Unit One

Chapter OneSection 1Section 2Section 3Section 4Unit OneChapter TwoSection 1Section 2Section 3Section 4Chapter ThreeSection 1Section 2Section 31Chapter 1Section 2: A Diverse Society25The Earliest AmericansHow early did humans arrive to the Americas?No one knows for sure.10,000 years ago. 30,000 years ago.Originally these people were nomads.Soon they developed into permanent settlements.Civilization in the Americas was born.3The Earliest AmericansThe first civilization to develop in the Americas was the Olmec in Mexico.Followed by Aztecs and Maya.300 AD Hohokam civilization begins in Arizona.4ColumbusChristopher ColumbusAn Italian sailing for Spain searching for a route to Asia.1492 Nina, Pinta, and Santa Maria.He landed on modern-day San Salvador Island.He believed he was in Asia.

5Other ExpeditionsEuropeans learn that America is not Asia. They name the new land America in honor of Amerigo Vespucci.1494 treaty gives Spanish rights to most of these new lands.Conquistadors defeat many native tribes and begin building an empire.

6Chapter 2Section 3: Growing Division and Reform90Cultural ExchangesNative Americans introduce Europeans to new things.Foods like corn, squash, pumpkins, chocolate, and chewing gum.Canoes, snowshoes, and ponchos.Europeans introduce Native Americans toWheat, rice, coffee, bananas, citrus fruits, and domesticated livestock.

8Chapter 2Section 1: The New Republic63More ExpeditionsFrench and British begin explorations to the new world.England sends John Cabot (discovers Canada in 1497).Jacques Cartier sails for France.They do not establish successful colonies unitl the 1600s.

10New France1608 Samuel de Champlain founded the outpost of Quebec.Fur trade with natives begins.Soon the French begin to expanding to the south.Explore to the Mississippi and Gulf of Mexico.Name the area Louisiana.Founded New Orleans.They begin growing sugar cane, rice and tobacco.Begin to import slaves for labor.11JamestownJamestownFounded in Virginia.Source of raw materials and outlets for British goods.Colony prospers by growing tobacco.1619 Colonists form a House of Burgesses to make their own laws.12Plymouth ColonyKing James persecuted a group of Puritans.They were called separatists because they wanted to be separate from the Anglican church.They sought religious freedom.1620The Pilgrims set sail on the Mayflower.Upon arrival they draft the Mayflower Compact.They befriended the local Wampanoag people and had a harvest celebration the first Thanksgiving.Ten years later the Massachusetts Bay Colony is formed.13New England GrowsReligious dissention leads to other colonies.Roger Williams gets banned from Massachusetts.Heads south and founds the town of Providence.Anne Hutchinson joins him.1644 The colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations is formed.1679 colony of New Hampshire forms.14New England GrowsReverend Thomas HookerDisagreed with policy that only churchgoers could vote.Moves his congregation to Connecticut valley.Adopt Americas first written constitution Fundamental Orders of Connecticut allowing all adult men to vote and hold office.

15New England LifePuritan town lifeTowns included a meetinghouse (church), school, and marketplace.During town meetings locals would discuss problems.This would lead to the creation of a local government.People begin to believe in their right to self-government.16Issues With Natives1637 War breaks out between English and the Pequot.Pequot nearly exterminated.1670s Colonial governments demand that Natives follow English laws and customs.1675 Plymouth Colony executes three Wampanoag for murder.King Philips War named after Wampanoag leader Metacomet.1678 Few natives left in New England.17The Middle ColoniesDutch Make claims to land south of Connecticut.Henry Hudson discovers the Hudson River Valley in New York.New Netherland on Manhattan Island.

18ChangesCharles II of England Seizes New Netherland.Gives it to his brother and part of it is renamed New York.The rest becomes New Jersey.

19William PennWilliam PennHis colony would have religious freedom and people would have a voice in government.Would help fellow Quakers escape persecution.They objected to mandatory taxes and military service.Oppose violence as a means to settle disputes.Penns colony will be named Pennsylvania.Land on the coast in the east will become Delaware.20The Southern ColoniesTobacco is king.Virginia and Maryland are proprietary colonies.Owned by an individual who could govern it any way they wanted (appoint officials, coin money, impose taxes, raise an army).George Calvert owner of Virginia.Makes Virginia a refuge for Catholics. Most that come are Protestant.21The Southern ColoniesToleration Act (1649) Maryland.Grants religious toleration to all Christians in the colony.Charles II gives some land to eight men.This land is known as Carolina.Soon becomes North and South Carolina.GeorgiaStarted by James Oglethorpe as a colony where Englands poor could start over.22Southern LifeAgriculture is the main focus.Many in England become indentured servants.People who signed contracts with colonists to receive free passage in return for four or more years of work, food, clothing, and shelter.Reliance on African slaves grow.23Crisis Over LandMore people want land. Theres not enough land for everyone. Why?Most opposed expansion because they did not want to risk war with the natives.Bacons Rebellion Nathaniel BaconLeads to westward expansion in Virginia.More reliance on slaves and slave trade.They no longer have to be freed.

24Growth of the ColoniesPopulation of the colonies grow.High birth rates and improved housing and sanitation.Disease (typhoid, tuberculosis, cholera) remain a problem.Triangular TradeTrade between the colonies, England, Caribbean sugar planters, and Africa.

