Unit One Evolution and Genetics Chapters 20, 21, and 22.
-
Upload
hannah-williamson -
Category
Documents
-
view
233 -
download
6
Transcript of Unit One Evolution and Genetics Chapters 20, 21, and 22.
![Page 1: Unit One Evolution and Genetics Chapters 20, 21, and 22.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062321/56649f0e5503460f94c22c25/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Unit OneUnit OneEvolution and GeneticsChapters 20, 21, and 22
![Page 2: Unit One Evolution and Genetics Chapters 20, 21, and 22.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062321/56649f0e5503460f94c22c25/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Genes Within Genes Within PopulationsPopulations
Chapter 20
![Page 3: Unit One Evolution and Genetics Chapters 20, 21, and 22.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062321/56649f0e5503460f94c22c25/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
DarwinDarwin• British Naturalist• Theory of Natural
Selection
![Page 4: Unit One Evolution and Genetics Chapters 20, 21, and 22.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062321/56649f0e5503460f94c22c25/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Nuts and Bolts of the Nuts and Bolts of the TheoryTheory
• Species accumulate differences over time• Individuals pass on their traits• Descendants differ from ancestors• New species can therefore arise from old species
![Page 5: Unit One Evolution and Genetics Chapters 20, 21, and 22.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062321/56649f0e5503460f94c22c25/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Major Agent of Major Agent of ChangeChange
• Not all organisms are the same• Some organism’s differences are better
adaptations• Better adaptations are passed on• Populations gradually change• Populations are better adapted to LOCAL
circumstances
![Page 6: Unit One Evolution and Genetics Chapters 20, 21, and 22.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062321/56649f0e5503460f94c22c25/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
![Page 7: Unit One Evolution and Genetics Chapters 20, 21, and 22.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062321/56649f0e5503460f94c22c25/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Measuring Measuring allele allele
frequenciesfrequencies
• Approach #1o Electrophoresis to
separate proteins RFLP’s or SNP’s
• Approach #2oHardy-Weinberg
prediction
• Mutations
• Population genetics
![Page 8: Unit One Evolution and Genetics Chapters 20, 21, and 22.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062321/56649f0e5503460f94c22c25/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Hardy-WeinbergHardy-Weinberg• Assumptions
o No mutation takes placeo No immigration or emigrationo Mating is randomo Population size is largeo No selection occurs
o Mr. Anderson Hardy-Weinberg
![Page 9: Unit One Evolution and Genetics Chapters 20, 21, and 22.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062321/56649f0e5503460f94c22c25/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
![Page 10: Unit One Evolution and Genetics Chapters 20, 21, and 22.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062321/56649f0e5503460f94c22c25/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Five Agents of ChangeFive Agents of Change• Mutation changes alleles• Gene flow—when alleles move between
populations• Nonrandom mating shifts genotype frequencies• Genetic drift may alter allele frequencies in small
populations• Selection favors some genotypes over others
![Page 11: Unit One Evolution and Genetics Chapters 20, 21, and 22.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062321/56649f0e5503460f94c22c25/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Did you notice anything Did you notice anything about the agents of about the agents of change and Hardy-change and Hardy-
Weinberg?Weinberg?Explain what you noticed.
![Page 12: Unit One Evolution and Genetics Chapters 20, 21, and 22.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062321/56649f0e5503460f94c22c25/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Nonrandom matingNonrandom matingAssortative Mating Disassortative Mating
• Phenotypically similar organisms mate
• Essentially inbreeding
• Phenotypically different organisms mate
• Hybrids produced
![Page 13: Unit One Evolution and Genetics Chapters 20, 21, and 22.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062321/56649f0e5503460f94c22c25/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Genetic Drift: Bottleneck Genetic Drift: Bottleneck EffectEffect
What types of scenarios could possibly cause this?
![Page 14: Unit One Evolution and Genetics Chapters 20, 21, and 22.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062321/56649f0e5503460f94c22c25/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Genetic Drift: Founder EffectGenetic Drift: Founder Effect
What happened? Explain a mechanism whereby this could occur.
![Page 15: Unit One Evolution and Genetics Chapters 20, 21, and 22.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062321/56649f0e5503460f94c22c25/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Bottleneck and Bottleneck and Founders Effect Founders Effect
ExamplesExamples• Northern Elephant
Seal• Amish communities
![Page 16: Unit One Evolution and Genetics Chapters 20, 21, and 22.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062321/56649f0e5503460f94c22c25/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
SelectionSelection• Phenotypic variation between individuals exist• Variation between individuals results in
differences of surviving offspring in the next generation
• Phenotypic variation has a genetic basis• Rock Pocket Mouse
![Page 17: Unit One Evolution and Genetics Chapters 20, 21, and 22.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062321/56649f0e5503460f94c22c25/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Darwin’s FitnessDarwin’s Fitness• According to Darwin what is fitness?
