it. — Goethe

人生重要的事在于确立一个伟大的目标，并有决心使其实现。 —— 歌德

weary /XwHRrH/ a. 疲倦的，厌倦的

wind /waHnd/ vi. ( 路、河流等 ) 弯曲；蜿蜒

goal /gRGl/ n. 目的，目标

determine /dH't!#mHn/ vt. 决定，确定

sailing /'seHlHN/ n. 航行

compass /XkVmpRs/ n. 罗盘，指南针

energy /XenRdJH/ n. 精力

determination /dH"t!#mH'neHS�n/ n. 决心

attain /RXteHn/ vt. 达到，获得

Notes

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学习方法与阅读2

听歌学英Reading & Singing语

Notes 1. blow /blRG/ v. 吹风

2. dove /dVv/ n. 鸽子

3. cannon ball 炮弹

4. ban /bBn/ vt. 禁止

5． 这首歌由鲍勃 · 迪伦 (Bob Dylan) 创作于 1962 年。它是一首有关自由

和渴望和平的歌曲。共有 9 个疑问句，所有的疑问句都属于修辞疑问，

不期待回答。作者在阐述这些事物需要改变时，强调了同压迫、战争

和污染等社会问题斗争的必要性。

Blowing in the Wind

How many roads must a man walk down

Before they call him a man?

How many seas must a white dove sail

Before she sleeps in the sand?

How many times must the cannon balls fly

Before they’re forever banned?

The answer, my friend, is blowing in the wind.

The answer is blowing in the wind.

How many years must a mountain exist

Before it is washed to the sea?

How many years can some people exist

Before they’re allowed to be free?

How many times can a man turn his head

And pretend that he just doesn’t see?

The answer, my friend, is blowing in the wind.

The answer is blowing in the wind.

How many times must a man look up

Before he can see the sky?

How many ears must one man have

Before he can hear people cry?

How many deaths will it take till he knows

That too many people have died?

The answer, my friend, is blowing in the wind.

The answer is blowing in the wind.

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