Unit II(Research Project Management)
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Transcript of Unit II(Research Project Management)
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Primary Data
The Reliability of managerial decisions depends on the qualityof data and the quality of the data depends upon the usage of
a suitable data collection method. Data can be classified intoprimary and secondary data.
Primary data are those which are collected afresh(again but ina new or different way) and for the first time and thus happento be original in character and known as Primary data.
Primary Data is based on primary source of information.
The investigator gets it in original or raw form i.e. it is not beenprocessed earlier- coded, tabulated, classified andsummarized in some form for use by someone for somepurpose.
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The data which is collected from the field
under the control and supervision of an
investigator is known as primary data.
For ex. Data of a study to determine the
infrastructure facilities of educational
institutions in a city.
Data of a study to determine the morale of
the employees in a company.
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Advantages and Disadvantages of Primary data
Collection of primary data by sending and collecting schedules and
questionnaires through post is less expensive and can be completed in
shorter time.
It is more valid, reliable and relevant as compared to secondary data since
the researcher has full control over what is to be collected, from where it
is to be collected etc.
Disadvantages
It is time consuming in case of personal survey where an enumerator is
sent to each and every person in order to get the questionnaires filled.
It is expensive since enumerators are to be hired, trained and cost isinvolved in preparing questionnaire or schedule.
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Secondary Data
Secondary data means that are already available that is theyrefer to the data, which have already been collected andanalyzed by someone else for its own use and later the samedata is used by a different user or person.
It is based on secondary source of information. The source of data is called secondary because this data have
already been collected, tabulated and presented in some formby someone else for some purpose.
Data which is collected from journals, magazines,government
publications, annual reports of companies etc is calledsecondary data.
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Data may be primary for one agency, may besecondary for the other and vice-versa.
For Example, the number of deaths and birthregistered by a government office clerk constitutePrimary data while the same be secondary data for
a student doing demographic research.
Thus, we can say primary data is useful for currentstudies as well as for further studies.
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ADVANTAGES and DISADVANTAGES OF SECONDARY
DATA
It is economical-The amount of money spent in acquiring secondary data
is generally less than that needed to obtain primary data. The various
secondary data from libraries can be obtained at no cost.
Quickness-Secondary data is instant since it already exists and merely
needs to be discovered. Thus the time in collecting secondary data is
largely search time and usually requires few hours or few days.
Disadvantages
Relevance- The data may not fit into the needs of current investigation. It
may not be related to the area of present enquiry or it may pertain to
some other period of time. In case of secondary data the researcher has no control over the data that
is collected since it is being collected by someone else. Therefore , the
accuracy and reliability of the collected data can be questioned.
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Difference between Primary and Secondary Data
Primary Data Secondary Data
Primary Data are collectedOriginally.
Collected by the investigator
himself. Collected by the investigator
according to the object of thesurvey.
It is time consuming to collectprimary data.
A primary data needs moreprecaution at the time ofcollection but less at the timeof its use.
Secondary Data are alreadyavailable and thus these arenot original.
Collected by some otherperson.
Used and Adjusted by theperson according to theobject.
Less Time Consuming.
A Secondary Data needs lessprecaution at the time ofcollection but more at thetime of its use.
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Difference Between Primary and Secondary Data
Primary Data Secondary Data
A primary data, after a use
is converted into a
secondary data. A primary data is collected
for the first time by an
investigator or agency who
makes use of the data for
the first time.
A Primary data is in the
shape of raw material.
A Secondary data can never beconverted into a primary data.
A Secondary data is collectedfor the second or anysubsequent time by aninvestigator who makes use ofthe data for any subsequenttime.
A secondary data is in theshape of either work-in-progress or finished goodscapable of further processing.
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Questionnaire
A questionnaire is a document that contains a set of questionsprinted or typed in a proper sequence.
The Questionnaire is a list of questions to be asked from therespondents. It also contains a suitable space where the answers
can be recorded. The term Questionnaire refers to a self-administered process where
by the respondent himself reads the question and records his answerwithout the assistance of an interviewer.
