Unit One Chapters 12 & 13 End of Feudalism and the Beginning of the Renaissance An Overview Crisis of the Late Middle Ages New Material Renaissance: Recovery & Rediscovery Recovery: Europe following the Crisis of the Late Middle Ages Political, Economic and Social Changes Rediscovery: The Return of Classical Learning Italian Renaissance: Why Italy? Economic, political and social structure of Italian city- states The Major Players and Achievements Northern Renaissance: How did it compare? The Major Players and Achievements Crisis of the Late Middle Ages Famine, Plague, War, Economic Crisis And the Decline of the Church Europe in the 6 th Century Famine Little Ice Age brought torrential rains Little Ice Age brought torrential rains Severe weather damaged crops , causing the Great Famine Severe weather damaged crops , causing the Great Famine Poor nutrition increased susceptibility to diseases Poor nutrition increased susceptibility to diseases Price controls could not stop inflation Price controls could not stop inflation The starving attacked Jews, lepers and the wealthy as scapegoats The starving attacked Jews, lepers and the wealthy as scapegoats Black Death Arrived in Italy in 1347 from Asia Arrived in Italy in 1347 from Asia Generated in humans from fleas on rats, most common in cities, which were havens for disease Generated in humans from fleas on rats, most common in cities, which were havens for disease Single boil was followed by bleeding under the skin, vomit, then death Single boil was followed by bleeding under the skin, vomit, then death 30%-60% of the population died (depending on area) 30%-60% of the population died (depending on area) Jews attacked again Jews attacked again The Disease Cycle Flea drinks rat blood that carries the bacteria. Fleas gut clogged with bacteria. Bacteria multiply in fleas gut. Flea bites human and regurgitates blood into human wound. Human is infected! The Symptoms Bulbous Septicemic Form: almost 100% mortality rate. Consequences of the Plague More inflation will occur More inflation will occur As labor became expensive, riots occurred over wages. Overall it benefited workers and artisans, especially those in guilds As labor became expensive, riots occurred over wages. Overall it benefited workers and artisans, especially those in guilds Many priests will die of the plague, encouraging the endowment of new colleges Many priests will die of the plague, encouraging the endowment of new colleges The plague caused pessimism in the Church, as well as fanaticism (anti-Semitism and flagellants from Latin flagellare, to whip) The plague caused pessimism in the Church, as well as fanaticism (anti-Semitism and flagellants from Latin flagellare, to whip) A morbid obsession with death will haunt art and literature A morbid obsession with death will haunt art and literature Psychology of the Black Death Blaming of certain groups- Jews Pessimism across Europe Artist Obsession with death Flagellantism Religious Fervor Disease from god to punish man of sins (The Great Flood) Black Death 15 th Century Bible depiction Modern Interpretation (20 th century) Point of View of Artist Flagellants (movie-Da Vinci Code?) 13 th /14 th Century Extremists Modern Day, Italy, Spain usually during Lent Death in Art The Dance of Death, 1474; Church of St. Mary of the Rocks; Istria, Croatia Hey Mr. Death! I can pay. Who? Jew Hat Golden Circle The Jews and the Black Death Pograms against the Jews The Hundred Years War Pg. 351 (10 th ) & Pg. 391 (7 th ) Started as a dispute over inherited land claims between the French and English monarchies Started as a dispute over inherited land claims between the French and English monarchies Fought primarily in France Fought primarily in France England will be the early winner due to the Long Bow and Canon England will be the early winner due to the Long Bow and Canon French troops will rally around Joan of Arc, changing the course of the war French troops will rally around Joan of Arc, changing the course of the war Joan of Arc will be caught by English allies of France and burned at the stake, but the spirit she endowed in the troops will lead to victory Joan of Arc will be caught by English allies of France and burned at the stake, but the spirit she endowed in the troops will lead to victory The Hundred Years War The Hundred Years War France vs. England Philip of Valois vs. Edward III Causes Edward III of England claims the French Throne Was the grandson of King Phillip the Fair of France Seized Aquitaine in 1337 French Barons backed Edwards claim Wanted to go against the French king who was trying to centralize rule Flemish supporters backed Edwards claim; wood trade England/Flanders French and English saw war as a way to avoid internal social problems Long Bow vs Cross Bow Faster loading; further; into chainmail; more skill required Slower loading; less reach; easier to learn to shoot Sketch by Leonardo Da Vinci Joan of Arc 1485 Artists interpretation only portrait of her did not survive 1485 Artists interpretation