26Growth of the ColoniesSocial HierarchyWealthy Merchants.Artisans (skilled workers), innkeepers, shop owners.Lower class No skills, no property.Indentured servants.Slaves.27ImmigrationHundreds of thousands of people come to the colonies.Germans escaping religious wars.Scots-Irish escaping high taxes, religious discrimination.Jews religious reasons as well.

28WomenWomen do not have equal rights.At first, women could not:Own propertyMake contracts or willsHusbands:Were sole guardians of children.Allowed to physically discipline children and wives.Single women had more rights.29SlavesBetween 1450 and 187010 to 12 million Africans were enslaved and sent to the Americas.About 2 million died in route.Referred to as the Middle Passage.30Slaves1775 540,000 slaves in the United States (20% of population).Slave Codes Kept slaves from:Owning property.Testifying against whites.Being educated.Moving about freely.Meeting in large groups.31ActsCharles II Navigation ActsAll goods shipped from the colony be on English ships.The Staple ActAll colonial imports had to go through England.Increased price of goods in the colonies.Merchants begin smuggling products to Europe, the Caribbean, and Africa.32The Glorious RevolutionKing James IICatholic.People did not want a Catholic dynasty.Jamess Protestant daughter Mary claims the throne with her husband William.Known as the Glorious Revolution.Suggest that revolution is justified when individual rights were violated.

33The EnlightenmentThe Age of EnlightenmentJohn Locke People are not born sinful. Their minds are blank slates that society and education could shape for the better.Rousseau Government should be formed by the consent of the people who would make their own laws.Montesquieu Three types of political power executive, legislative, and judicial. Should be divided into three branches to protect the liberty of the people.34The Great AwakeningThe Great AwakeningWidespread resurgence of religious fervor.All people are equal before God.Baptists, Presbyterians, and Methodists embrace new ideas.The Enlightenment and Great Awakening incline Americans towards political independence.

35French and Indian WarFrench and Indian WarFighting between British and French in frontier.Natives allied with the French.Treaty of Paris (1763)The British triumph.Treaty gives British all French territory east of the Mississippi except New Orleans.Also gain Florida from Spain.

37Unpopular RegulationsProclamation of 1763Tried to halt expansion into Native American lands.King George III wanted to avoid another war with natives.Colonists wanted access to the Ohio River Valley.Customs ControlsSugar Act of 1764 raised taxes on sugar, molasses, silk, wine, and coffee.Quartering Act of 1765 colonists had to provide shelter for British troops.Stamp Act of 1765 required stamps to be bought and placed on printed materials.38Unpopular RegulationsStamp Act CongressOnly representatives elected by the colonists had the right to tax them.No taxation without representation.When the Stamp Act took effect, colonists ignored it and boycotted British goods.Stamp Act is repealed.

39Townshend ActsTownshend ActsNew customs duties on glass, lead, paper, paint, and tea.March 5, 1770 BostonColonists began taunting a British soldier guarding a customs house.British troops opened fire and killed five colonists.Known as the Boston Massacre.Townshend Acts repealed except the one on tea.40Tea ActTea ActFavored British East India company.American merchants outraged.Boston 150 men dump 342 chests of tea overboard Boston Tea Party. Coercive ActsUsed to punish Massachusetts.One law shut down Bostons port until tea was paid for.2,000 troops stationed in New England.Referred to as the Intolerable Acts.41First Continental CongressFirst Continental CongressProtest the Intolerable Acts.Approved a plan to boycott British goods.

42RevolutionRevolution begins in Massachusetts.Minute-men men who were trained and ready to go at a minutes notice.Some colonists still felt a loyalty to the King.Called Loyalists or Tories.Those who thought the British were tyrants?Patriots.43RevolutionApril 18, 1775 British troops set out from Boston heading for Concord.Old North Church One if by land, two if by sea.Messengers carry word ahead of them Paul Revere.LexingtonFirst shot of the war (the Shot Heard round the World).44RevolutionSecond Continental CongressAdopted the militia.Chose George Washington as commander.Successes of the militia builds American confidence.

45IndependenceOlive Branch PetitionSent to King George III to resolve grievances peacefully.He rejected it.Thomas Payne Common SenseKing George III is a tyrant time to declare independence.July 4, 1776Congress issues the Declaration of Independence.The colonies are now the United States of America.American Revolution officially started.46IndependenceContinental Army (Video) (Video)Could not match the British in size and funding.They were fighting on home ground.Also made use of unconventional, guerilla tactics.47VictoryYorktownLast major battle (1781).British General Cornwallis surrendered.The war ends.Treaty of ParisBritish recognize the United States.Mississippi River is the western border.48Something NewCreating a RepublicPower resides with citizens.Citizens entitled to vote.Power exercised by elected officials.Elected officials responsible to the citizens.Must govern according to a constitution.All people are equal under the law.What about women and slaves?

50State ConstitutionsState ConstitutionsCall for separation of powers among executive, legislative, and judicial branches.Bi-cameral legislatures.List of rights guaranteeing essential freedoms.

51Societal ChangesChanges in SocietyGreater separation of church and state.Expanded voting rights any white male taxpayer.Women gain greater access to education and the ability to get a divorce.Many northern states begin to gradually abolish slavery.