The questionnaire is sent to each individual who is supposed to
answer it with a request to answer the questions and return thequestionnaire.
Questionnaires are a popular means of collecting data, but aredifficult to design and often require many rewrites before anacceptable questionnaire is produced.
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Questionnaire
Advantages:
Can be posted, e-mailed orfaxed.
Can cover a large number ofpeople .
Wide geographic coverage. Relatively cheap. No prior arrangements are
needed. Respondents are allowed to
answer the questions according
to their own views andunderstanding. Enough time to answer the
questions.
Disadvantages:
Time consuming. Questions have to be relatively
simple. Time delay while waiting for
responses to be returned. Assumes no literacy problems. Not possible to give assistance if
required. Problems with incomplete
questionnaires or Non-responseon the part of respondents.
The control over the questionnaireis lost once it is sent.
It is difficult to know whetherrespondents are trulyrepresentative.
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Generalized Steps for Designing Questionnaire
In order to collect Primary data various kinds of surveys can be conducted.The success of such survey methods depends upon the strength of thequestionnaire used. A Questionnaire consists of a set of well formulatedquestions to motivate and obtain responses from respondents.
Though there is a variation in the form and content ofquestionnaires from problem to problem, the generalized steps of
designing a questionnaire are:(I ) Deciding on the information requiredA Researcher does not start by writing questions. The first step is to
decide 'what are the things one needs to know from therespondent in order to meet the survey's objectives?' .In order to
have an idea about the kind of information to be collected, theresearcher should be aware of what work has been done on thesame or similar problems in the past, what factors have not yetbeen examined etc.
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(II) Formulation of Questions and Format
Once the researcher knows what information is required then theresearcher can formulate necessary questions in order to meet outthe surveys objectives. While formulating a question, its content
should be such that each respondent grasps the intention of thequestion as originally thought by the researcher. Also, the format ofeach question i.e different types of questions to be used should bedecided.
There are three different types of questions:
a) Open-ended Questions: In these type of questions the respondent isasked to give a reply to a question in his/her own words. Noanswers are suggested. These are also known as unstructured
questions.
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For ex. What is your overall opinion about Invertis asaUniversity?
Open-ended questions have a number of advantages whenutilised in a questionnaire:
They allow the respondent to answer in his own words, withno influence by any specific alternatives suggested by theinterviewer.
These questions may bring even such answers which are notknown to the researcher.
Open-ended questions also suffer from various disadvantages:
Respondents may find it difficult to properly and fully explaintheir attitudes or motivations.
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Respondents may not give a full answer simply because they
may forget to mention important points.
Data collected is in the form of comments - it has to be
coded and reduced to manageable categories. This can be
time consuming for analysis.
b) Close-Ended Questions/Structured Questions: These types of
questions can be of three formats:
1. Questions with multiple responses out of which respondents
have to select one or more choices.
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For ex. What is the number of dependents on you?
a) None b) one
c) Two d)three
e) Four and above2. Questions with rating scale.
For ex. Joint family system leads to better GDP of a nation.
Please tick one of the following:
a) Strongly Agree b) Moderately Agreec) Strongly disagree d) Moderately Disagree
e) Neither agree nor disagree
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3. Close-ended questions with only two responses.
For ex. Have you used any of our companys products?
a) Yes b) No
These type of questions have a number of advantages:
It provides the respondent with an easy method of indicatinghis answer - he does not have to think about how to articulatehis answer.
It 'prompts' the respondent so that the respondent has to
rely less on memory in answering a question. Responses can be easily classified, making analysis very
straightforward.
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Disadvantages are also present when using such questions
They do not allow the respondent the opportunity to give adifferent response to those suggested.
They 'suggest' answers that respondents may not have
considered before.
(III) Deciding Question Wording
The wording of each question should fully convey its meaning tothe respondents. The degree of the level of understanding
varies from person to person. If questions are not easilyunderstood by the respondents ,they will respond withdifferent answers to questions, which will lead to misleadingresearch findings.