only portrait of her did not survive Aka Maid of Orleans Aka Maid of Orleans Becomes symbol for French people to take back country from English Becomes symbol for French people to take back country from English Later betrayed by her own king Later betrayed by her own king Sainted in 1920 Sainted in 1920 Most of what we know is speculation Most of what we know is speculation Consequences of the War Nationalism (intense feeling of national pride and unity) begins to take root Nationalism (intense feeling of national pride and unity) begins to take root Economies of both will suffer, leading to further taxes on peasants. Parliament will gain power in England, the Estates General will lose power in France as a result of taxing methods Economies of both will suffer, leading to further taxes on peasants. Parliament will gain power in England, the Estates General will lose power in France as a result of taxing methods England will lose all French possessions, except Calais (remember map from text) England will lose all French possessions, except Calais (remember map from text) Most importantly, the move toward a strong centralized, hereditary monarchy will begin to replace the notion of a feudal order Most importantly, the move toward a strong centralized, hereditary monarchy will begin to replace the notion of a feudal order Decline of Church Prestige , the Papacy was moved to Avignon, France and made a puppet of the monarchy: Known as Babylonian Captivity , the Papacy was moved to Avignon, France and made a puppet of the monarchy: Known as Babylonian Captivity Shortly after its return to Rome, an Italian Pope was chosen Urban VI Shortly after its return to Rome, an Italian Pope was chosen Urban VI Urban VI was a ruthless reformer, and the Cardinals secretly chose French Pope Clement VII Urban VI was a ruthless reformer, and the Cardinals secretly chose French Pope Clement VII As Kings lined up behind one pope or the other, common folk became confused and the Churches prestige was further weakened (Great Schism) As Kings lined up behind one pope or the other, common folk became confused and the Churches prestige was further weakened (Great Schism) Life in the Middle Ages (14 th and 15 th Centuries) Life in the Middle Ages (14 th and 15 th Centuries) Relationships between nobility and peasants Marriage and Family 16 to 18 years for women later for men The oldest profession Marriage usually governed by economic factors Divorce did not exist Church regulations were not usually followed Life in the Parish Increased lay management because of church crisis Center of life in Middle ages Increase in Guilds Widespread drunkenness and violence Bull Baiting and Bear Baiting Sports Execution of William Wallace The Renaissance 1450 (or so) Recovery & Rediscovery Reformation & Reconciliation Recovery Population: Substantial population growth in the late fifteenth sixteenth centuries due to better farming techniques, more land being farmed and new crops introduced from America. By 1550 it had reached pre- plague levels Economics: As the populations grew, the economy revived. A money economy will develop again along with the availability of credit. Wealthy banking families will gain power and prestige throughout Europe. Manufacturing will also grow. Socially: Famine, plague and war gave survivors a new meaning of life. They began to celebrate life, and question the church. Rediscovery Writers and artists began to express their new view on life and the printing press allowed for a revival in education and the availability of texts Writers and artists began to express their new view on life and the printing press allowed for a revival in education and the availability of texts Many were influenced by Greco-Roman classical styles preserved by Muslim and Byzantine scholars. Western Europeans came in contact with them through travel, trade and crusade. Many were influenced by Greco-Roman classical styles preserved by Muslim and Byzantine scholars. Western Europeans came in contact with them through travel, trade and crusade. The new art and literature focused more on secular than religious themes, and expressed the Renaissance intellectual movement known as Humanism which emphasized the individual. The new art and literature focused more on secular than religious themes, and expressed the Renaissance intellectual movement known as Humanism which emphasized the individual. Artists and sculptors will pay more attention to perspective and realistic styles, common in Greco-Roman art Artists and sculptors will pay more attention to perspective and realistic styles, common in Greco-Roman art Test Idea Secularism and Humanism Secularism focused the worldly rather than the spiritual (on the here and now versus the forever after). Life was to be enjoyed, not just endured. Secularism focused the worldly rather than the spiritual (on the here and now versus the forever after). Life was to be enjoyed, not just endured. Humanism a movement in which scholars studied the classics which emphasized