52National GovernmentArticles of ConfederationUnited the states under a single governing body Congress.Congress has very limited powers.Americans do not want to risk a government that becomes tyrannical.CongressCould negotiate with other nations, raise armies, and declare war.Could not regulate trade or impose taxes.53National GovernmentProblems with the ArticlesStates did not have uniform trade policies.Country falls into recession because Congress could not collect taxes to pay debts.States issued their own currency which lost value and weakened the economy.Shayss RebellionPoor farmers protest new taxes.Led by Daniel Shays.Convinces people of the need for a stronger central government.54Constitutional ConventionMay 1787 Philadelphia55 delegates (from all states except Rhode Island) meet.Articles are abandoned.George Washington chosen as presiding officer.AgreementsStronger national government.Power to levy taxes and make laws.Government divided into three branches.55Constitutional ConventionDebate RepresentationLarge states want representation based on population.Small states feared they would be outvoted.Each state should have an equal vote.Great CompromiseCongress divided into two houses.House representation determined by population.Senate each state would have equal representation.House elected by the people; Senate elected by state legislatures.56Constitutional ConventionWho is counted towards population? Slaves?Three-Fifths CompromiseEvery five slaves would count as three persons.57Framework of GovernmentPopular SovereigntyRule by the people.Representative system of government.FederalismPower is divided between national and state.Separation of PowersLegislative Congress (House and Senate) would make laws.Executive President would enforce laws.Judicial Courts would interpret laws and render judgments.58Constitutional ConventionChecks and BalancesPrevents any one branch from becoming too powerful.What if the Constitution needed to be revised?A process is created to add amendments to the Constitution.59RatificationConstitution sent to the states for ratification9 of 13 states needed.Debates beginSupporters were called Federalists.Opponents were called Anti-Federalists.60RatificationOpposition in MassachusettsConstitution failed to safeguard individual rights.Federalists promised a Bill of Rights (first ten amendments) .June of 1788Nine states have ratified.Virginia and New York (30% of population) had not.Could new government succeed without their support.61RatificationCompromise is reached in Virginia and New York.May 1790All states had ratified the new Constitution.George Washington is chosen as the new president.62Building A CabinetThe first cabinet consisted of:Department of State Thomas Jefferson.Department of the Treasury Alexander Hamilton.Attorney General.Supreme CourtJohn Jay First Chief Justice.64Financial TroublesGovernment inherited a huge debt.Alexander HamiltonProposes plan to pay off all debts including state debts.Calls for the creation of a national bank.Establishing a bank not an enumerated power specifically mentioned in the constitution.It was needed necessary and proper so the government could collect taxes and provide for the common defense.65D.C.District of ColumbiaHamilton gets approval after agreeing to put the nations capital in the South.First bank established for twenty years.66Whiskey Rebellion1791Congress enacts an unpopular tax on whiskey.Whiskey Rebellion13,000 troops used to crush the Whiskey Rebellion in the west.(Video 4:10)67Rise of Political PartiesFederalistsHamilton supporters.Strong national government led by the rich.Manufacturing and trade were key.Democratic-Republicans (Republicans)Led by Thomas Jefferson and James Madison.Favored strict limits on federal government and protection of states rights.Agriculture was the key.68Washingtons Farewell AddressGeorge WashingtonWarned of the dangers of party politics and sectionalism (North against South and East against West).Steer clear of alliances with any part of the foreign world.69Alien and Sedition ActsThe Federalist majority in Congress resented Republican criticism.Pass the Alien and Sedition Acts of 1798One law made it a crime to say or print anything false or scandalous against the federal government or official.Also made it harder for aliens (foreigners) to gain citizenship they usually voted Republican.70Election of 1800Federalists John Adams vs. Republican Thomas JeffersonRepublican Aaron Burr ran for vice president.Jefferson wins the election.Flaw:Constitution does not allow citizens to directly vote for president.Instead, each state chooses electors.71Election of 1800ContinuedEach elector would cast one vote for president and one for vice president.The intent was for one elector not to vote for vice president to avoid a tie.When votes were counted Jefferson and Burr each had 73 votes.Federalist controlled house then had to choose a president.Jefferson is chosen.12th Amendment: separate ballots for president and vice-president.72Westward ExpansionNapoleon Bonaparte of FranceOffers to sell the Louisiana Territory to finance his plans for European conquest.Louisiana PurchaseThe United States pays $15 million for the territory.Land area = 828,000 mi2.Doubles the size of the country.Lewis and Clark Expedition (Video)73War of 1812CausesBritish seizing American ships at sea.Impressment kidnap sailors to serve in the British navy.British Burn the White House and the Capitol building in D.C.Bombard Baltimore Harbor.74War of 1812Francis Scott Key (Video) Wrote the Star Spangled Banner after seeing the flag still flying at dawn.Treaty of Ghent (December 24, 1814)Ends the war with the U.S. victorious.January 8, 1815General Andrew Jackson defeats the British in the Battle of New Orleans. (Video)75Era of Good FeelingsAmerican NationalismAmericans begin to consider themselves to be part of a whole.Known as the Era of Good Feelings.77FederalistsEnd of the Federalists PartyFederalists lose influence after War of 1812Republicans begin to believe that a stronger federal government was necessary.More and more join the Republican Party.By 1820 the Federalists Party is gone.1820 election all candidates are Republican.78RepublicansRepublican ProgramsRepublicans have always opposed a national bank.Blocked the renewal of the first bank.Private banks issue own money.No national bank to regulate currency.Republicans change their mindsCreate the Second Bank of the United States.Bank given the power to issue notes that would serve as a national currency.79TariffProtective TariffProtect manufacturers from foreign competition.An influx of cheaper British goods after the War of 1812.A protective Tariff was a tax used to drive up the prices of imports.80Monroe DoctrineNationalist