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Guidelines for Question wording are as follows:
1. The vocabulary used should be simple, direct and familiar to allrespondents.
2. The words of the question should not have vague or ambiguous(not clear)meaning.
for ex. Question such as 'What is your income?' is vague and one is likely toget many different responses with different dimensions. Respondents mayinterpret the question in different terms, for example:
hourly pay? weekly pay?
yearly pay? income before tax? income after tax? income in kind as well as cash? income for self or family?
monthly income?
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The use of ambiguous words should also be avoided. For example: "Do youregularly service your tractor?"
The respondents' understanding and interpretation of the term 'regularly' willdiffer. Some may consider that regularly means once a week, others maythink once a year is regular.
3. As far as possible each question should have single part. Otherwise, therespondents will have difficulty in answering all the pats of the questions.
4. The instructions of the questions should be clear.
5. Researchers should avoid long questions. The fewer words in a questionthe better. Respondents' memories are limited and absorbing the meaning
of long sentences can be difficult: in listening to something they may nothave much interest in, the respondents' minds are likely to wander, theymay hear certain words but not others, or they may remember some partsof what is said but not all.
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6. The questions should be such that it is understood by all therespondents included in the sampling list. . Researchers must besensitive to the fact that some of the people he/she will beinterviewing do not have a high level of education. Sometimeshe/she will have no idea how well or badly educated therespondents are until he/she gets into the field.
7. Questions should not be leading to answers which will sufferfrom biases.
For example," What did you dislike about the product you have justtried?"
The respondent is not given the opportunity to indicate that there was
nothing he/she disliked about the product. A less biased approachwould have been to ask a preliminary question along the lines of,"Did you dislike any aspect of the product you have just tried?", andallow him/her to answer yes or no.
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(IV) Appropriate Sequence of Questions/Putting Questions into ameaningful order
After formulating necessary Questions ,they should bearranged in an appropriate sequence such thatrespondents are able to have better understanding ofthem and provide accurate responses.
While deciding the sequence of questions, a researchershould keep in mind the following points:
1.First few questions can be related to personal details of
the respondents.2. Opening/introductory questions should be easy to
answer and not in any way threatening to therespondents.
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The first question is crucial because it is the respondent's first
exposure to the interview and sets the tone for the nature of
the task to be performed. If they find the first question
difficult to understand, or beyond their knowledge and
experience, or embarrassing in some way, they are likely tobreak off immediately. If, on the other hand, they find the
opening question easy and pleasant to answer, they are
encouraged to continue.
3. Questions should be related to each other. There should be ameaningful and logical order of the questions.
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4. Respondents become bored quickly and restless when asked similarquestions continuously. It usually improves response, therefore, tovary the respondent's task from time to time. An open-endedquestion here and there may provide much-needed relief from along series of questions in which respondents have been forced to
limit their replies to pre-coded categories.5. After opening questions, the main body of the questionnaire should
contain focussed questions relating to objectives of the research.
6.Since it is natural for a respondent to become increasingly indifferentto the questionnaire as it nears the end. Because of impatience or
fatigue, he may give careless answers to the later questions. Thosequestions, therefore, that are of special importance should, ifpossible, be included in the earlier part of the questionnaire.
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(V) Pre-Testing Of QuestionnaireEven after the researcher has proceeded along the lines
suggested. Until it has actually been used in interviews andwith respondents, it is impossible to say whether it is going toachieve the desired results. For this reason it is necessary topre-test the questionnaire before it is used in a full-scalesurvey, to identify any mistakes that need correcting.
The purpose of pretesting the questionnaire is to determine:
whether the questions as they are worded will achieve thedesired results
whether the questions have been placed in the best order.
whether the questions are understood by all classes ofrespondent.
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whether additional or specifying questions are needed or
whether some questions should be eliminated
whether the instructions to interviewers are adequate.
(VI) Review of Questions For ImprovementsThe purpose of pre-testing of questionnaire is to obtain
information to improve its content ,format and sequence.
Based on the information, the questionnaire should be revised in
its format, content and sequence for the final use in thesurvey.