individualism. Individualism stressed the full development of human potential and glorification of human achievement Humanism a movement in which scholars studied the classics which emphasized individualism. Individualism stressed the full development of human potential and glorification of human achievement In what ways are these ideas expressed in Greek art and literature? You will find those common themes in the Renaissance In what ways are these ideas expressed in Greek art and literature? You will find those common themes in the Renaissance New (?) Techniques Medieval art Medieval art Egg tempera and woodcarvings were common Flat, no perspective Symbolic Religious -clothed/censored -Unrealistic -Sculpture bas relief -Gothic Architecture (flying buttresses, stained glass, sculptures and illuminated manuscript) Renaissance art Renaissance art Frescoes, oil paintings Perspective Lifelike Religious and secular themes Free-standing sculpture Greco-Roman (you know, columns and stuff) and Dome architecture Gothic Religious subject matter Flying Buttresses Flat painting no perceived depth WE HAVE PERSPECTIVE! Depth Perception and looks like a picture School of Athens Raphael Raphael - looking out Pythagorus Plato and Aristotle Labeled School of Athens The Sistine Chapel - Michelangelo DAVID *Florence *Two years to complete *Fractured *Religious symbol meant for church, but placed outside a government building *Placement turns it into a symbol of civic liberties. *Florence vs Medici Pieta Michelangelo Literature Middle Ages Middle Ages Theology, law, history were dominant themes Wrote mostly in Latin Legendary themes on the feats of knights Renaissance Renaissance First modern writers (Humanists) Wrote in the vernacular Sonnets, biographies Secular tales, political and social themes Major Test Idea The Renaissance Man and Woman Pg. 429 (7 th ) & Pg. 391 (10 th ) Men Men Charming, witty Well-educated, especially in the classics Talented in the arts Talented in warfare skills (riding, wrestling, fencing) Collectively called virtu Example: Leonardo da Vinci Women Women Charming Educated in the classics Inspire and be a patron of (not necessarily create) art Example: Catherine Medici Major Test Idea Breaking Out of the Mold: Christine de Pizan The Book of the City of Ladies I am amazed by the opinion of some men who claim they do not want their (women) to be educated because their mores (morals) would be ruined..you can clearly see that not all opinions of men are based on reason.. Vernacular Literature Vernacular Literature Dantes Divine Comedy a symbolic pilgrimage through hell, purgatory, and paradise to God Criticism of some church authority Tension that existed between church and people Canterbury Tales- journey to shrine in England Materialistic and worldly views People in England the Church The Black Death Geoffrey Chaucer Dediderius Erasmus was a Christian humanist from Holland Believed in Christianity of the heart not of ritual and rules Wrote The Praise and Folly which poked fun at: Priest, Merchants, Scholars, and Heartsick Lovers Believed all people should study the Bible Always said he was not directly attacking the institution of the Roman Catholic Church The City-States of Italy Politically Politically Usually principalities or republics with constitutional oligarchies dominated by wealthy, powerful families Economically Economically Were economically successful due to their geographic location as a point of exchange between east and west. Printing and textile manufacturing were also profitable. Development of banking in the 14 th century helped finance trade and commerce, which will revive along with the population following the Black Plague Socially Socially Merchant capitalism eroded the power of the nobility Fat people included elite, nobles, wealthy merchants and manufacturers The middle people included small merchants and artisans Little People made up the bulk of the population and included everyone else Why Italy? Italy had many cities cities were places where ideas and technology are exchanged Italy had many cities cities were places where ideas and technology are exchanged Italy had a strong merchant and banking class with a lot of power and money who were patrons of the arts. This class supported the idea of Humanism (individual achievement v. nobility) Italy had a strong merchant and banking class with a lot of power and money who were patrons of the arts. This class supported the idea of Humanism (individual achievement v. nobility) Artists and scholars were inspired by what was around them (remnants of the past) Artists and scholars were inspired by what was around them (remnants of the past) Major Places Florence wealthiest city Florence wealthiest city Textiles and printing The florin became the standard for coins Wealthy banking industry Venice and Genoa Venice and Genoa Also banking cities Shipbuilding and insurance Trade link to Constantinople and Asian land routes Rome home of the Vatican and Papacy Rome home of the Vatican and