DiplomacySpanish ceded Florida to the United States.Spanish colonies in the Americas begin declaring their independence.Russia takes claim to Alaska and encroaches on the Oregon Country.President James Monroe issues the Monroe Doctrine.Declares that the American continents would no longer be subject to future colonization by European powers.81TransportationTransportation RevolutionNational Road (1806) connected Cumberland, Maryland to Vandalia, Illinois.Toll roads become popular.Rivers offer more efficient and cheaper way to move goods.Steamboat allowed boats to travel upriver.Robert Fulton first successful steamboat.Most important transportation innovation of time period the train.82Industrial RevolutionIndustrialization begins in the NortheastUtilized waterpower.Use of interchangeable parts popularized by Eli Whitney.Leads to mass production of goods.InnovationsSewing machine inexpensive clothes could be mass produced.Canning food storage with no spoilage.1832 Samuel Morse perfects the telegraph and develops Morse Code.83Immigration1815 18605 million foreigners come to America.Many settle in cities providing a steady source of cheap labor.Not always welcomed.Nativism A preference for native-born people and a desire to limit immigration.Movements to keep foreign-born and Catholics from holding office.Members of these movements become the Know-Nothings.84Factories18601.3 million factory workers.Included women and children; worked for less.Factory workers got low pay and worked 12 hour days.Some begin to form labor unions but have little power.85AgricultureAgriculture is still king.SouthFew cities and less industry.Focus in south on crops like tobacco, rice, and sugarcane.Cotton is by far the biggest crop.86AgricultureKing CottonTedious work it took a worker an entire day to remove cotton seeds from one pound of cotton by hand.Eli Whitney invents the cotton gin quickly removes the seeds from the pod.Cotton production soars and so does slavery.Saying: Cotton is King.87SlaveryAs cotton spreads so does demand for slaves.1808 Congress outlawed foreign slave trade.High birthrate encouraged by slave owners kept the population growing.Slave numbers increase from 1.5 million to 3.2 million.Slaves account for 37% of the souths population.(Video 1st 4 mins)88SlaveryRoleMost slaves worked in the fields on small farms.Some were house servants or worked in trades.Music and religion helped slaves endure the horrors of slavery.ResistanceWork slow-downs, breaking tools, running away or violence.89WestwardPeople increasingly move west.Many states grow large enough to apply for statehood.Problems arise in Missouri.91Missouri Compromise1819 Missouri applies for statehood.Issue: Should slavery expand westward.11 free states and 11 slave states.A new state would upset the balance in the Senate.Northerners oppose expanding slavery morally wrong.Southerners feared that with enough non-slave states the North could outlaw slavery.92Missouri CompromiseMissouri CompromiseMissouri sought admission as a slave state.The following year Maine sought statehood.Senate decides to admit Maine as a free state and Missouri as a slave state.Amendment added to prohibit slavery north of Missouris south boundary.Southerners agreed northern areas unsuitable for farming.Problem: Missouri constitutional convention added a clause prohibiting free African Americans from entering the state.They later agreed not to enforce it.93Election of 1824Four Republicans ran for president.Andrew Jackson led in popular and electoral votes.Did not have the majority of electoral votes needed.Decision went to the House who would pick the president from the three with the most votes.Henry Clay eliminated also Speaker of the House.Clay supports John Quincy Adams.Adams wins easily and makes Clay his secretary of state.94Election of 1824Jackson immediately protests.Jackson and his followers form the Democratic Republican Party or Democrats.This Democratic Party still exists today.Adams and his followers become known as National Republicans.Not modern Republicans.95Election of 1828John Quincy Adams vs. Andrew JacksonJackson won easily.Spoils SystemAppointing people to government jobs based on party loyalty and support.Opened up government to ordinary citizens.96Nullification CrisisSouth Carolina depends on manufactured goods from England.Tariffs make those goods expensive.A new tariff the Tariff of Abominations leads to South Carolinians threatening to secede.Nullification states had the right to declare federal law not valid.1832Another tariff law was passed and South Carolina nullifies it.Jackson declares it treason and sent a warship to Charleston.Crisis averted: Congress passes a bill that would lower tariffs gradually.97Native AmericansJackson wants to ensure the survival of natives but also wants to keep them out of the way of white settlers.Indian Removal ActHelped states relocate Native Americans to places west of the Mississippi.Cherokee Tribe appeals to Supreme Court.Chief Justice agrees with them.Jackson does it anyway.President Martin Van BurenSent in the army to forcibly remove the Cherokee.Trail of Tears thousands of Cherokees died on the march westward.98New PartyJackson forces the Second Bank to end.In response, the Whig Party forms.Whigs wanted to expand the federal government.99Election of 1840Whig candidate William Henry Harrison won easily. (Video 30:23)Hero of the Battle of Tippecanoe and territorial governor of Indiana.He spoke at his inauguration for two hours in bitter cold with no coat or hat.He died one month later of pneumonia.Vice President John Tyler took over.100Second Great AwakeningReligious leaders organize to revive Americans commitment to religion.Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (Mormons)Endure harassment in the East and Midwest.Joseph Smith leads them west to settle in the Utah Territory Salt Lake City.101Social ReformReformers many women.Saw the excessive use of alcohol as causing more crime, poverty, and family damage than any other vice.Temperance moderation of the use of alcohol.Temperance groups form across the country.American Temperance Union forms.Many states pass prohibition laws.Other reforms:Penitentiaries prisoners were to be rehabilitated.Public education government funded schools open to all. (slaves?)102WomenWomens MovementWomen still do not have the right to vote.Home was the proper place, the outside world was dangerous.Many seek better educational opportunities for girls.Seneca Falls Convention in New York (1848)Organized by Lucretia Mott and Elizabeth Cady Stanton.Declaration of Sentiments proposed a focus on womens suffrage or right to vote. (Video)103AbolitionAbolitionist MovementHow could country remain true to its ideals of liberty and equality if it