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Methods of Collecting Primary Data
There are several methods of collecting primary data:
Direct Personal Observation Interview
Questionnaire
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Observation
Observation involves recordingthe behavioral patterns ofpeople by investigators owndirect observation without
asking from the respondent.
For example, in a study relatingto human behavior, theinvestigator instead of askingthe brand of the wrist watch
used by the respondent, mayhimself look at the watch.
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Some examples of observation method are:
Continuous monitoring of stock exchange index andshare prices movements through newspaper and
magazines is an example of observation method. For ex. An investigator can observe customers visiting a
banks branch .He can observe behaviour of customerslike patience while waiting for their transaction, way ofdealing with bank employees, helping fellow customersin filling different forms, opinion of customers about thebank through their casual discussions.
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Observation
Uncontrolled or controlled Uncontrolled observation involves observing behavior as it takes
place in the natural environment, for example, eating hamburgers in afast food outlet.
In controlled observation, the respondents behavior is observed in anartificial environment, for example, a food tasting session.
Non-participant or Participant
In Non-participant observation, the observer observes as a detachedperson without any attempt on his part to experience throughparticipation what others feel.
In participant observation, the researcher observes by makinghimself. more or less, a member of the group he is observing so thathe can experience what the members of the group experience.
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Observation
Disguised or undisguised In disguised observation, respondents are unaware they are
being observed and thus behave naturally. Disguise isachieved, for example, by hiding, or using hidden equipmentor people disguised as shoppers.
In undisguised observation, respondents are aware they arebeing observed. There is a danger that people behavedifferently when being observed.
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Merits & Demerits
Merits
This method is independent of respondents willingness to
respond as such it demands less cooperation on the part of
respondent as in case of Questionnaire or interview method. The information obtained under this method relates to what
is currently happening, it helps to collect data where and
when an event or activity is occurring.
This method helps capture the behaviour of customersdirectly.
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CONTINUED..
Demerits It is an expensive method since we need to hire a no. of
observers and also train them. It takes a long time to collect the data from all the respondents
selected.
The information provided by this method is very limited. Since itdoes not increase your understanding of why people behave asthey do.
People usually perform better when they know they are beingobserved, although indirect observation may decrease thisproblem.
It suffers from personal biases of investigators with will distort thefindings.
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Interview
Interviewing is a techniquethat is primarily used to gainan understanding of theunderlying reason andmotivation for peoples
attitudes, preferences orbehavior.
Interviews can be personal
as well as telephonicinterview.
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Interview
Personal interview
It is a survey method of datacollection which employs aquestionnaire.
In a personal interview the
interviewer asks thequestions to the respondentin a face-to-face situation.
The interview may takeplace at the respondent'shome or at a central location,such as a shopping mall.
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Types of Personal Interviews
1. Door-to-door Interviewing Under this interviewing the interviewer will go to the
residence of each selected respondent and obtainresponses for the items in the questionnaire by directinterviewing.
It is a costly and time-consuming process.2. Executive Interviewing It is same as door-to-door interviewing except that the
interviewees are not the customers but the industrialexecutives and the products are the industrial goods.
It is a costly and time consuming process. The average waiting time of the interviewers at the offices of
the executives before commencing interview process is toolong bcoz of the busy schedule of the executives.
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3. Mall Intercept Interview
This type of interview is conducted in shopping malls or
complexes where a diverse spectrum of customers can
be interviewed. The people or shoppers visiting the mall will be used as
respondents for filling the questionnaires.
In this method, the interviewers are stationed in a
particular place of an area and the people who come tothat area will be sampled and served with questionnaire.
It is a less costly and quick process.
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Individuals who visit malls are not a representative of the
entire population.
An additional problem with intercept interviews at malls
where research firms maintain permanent facilities is
"respondent burnout," That is, a significant portion of a givenmall's customers shop at the mall regularly. over time, these
regular shoppers will be randomly. selected into numerous
studies. Both their willingness to cooperate and the nature of
their responses will change as they participate in more andmore studies.
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4. Self-Administered Interview
In this method, the respondents will be issued with
questionnaires and they will be asked to fill them on
their own. Thus, in this method interviewers will be absent
while filling the questionnaires.
