MORALE

Morale

A mental condition or attitudes of individuals and groups which determines their willingness to cooperate.

Importance of Morale

Factors influencing Morale

Nature of work Working Conditions Supervision Interpersonal relations Management policies Personal factors

Measurement of Morale

Observation Attitude or Morale surveys

Interview Method Questionnaire Method

Company Records and Reports

Measures for Building high Morale

Proper work environment Job security Sound compensation system Sound promotion Policy Creation of whole jobs Job enrichment Grievance procedure Suggestion schemes Employee counseling Worker’s participation in management

Impact of Morale on Productivity

High MoraleHigh productivity

Low MoraleHigh Productivity

High moraleLow Productivity

Low MoraleLow Productivity

Low Productivity

High Productivity

High Morale Low Morale

Job Satisfaction

Job Satisfaction

Job Satisfaction is the end feeling of a person after performing a task.

Determinants of job Satisfaction

Environmental Factors Job content Occupational level Pay and promotion Work group Supervision

Personal factors Age Gender Education level Marital Status Experience

Theories of Job satisfaction

Need fulfillment theory Equity theory Two factor theory Discrepancy theory Equity-discrepancy theory Social reference group theory

Measurement of job satisfaction

Job Satisfaction Index (Hoppock) S-D (Satisfaction - Dissatisfaction) by

Pestonjee Job Management Social Relations Personal Adjustment

Counseling

Counseling

Counseling is the mean by which one person helps another through purposeful conversation.

Counseling is a method of identifying practical solutions to life or work related problem.

Essential Elements

An empathic relationship The counselor and client relate well The counselor sticks closely to the client’s

problem The client feels free to say what they like An atmosphere of mutual trust and

confidence exist

Types of Counseling

Directive Non-directive Co-operative

Employee Health

Working conditions affecting health

Cleanliness Lighting Temperature and ventilation Freedom from noise Dust control Working space and seating arrangement

Occupational hazards

Chemical substance Biological hazards Environmental hazards Atmospheric conditions

Protection against health hazards

Preventive measures Curative measures

Statutory provisions concerning Health

Cleanliness Disposal of waste Ventilation and temperature Dust and fumes Artificial humidification Overcrowding(14.2 cubic meters) Lighting Drinking water

Employee Safety

Employee Safety

An Industrial Accident is “an occurrence in an industrial establishment causing bodily injury to a person which makes him unfit to resume his duties in the next 48 hours.”

- the factories act 1948

Records and measurement of accidents

Accidents frequency rate =

No of injuries x 10,00,000

Total no of men hours worked

Accidents Severity rate =

No of men day lost x 10,00,000

Total no of men hours worked

Causes of industrial accidents

Unsafe Conditions The job itself Work schedules Psychological conditions Machinery and equipments

Unsafe acts Miscellaneous causes

Measures to ensure Industrial safety

Safety policy Safety committee Safety engineering

Guarding of machines Material handling equipment Safety devices Plan maintenance

Safety education and training Role of government (Safety and Health Accidents

reduction Plans)

Safety provisions under the Factories Act

Fencing of machinery Work on or near machinery in motion Employment of young persons on dangerous Machines Striking gears and devices for cutting off power Self-acting machines Casing of new machinery Prohibition of employment of women and children near cotton

openers Hoists and lifts Lifting machines, chains, ropes and lifting Tackles Revolving machinery

Pressure plant Floors, Stairs and means of access Excessive weights Protection of eyes Precautions against dangerous fumes Precautions regarding the use of portable electric

lights Precautions against explosive or inflammable dust,

gas etc Precautions in case of fire Safety officers

Employee welfare

“The efforts to make life worth living for workmen.”

- Oxford Dictionary

“ Labor welfare means anything done for the comfort and improvement, intellectual or social, of the employees over and above the wages paid which is not a necessity of the industry.”

- Arthur James Todd

Importance of Employee Welfare

Agencies of Employee Welfare

Central Government (Acts like Factories Act, Mines Act etc) State Government Employers (Like TISCO, SAHARA etc) Trade Unions (Ahmedabad Textile Labor Association, Mazdoor

Sabha etc) Other agencies (Social Service League, Seva sadan Society, the

Depressed classes Mission Society)

Types of Welfare Services

Intramural Extra-mural

Hosing Education Transportation Recreation Consumer cooperative stores

Statutory provisions concerning employee welfare

The Factories Act,1948 (First Aid Box, rest room, Lunch room on 150 workers, Ambulance & Welfare Officer on 500 workers, canteen on 250 workers, Crèche on 30 women workers)

The Plantation Labor Act,1951 (canteen for 150 workers, Crèche for 50 women workers, educational Facilities for 25 children between 6 to 12, Housing Facilities,

sickness allowances, Welfare Officers for 300 workers)

The Mines Act,1952 ( crèche for 50 workers, rest room, Lunch room on 150

workers, canteen on 250 workers)

The Contract Labor (Regulation and Abolition) Act,1970

Quality Circles

A Quality Circle is a small group of employees from the same work area which meets the regularly to identify, analyze and solve Quality and other work related problems.

How to make Quality Circles effective

Top management support Education and training of managers &

workers Timely implementation of ideas generated by

Quality circles Sharing gain in productivity with workers Facilities for meetings & discussions Regular monitoring of working of Quality

circles.

Composition of Quality Circle

Members

Leader

Facilitator & Coordinator

Steering committee

Executive Committee

Quality Circle Operations

Problem collection Problem selection Problem analysis Problem solution Management Presentation Implementation and Review & follow-up