continued to enslave humans.Slavery seen as a sin.Early societies advocate gradual end to slavery to give the south time to adjust.American Colonization Society (1816)Encouraged African Americans to resettle Africa.Between 12,000 and 20,000 African Americans resettled the west coast of Africa.Became the nation of Liberia.104AbolitionLater antislavery movements called for immediate emancipation.Frederick DouglasFormer slave who published an anti-slavery newspaper called the North Star.Northern OppositionNorthern whites feared abolition would bring a destructive war between the north and south.Southerners dependent on slaves and defend the institution.105Abolition1831 50 whites were killed in Virginia in a slave rebellion Nat Turners Rebellion.Southerners threatened to leave the union if the abolition movement was not suppressed.Abolitionists are not deterred.106Chapter 2Section 4: Manifest Destiny and Crisis107Pushing WestManifest Destiny The idea that the nation was meant to spread to the Pacific.Many set their sights on Oregon and California.Popular routes to the West: Oregon Trail, California Trail, and Santa Fe Trail.Effects on NativesPlains Indians came to resent the settlers.Posed a threat to their way of life.They feared the loss of the buffalo herds.Treaty of Fort Laramie the United States promised that defined territories would belong to Native Americans forever.108TexasMexico initially encouraged people to settle the Mexican region of Texas.Tension Americans refused to follow Mexicos conditions for settlement.Sam Houston and Stephen Austin lead Texans in separating from Mexico and creating their own government.The Alamo.1936Texans defeat Mexico and soon voted in favor of joining the United States.They wanted to enter as a slave state.Texas finally gets statehood in 1945.109Oregon TerritoryU.S. and Britain decide to divide Oregon along the 49th parallel.This land later becomes Oregon, Washington, and Idaho.110War With MexicoMexican government upset about Texas joining the Union.Debate over southern border of Texas.The U.S. tries to buy California but Mexico refuses.Lacking a diplomatic solution the two countries go to war.Northern CaliforniaSettlers revolt declaring the Bear Flag Republic.111War With MexicoTreaty of Guadalupe HidalgoMexico gave the United States more than 500,000 square miles of territory.Rio Grande set as southern border of Texas.The United States paid Mexico over $18,000,000 in return.Manifest Destiny had been realized.Slave debate in the west will soon create more problems.112Impact of WarWilmot ProvisoSlavery nor involuntary servitude would never exist in any territory the U.S. had gained from Mexico.House passes it, but the Senate refuses to debate it.ProposalEach new territory should be allowed to decide for themselves if they wanted slavery or not.Idea becomes known as popular sovereignty.Congress supports it because it removed the slavery issue from national politics.113Compromise1848 gold discovered in Sacramento, California.News spread to the East Coast creating the California Gold Rush.1849 80,000 Forty-Niners head to California.California decided to apply for statehood as a free state.There are 15 free and 15 slave states.Fearing slave states would become a minority many southern politicians begin to talk of secession.Compromise of 1850California would become a free state and rest of Mexican cessions would have no restrictions on slavery.114SlaveryFugitive Slave ActA slaveholder or slave catcher had only to point out alleged runaways to have them taken into custody.Since they had no right to testify on their own behalf, even free African Americans had no way to prove their case.Testimony from white witnesses was all that was needed for the person to be sent south.Federal commissioners earned $10 to judge in favor of slaveholders; judgments for the accused paid only $5.Citizens could be deputized by federal marshals to help capture runaways.115SlaveryUnderground RailroadA well-organized network of abolitionist that helped slaves flee north.ConductorsPeople who transported slaves in secret and gave them food and shelter.Harriet Tubman most famous conductor. (Video)Harriet Beecher Stowe Uncle Toms Cabin116Territorial ProblemsProblemsTranscontinental railroad is needed for the territories.Senator Stephen A. Douglas wants the railroad to start in Chicago.Organizes Nebraska Territory.Some senators block the bill wanting slavery to be allowed.Douglas agrees to divide the territory in two.Nebraska would be free; Kansas would by slave.Known as the Kansas-Nebraska Act.117Bleeding KansasMore Problems:Hundreds of northerners go to Kansas to create a anti-slavery majority.Thousands of Missourians cross the border to vote illegally and create a pro-slave government.Anti-slavery group drafts their own constitution anyway.March 1956 two governments in Kansas.118Bleeding KansasBleeding KansasMore northerners move to Kansas.Border Ruffians begin to attack.Territorial civil war starts.The delicate balance created by the Missouri Compromise becomes obsolete.Kansas eventually becomes a free state.119Republicans1854 Free-Soilers and anti-slavery democrats form the Republican Party.Goal: Stop southern planters from controlling the party.Slavery should not be abolished, but kept out of the territories.This is the modern day Republican Party.120Dred ScottDred ScottMissouri slave that had been taken to work in the north.When he returned he sued for his freedom living in free territory made him free.Supreme CourtRuled against him.African Americans were not citizens and could not sue in the courts.121John BrownJohn BrownAbolitionist who opposed slavery with violence.1859Brown decides to seize the federal arsenal at Harpers Ferry, Virginia.He wanted to free and arm the enslaved people of the area and begin a rebellion.October 15He and 18 men seize the arsenal.U.S. military commanded by Robert E. Lee force him to surrender.He is tried, sentenced to death, and executed.122John BrownJohn Brown seen as a martyr for the anti-slavery cause.South begins to see the north as an enemy.123Chapter 3Section 1: The Civil War Begins124Election of 1860April 1860Democrats gather in South Carolina to choose nominee for president.Southern DemocratsUphold the Dred Scott decision and defend slaveholders rights in territories.Northern DemocratsSupport popular sovereignty and against federal slave code in territories.50 Southern delegates storm out.No one could get enough votes to be the nominee.Later Northern democrats will nominate Stephen Douglas and Southern Democrats nominate John C. Breckenridge.125Election of 1860WhigsWorried of Southern secession create a new party called the Constitutional Union Party and run John Bell.Their purpose was to uphold the Constitution.