![Page 18: Unit One Evolution and Genetics Chapters 20, 21, and 22.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062321/56649f0e5503460f94c22c25/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
![Page 19: Unit One Evolution and Genetics Chapters 20, 21, and 22.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062321/56649f0e5503460f94c22c25/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Natural Selection Natural Selection RevisitedRevisited
• Negative frequency dependent selection• Positive frequency dependent selection• Oscillating selection
o Changes occur based on environmental pressureso Example in next chapter: finch beak shape due to precipitation
• Heterozygote advantageo Sickle cell anemia
![Page 20: Unit One Evolution and Genetics Chapters 20, 21, and 22.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062321/56649f0e5503460f94c22c25/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
![Page 21: Unit One Evolution and Genetics Chapters 20, 21, and 22.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062321/56649f0e5503460f94c22c25/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
![Page 22: Unit One Evolution and Genetics Chapters 20, 21, and 22.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062321/56649f0e5503460f94c22c25/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
![Page 23: Unit One Evolution and Genetics Chapters 20, 21, and 22.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062321/56649f0e5503460f94c22c25/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Other Selection TypesOther Selection Types• Disruptive• Directional• Stabilizing
![Page 24: Unit One Evolution and Genetics Chapters 20, 21, and 22.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062321/56649f0e5503460f94c22c25/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
![Page 25: Unit One Evolution and Genetics Chapters 20, 21, and 22.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062321/56649f0e5503460f94c22c25/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
![Page 26: Unit One Evolution and Genetics Chapters 20, 21, and 22.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062321/56649f0e5503460f94c22c25/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
![Page 27: Unit One Evolution and Genetics Chapters 20, 21, and 22.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062321/56649f0e5503460f94c22c25/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
![Page 28: Unit One Evolution and Genetics Chapters 20, 21, and 22.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062321/56649f0e5503460f94c22c25/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
The Evidence for The Evidence for EvolutionEvolution
Chapter 21
![Page 29: Unit One Evolution and Genetics Chapters 20, 21, and 22.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062321/56649f0e5503460f94c22c25/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
![Page 30: Unit One Evolution and Genetics Chapters 20, 21, and 22.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062321/56649f0e5503460f94c22c25/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
![Page 31: Unit One Evolution and Genetics Chapters 20, 21, and 22.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062321/56649f0e5503460f94c22c25/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
![Page 32: Unit One Evolution and Genetics Chapters 20, 21, and 22.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062321/56649f0e5503460f94c22c25/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
![Page 33: Unit One Evolution and Genetics Chapters 20, 21, and 22.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062321/56649f0e5503460f94c22c25/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
![Page 34: Unit One Evolution and Genetics Chapters 20, 21, and 22.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062321/56649f0e5503460f94c22c25/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Artificial Artificial SelectionSelection
Certain phenotypes are
favored
![Page 35: Unit One Evolution and Genetics Chapters 20, 21, and 22.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062321/56649f0e5503460f94c22c25/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Russian FoxesRussian Foxes
![Page 36: Unit One Evolution and Genetics Chapters 20, 21, and 22.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062321/56649f0e5503460f94c22c25/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Homologous Homologous StructuresStructures
![Page 37: Unit One Evolution and Genetics Chapters 20, 21, and 22.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062321/56649f0e5503460f94c22c25/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Vestigial StructuresVestigial Structures
![Page 38: Unit One Evolution and Genetics Chapters 20, 21, and 22.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062321/56649f0e5503460f94c22c25/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
Convergence and Convergence and BiogeographyBiogeography
![Page 39: Unit One Evolution and Genetics Chapters 20, 21, and 22.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062321/56649f0e5503460f94c22c25/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
The Origin of SpeciesThe Origin of SpeciesChapter 22
![Page 40: Unit One Evolution and Genetics Chapters 20, 21, and 22.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062321/56649f0e5503460f94c22c25/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
Sympatric SpeciesSympatric Species• Phenotypically different• Utilize different habitats• Behave differently
![Page 41: Unit One Evolution and Genetics Chapters 20, 21, and 22.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062321/56649f0e5503460f94c22c25/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
SubspeciesSubspecies
![Page 42: Unit One Evolution and Genetics Chapters 20, 21, and 22.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062321/56649f0e5503460f94c22c25/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
Biological Species Biological Species ConceptConcept
• Sympatric species if they were to mate would become homogenized
• Ernst Mayr and the concepto Defines species as “…groups of actually or potentially interbreeding
natural breeding populations which are reproductively isolated from other such groups.”
o In other words, you must be able to reproduce and produce fertile offspring to be a species
• How could a species be reproductively isolated?
![Page 43: Unit One Evolution and Genetics Chapters 20, 21, and 22.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062321/56649f0e5503460f94c22c25/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
![Page 44: Unit One Evolution and Genetics Chapters 20, 21, and 22.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062321/56649f0e5503460f94c22c25/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
![Page 45: Unit One Evolution and Genetics Chapters 20, 21, and 22.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062321/56649f0e5503460f94c22c25/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
Geographic IsolationGeographic Isolation
![Page 46: Unit One Evolution and Genetics Chapters 20, 21, and 22.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062321/56649f0e5503460f94c22c25/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
![Page 47: Unit One Evolution and Genetics Chapters 20, 21, and 22.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062321/56649f0e5503460f94c22c25/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
Adaptive Adaptive RadiationRadiation
• Notable examples
include island habitats
• Hawaii
• Galapagos
![Page 48: Unit One Evolution and Genetics Chapters 20, 21, and 22.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062321/56649f0e5503460f94c22c25/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
Character Character displacementdisplacement
• A system where
individuals that do not
use the same resources
are favored by natural
selection
![Page 49: Unit One Evolution and Genetics Chapters 20, 21, and 22.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062321/56649f0e5503460f94c22c25/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
![Page 50: Unit One Evolution and Genetics Chapters 20, 21, and 22.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062321/56649f0e5503460f94c22c25/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
Micro and Micro and MacroevolutionMacroevolution
Stickleback Evolution