Papacy Money brought in from tithes (vocab check!) Tourism to the holy city boost the economy Major Players Architecture Architecture Brunelleschi Sculpture and Art Sculpture and Art Michelangelo Donatello Leonardo da Vinci Raphael Gentileschi Literature Literature Petrarch Boccaccio Machiavelli Castiglione Mirandola Pisan Patrons Patrons Medici Church DEste Role of the Artist Middle Ages Middle Ages Renaissance Renaissance Northern Renaissance England, France, Germany and Flanders (part of France and the Netherlands) Why Northern Europe? Cities and population grew rapidly after the plague and war years Cities and population grew rapidly after the plague and war years It started in Flanders, where the economy was strong due to the wool industry and long distance trade It started in Flanders, where the economy was strong due to the wool industry and long distance trade In England and France, growing monarchies were patrons of the arts in Northern Europe, it will be your merchant classes with A LOT of money In England and France, growing monarchies were patrons of the arts in Northern Europe, it will be your merchant classes with A LOT of money In 1494, War with France began and many Italian artists and writers fled to safer parts of Europe In 1494, War with France began and many Italian artists and writers fled to safer parts of Europe What Makes It Special? Literature - Christian Humanists sought to combine Humanism with a deep Christian faith. They urged devotion to God, however they also encouraged Church reform and social justice Literature - Christian Humanists sought to combine Humanism with a deep Christian faith. They urged devotion to God, however they also encouraged Church reform and social justice Oil Painting was developed, although there are few sculptures Oil Painting was developed, although there are few sculptures Artistic themes peasant life, as well as life-like portraits. Although religious faith was stronger in the North, religion was not a common theme Artistic themes peasant life, as well as life-like portraits. Although religious faith was stronger in the North, religion was not a common theme Playwrights such as William Shakespeare will write with a deep understanding of human nature and express themes people can still relate to today Playwrights such as William Shakespeare will write with a deep understanding of human nature and express themes people can still relate to today The church was not a major patron of the arts, although many monarchs will be The church was not a major patron of the arts, although many monarchs will be Major Players Patrons Patrons Fuggers Elizabeth I Artists Artists Durer Holbein Van Eyck Brueghel Vermeer Rembrandt Writers Writers Erasmus More Rabelais Cervantes Shakespeare Inventors Inventors Gutenberg Brueghel How does this depict the ideals of Renaissance? Arnolfini Wedding by Van Eyck Pg. ?? In notebook Johann Van Eyck was here Holbein the Younger The Ambassador *Recognize the King? Compare Italian Renaissance Writers: Italian Renaissance Writers: Machiavelli, The Prince Castiglione, The Courtiers Northern Renaissance Writers: Northern Renaissance Writers: Erasmus, In Praise of Folly More, Utopia Compare Italian Renaissance Italian Renaissance Da Vinci, Mona Lisa, c Da Vinci, Mona Lisa, c Oil (30 in 21 in) Oil (30 in 21 in) Northern Renaissance Northern Renaissance Vermeer, Girl with a Pearl Earring, c Vermeer, Girl with a Pearl Earring, c Oil (18.31 in) Oil (18.31 in) Renaissance Legacy The Renaissance marked a break from medieval ideals which focused on the church, to more secular attitudes The Renaissance marked a break from medieval ideals which focused on the church, to more secular attitudes Dignity of the individual prompted democratic ideals Dignity of the individual prompted democratic ideals Greco-Roman classical styles were reborn Greco-Roman classical styles were reborn The printing press, vernacular literature and humanism promoted learning The printing press, vernacular literature and humanism promoted learning Humanism focused on individual achievement Humanism focused on individual achievement Christian Humanists fostered reform in religion, politics and the church Christian Humanists fostered reform in religion, politics and the church Task Analysis & Thesis Statements Analyze the influence of Humanism on the visual arts and literature of the Italian Renaissance. Use at least three specific works to support your analysis Analyze the influence of Humanism on the visual arts and literature of the Italian Renaissance. Use at least three specific works to support your analysis To what extent and in what ways did women participate in the Renaissance? Give specific examples to support your analysis To what extent and in what ways did women participate in the Renaissance? Give specific examples to support your analysis Compare the Northern and Italian Renaissance with regard to art and literature Compare the Northern and Italian Renaissance with regard to art and literature Quentin Massys; Where?