126Election of 1860Republicans stand no chance in the South.Need candidate who can sweep the North.Nominate Abraham Lincoln popularity from his debates with Stephen Douglas.LincolnSlavery is morally wrong and should not spread to territories.RepublicansAffirm slavery will remain in Southern states.Democrats are divided and Lincoln wins the electoral vote and becomes president.127SecessionSouth Lincolns election is seen as a threat to their society and culture.First to secede South Carolina.Compromise?John J. Crittenden Crittendens CompromiseGuarantee slavery where it already existed.Reinstate Missouri Compromise line and extend it to California.Slavery prohibited north and permitted south of the line.Lincoln requests that Republicans vote against it.128The ConfederacyFebruary 8, 1861Confederate States of America is declared.Confederate ConstitutionAcknowledged the independence of each state.Guaranteed slavery.Limited the president to a single six year term.Jefferson Davis chosen to be president.129Ft. SumterLincolnAnnounced his plan to resupply Fort Sumter in Charleston Harbor.DavisCould not tolerate U.S. troops in Souths most vital harbor.Demands the surrender of the fort before the supply ship arrives.Fort Commander Robert Anderson refused to surrender.Confederate forces bombard Ft. Sumter for 33 hours.No one is killed, but the Civil War had begun.130Border StatesLincolnCannot afford to lose slaveholding border states Kentucky, Maryland, and Missouri.Virginias secessionPut a Confederate state across the river from D.C.If Maryland seceded, D.C. would be surrounded by Confederate territory.Lincoln imposes martial law military rulePrevents Maryland from leaving the Union.131Robert E. LeeGeneral Robert E. Lee of VirginiaOne of the best senior officers in the U.S. Army.Offered the command of Union troops. He had spoken out against secession and thought slavery was wrong.He also refused to fight against the South.He resigned his post to join the Confederacy.Hundreds of other officers join the Confederacy as well.An advantage for the South.132Northern AdvantagesThe North had many advantages.Population: North 22 million; South 9 million.1860 Almost 90% of the nations factories in the North.RailNorth has twice as many miles of railroad tracks.South has only one line connecting the western states to the east.Very easy for North to disrupt the Souths rail system.133Northern AdvantagesFinancing NorthUnion also controls the national treasury.Northern banks hold large reserves; loan money to the government.Congress passes the Legal Tender Act, creating a national currency.Also allows the government to issue paper money called greenbacks.134Northern AdvantagesFinancing SouthMost Southern planters are poor.Banks were small and had few reserves.Best hope was to tax trade but Union Navy began to blockade ports.Resorted to direct taxation of the people.Many refuse to pay.South is forced to print paper money to pay its bills.Causes rapid inflation and it becomes almost worthless.135PoliticsNorth disagrees over conscriptionConscription forcing people into military service through a draft.Congress passes a conscription law but many democrats oppose it.Problems for Jefferson DavisConfederate Constitution protects states rights and limited central governments power.Interferes with Daviss ability to conduct the war.136PoliticsEuropeEuropean governments in a difficult situation.Union does not want European interference.Confederacy wants recognition and military aid.European textile factories depend on Southern cotton.Southern planters agree to stop selling cotton to French and British until they recognized the Confederacy.French and British will stay out of the war.137Modern WarfareFirst modern warTechnologyNew, more accurate bullets.Instead of standing in a straight line troops begin to use trenches and barricades for protection.War of AttritionAttrition The wearing down of one side by the other through exhaustion of soldiers and resources.138Southern StrategyStrategySouthern generals would pick their battles carefully.A defensive war of attrition would eventually force the Union to tire of war and negotiate.Great pressure for South to go on offensive.139Northern StrategyAnaconda PlanUnion blockade of Confederate ports.Send gunboats down the Mississippi to split the Confederacy in two.The South would run out of resources and surrender.Critics The strategy is too slow.Only a long war focused on destroying the Souths armies had any chance of success.140Chapter 3Section 2: Fighting the Civil War141First Major BattleUnion assault on Confederate troops at Manassas Junction, VirginiaOnly 25 miles south of D.C.Civilians dressed in their Sunday best and came to see the battle.Thought the Union would win and the war would be over.Battle of Bull RunThomas J. Stonewall Jackson helped the Confederates defeat the North.The Union Army retreated, right through the people that came to watch.Lincoln calls for an army of 500,000 men.142Naval WarLincoln proclaims a blockade of all Confederate ports to stop their trade with the world.Difficult to stop blockade runners small, fast vessels used to get past the blockade.The South was able to ship some cotton to Europe in return for supplies.April 1862 The Union captured New Orleans, center of the cotton trade.143The WestUlysses S. Grant Union GeneralCampaign to seize the Cumberland and Tennessee Rivers.Provided the Union with a river route into Confederate territory.Battle of ShilohUnion goal: seize Corinth, Mississippi to cut the Souths rail line between Mississippi and Tennessee.Confederates launched a surprise attack near Shiloh church.Union won the battle.Twenty thousand troops were killed or wounded.144The EastUnion General George B. McClellanPlan to capture Confederate capital of Richmond, VA.Confederate Robert E. LeeBegins a series of attacks Seven Days Battle.Union forced to retreat.Confederate forces march towards D.C.Leads to the Second Battle of Bull Run.Confederates win again only 20 miles outside D.C.Lee invades Maryland.145The EastLee invades MarylandInvasion would convince North to accept Southern independence.A victory on Northern soil would win recognition from the British.September 17, 1862Lees forces met Union troops under McClellan at Antietam Creek.146The EastBattle of Antietam Bloodiest one-day battle in American history.Over 6,000 killed and another 16,000 wounded.Suffering too many casualties Lee retreats back to Virginia.Crucial victory for the Union.British were ready to intervene as a mediator had Lee succeeded.Were also ready to recognize the Confederacy.Lincoln now convinced to end slavery in the South.147EmancipationMost begin to support ending slaveryTo punish the south.To make soldiers sacrifices worth it.Emancipation ProclamationA decree freeing all enslaved persons in states still in rebellion after January 1, 1863.Did not address slavery in the border states.Lincoln did not want to endanger their loyalty to the Union.War transforms from one of preserving the Union to a war of liberation.148Life During WarSouth economy suffersWinter 1862 sees food shortages.Food shortages led to riots.Many Confederate soldiers deserted to return home to help their families.North has an economic boomBanking industry raises money for war.Growing industries supply Union troops with clothes and munitions.149Life During WarDaily LifeSoldiers faced constant threat of disease.Extreme medical procedures if injured in battle.Agricultural innovationsHelped minimize loss of labor as men left to fight.Women filled labor shortages in industry.150Life During WarAfrican AmericansEmancipation enabled African Americans to enlist in the Union army.Thousands rush to join the military.WomenManaged family farm and businesses.Served as nurses to the wounded.Clara Barton Civil War nurse founder of the American Red Cross.151The WestVicksburgControl of the Mississippi was vital for the Union.Vicksburg was the last Confederate stronghold on the river.North could cut the South in two.General Grant puts the city under siege in May.July 4, 1863 Confederate Commander at Vicksburg surrendered.152The EastConfederate successLee defeats Union forces at Fredericksburg and Chancellorsville.June 1863Lee decides to launch another invasion of the North.Confederate army forages in PennsylvaniaSome troops headed into the town of Gettysburg to seize a supply of shoes.They encounter two brigades of Union cavalry.153The EastBattle of GettysburgUnion General George Meade vs. Confederate General Robert E. LeeDay 1 July 1, 1863Day 2 July 2Little Round Top 20th Maine led by Colonel Joshua ChamberlainDay 3 July 3Lee ordered 15,000 men under the command of Generals George Pickett and A.P. Hill to make a massive assault.Picketts Charge 7,000 casualties in less than a half hour.Fails to break the Union line.154The EastGettysburg casualtiesNorth 23,000South 28,000 (more than a third of Lees entire force)Turning point of the war in the East.Ensures once again that the British would not support the South.Confederates on the defensive for the rest of the war.Gettysburg AddressGiven on November 19, 1863.155The WestTennesseeFighting erupts near a vital railroad junction in Chattanooga.Union victory would give them control of a railroad running to Atlanta.Union Victory clears the way for an invasion of Georgia.Lincoln appoints Grant to general in chief of the Union forces.Promotes him to lieutenant general first since George Washington.156The EastGrants strategyGrant determined to attack Lees forces relentlessly.Gives Lees troops no time to recover.Union attacks:WildernessSpotsylvania CourthouseCold HarborGrants biggest mistakeBloodiest eight minutes of the war.North 1,844 killed; South 83 killed.Siege of Petersburg157March to the SeaWilliam Tecumseh ShermanPut in charge of Union operations in the West.Captures Atlanta and sets it on fire.More than one-third of the city destroyed.Shermans March to the SeaSherman leads his troops east across Georgia.Purpose: make Southern civilians understand the horrors of war and pressure them to give up.Shermans troops cut a path of destruction up to sixty miles wide.158SurrenderCapture of Atlanta revitalizes Northern support for the war.Lincoln is elected to a second term.Lincoln interprets his win as a mandate to end slavery permanently by amending the Constitution.January 31, 1865 The 13th Amendment banning slavery in the United States passes the House of Representatives.159SurrenderApril 9, 1865 Appomattox CourthouseLees troops are ragged and battered, surrounded and outnumbered.Lee surrenders to Grant.Terms of surrenderU.S. would not prosecute Confederate troops for treason.Confederate troops could keep their horses.160AssassinationApril 14, 1865Lincoln goes to Fords Theatre with his wife.John Wilkes Booth shoots Lincoln in the back of the head.Lincoln died the next morning.161Impact of WarNorths victory saved the Union and strengthened the power of the federal government over the states.Transformed American society by ending slavery.The South is left socially and economically devasted.Casualties:North 140,414 battle deaths; 365,000 total dead.South 72,524 battle deaths; 260,000 total dead.Total deaths 625,000.Time to rebuild.162Chapter 3Section 3: Reconstruction163ReconstructionReconstructionRebuilding the nation after the war.Lincoln Proclamation of Amnesty and Reconstruction.Reconcile with the South; not punish for treason.Amnesty pardon offered to all Southerners who took an oath of loyalty to the U.S.When 10% of states voters in 1860 election took the oath they could organize a new state government.Confederate government officials and military officers could not take the oath or be pardoned.164ReconstructionResistance Radical RepublicansPrevent the leaders of the Confederacy from returning to power.All African Americans would count towards population.Wanted to help African Americans achieve political equality by guaranteeing their right to vote.165ReconstructionModerate RepublicansLincoln too lenient.Radical Republicans going too far with African Americans equality and voting rights.166ReconstructionCompromise Wade-Davis BillRequired the majority of adult white males in a former Confederate state to take an oath of allegiance.The state could then create a new government.Iron-clad oath oath saying that they never fought against the Union or supported the South.Each state would have to abolish slavery.Deny all former Confederate officials and military officers from voting or holding office.Passed Congress, but Lincoln vetoed it.167ReconstructionMarch 1865Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen, and Abandoned LandsFreedmens Bureau.Fed and clothed war refugees in the South.Helped former slaves find work on plantations.168ReconstructionVice President Andrew Johnson becomes president. (Video)Democrat from Tennessee.Johnsons Reconstruction PlanPardon all former Confederate citizens who took an oath of loyalty to the Union.Required Southern states to ratify the 13th Amendment.169ReconstructionProblems: Southern voters elect many Confederate leaders to Congress.Republicans voted to reject the new Southern members of Congress.Southern legislatures pass black codes.Required African Americans to enter into annual labor contracts.Those who did not could be arrested for vagrancy.Forced into involuntary servitude.170ReconstructionRadical ReconstructionCivil Rights Act of 1866Intended to override the black codes.Granted citizenship to all persons born in the U.S. except Native Americans.Guaranteed African Americans rights to own property and to be treated equally in court.Johnson vetoed it; Congress overrode it and it became law.171Reconstruction14th AmendmentGranted citizenship to all persons born or naturalized in the U.S.No state could deny any person equal protection of the laws.Ratified in 1868.172ReconstructionJohnson vs. RepublicansRepublicans win a 3 to 1 majority in Congress.They could override any presidential veto.173Reconstruction1867 Military Reconstruction ActDivided the former Confederacy into five military districts.A Union general was placed in charge of each district to maintain peace.Each former Confederate state had to design a constitution acceptable to Congress.The new constitutions had to give the right to vote to all adult male citizens regardless of race.Each state had to ratify the 14th Amendment.174ImpeachmentRepublicans try to restrict Johnson.Pass the Tenure of Office Act which required the Senate to approve the removal of any official whose appointment had required the Senates consent.Johnson challenges the act by firing Secretary of War Edwin Stanton.House votes to impeach Johnson.Charged with high crimes and misdemeanors.175ImpeachmentSenate put the president on trial.Voted 35 19 guilty; one short of two-thirds needed for conviction.Johnson does not run in next election.Ulysses S. Grant wins the presidency. (Video 11:39)176ReconstructionFifteenth AmendmentThe right to vote shall not be denied on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude.177ReconstructionDuring Reconstruction a large number of Northerners travelled to the South.Many were elected to positions in state government.Called carpetbaggers some arrived with belongings in suitcases made of carpet fabric.Some Southerners worked with Republicans and supported Reconstruction known as scalawags.178African AmericansAfrican American men enter politics.Served as delegates to constitutional conventions.Dozens served in state legislatures; 14 elected to the House; two to the Senate.Freedmens Bureau establishes schools for African Americans.1876 40% of African American children attend school.Begin building churches.179Reforms and ResistanceRepublican governments in the South institute reforms.Repealed the black codes.Improved infrastructure rebuilt roads, railways, and bridges.ResistanceSecret societies organized to undermine Republican rule.The largest Ku Klux Klan.180End of ReconstructionGrants second term marred by scandals.Country also falls into a depression.Republicans begin to lose power.Enforcing Reconstruction becomes more difficult.Democrats begin to retake control of the South.181End of ReconstructionElection of 1876Republican Rutherford B. Hayes vs. Democrat Samuel Tilden.Election day: twenty electoral votes disputed (19 from three southern states).Compromise of 1877Republicans promised to pull federal troops out of the South if Hayes were elected.182End of ReconstructionA New SouthSouth cold never return to the pre-war agricultural economy.Had to develop a strong industrial economy.183African AmericansCollapse of Reconstruction ends their hopes of being granted land.Many return to plantations owned by whites.Many became tenant farmers paying rent for the land they farmed.Most tenant farmers became sharecroppers paid a share of their crops to cover rent and seed and equipment.Many struggled to grow enough to cover the increasing cost of supplies.The Civil War had ended slavery; Reconstruction had trapped many in poverty.184