It is a less costly and quick process. This method has the advantage of removing
interviewers bias.
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But due to the absence of the interviewer the
respondents may give some irrelevant responses to
some questions for which the respondents have
limited knowledge/doubt.
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Interview
Telephone interview
This is an alternative form of interview to the personal,face-to-face interview.
This method of collecting information consists incontacting respondents on telephone itself.
Telephone interview is considered to be a cost effectivedata collection method because of the following reasons:
a) The travel time of interviewers is totally eliminatedb) The cost of travel of interviewers is also eliminated.c) Greater possibility of reaching the customers all over
the geography
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d) Total time of conducting the interview of the sample is least
when compared to other methods.
e) There is a greater probability of reaching the respondent
unlike the non-response problems of personal interview.
Though telephone interview has many advantages,it has some
drawbacks:
Interviewee may discontinue conversation in the mid-way unlike
personnel interview in which there is greater probability of
completing the interview fully bcoz of the rapport developedbetween the interviewer and the interviewee through
personal contact.
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The unique features of telephone interview are:
Selection of Telephone Numbers-
The telephone numbers should be selected such that they cover
the entire population of interest. The methods for selection oftelephone numbers are as follows:
a) Telephone directory reference-In this method telephone
numbers are selected randomly from the telephone
directory.
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b) Systematic Random-digit dialing- In this method Initially a
geographic area is decided. Within this area code a starting
telephone number is randomly selected. Then a constant
number(sampling interval) is added to the initial number to
get the second number which is to be dialed. Similarly thesame constant number is to be added to the immediate
preceding number and this process continues till the
remaining number of telephone numbers are generated.
Because there is a random startingpoint, each telephone number within an area code has an
equal chance of being called
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c) Plus-one Dialing-It is telephone directory assisted method. in
this method required number of telephone numbers are
selected from one or more telephone directories. Then the
constant one is added to each of the last four digits of each
selected telephone number. This generates a new list oftelephone numbers. This list may contain the telephone
numbers which are not present in telephone directories bcoz
the telephone numbers of new subscribers will be absent in
telephone directories till they are updated.
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Call Outcomes
In telephone Interview, the following outcomes of a call are
noticed:
1. The telephone number is not in service.
2. The number dialed is busy.
3. No one answers the call.
4. Answering Machine responds.
5. The call is responded by someone else instead of targettedrespondent.
6. The call is responded by the targeted respondent.
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Following are important guidelines for handling call outcomes:
1. If the telephone is not in service, then eliminate that number
from the sampling list.
2. If the number dialed is busy, then contact that number later.
3. If the call is not answered by any one, try later.
4. If the call is answered by an answering machine, then leave a
message about yourself and the purpose of your call, and
dial the same number later.
5. If the call is responded by someone else instead of targetted
respondent, then introduce yourself and brief about the
purpose of your study and try that number later.
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6. If the call is responded by the targetted respondent and ifhe/she is free, conduct the interview, otherwise contacthim/her again at his/her convenience.
Call Timing
The timing of the calls should be such that maximum number ofrespondents are available. The respondents can be classifiedinto working, non-working ,and business groups.
For consumer survey, it ispreferable to call the respondents belonging to all threeclasses in the evening time during weekdays, and day timeduring weekends. For industrial survey, the executives shouldbe called during 10:00 A.M. to 4 PM only on weekdays.
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Call Report
The Interviewer should record telephone numbers called, and
for each number, the name of the respondent, call date and
time, duration of the call, any special remark about the
respondent in the call report. This Report will act as database
for the Interviewers which is served to manage the
respondents who are yet to be interviewed.
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MAIL SURVEY
It is a data collection method in which questionnaires are
mailed to potential respondents who in turn fill and return
them at their convenience.
This method is useful for respondents with higher educational
and literacy levels.
Advantages of this method include:
1. it is easy and relatively low-cost to let the postal service do
the leg work of delivering the questionnaires.
2. Respondents can answer at their convenience.
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3. Any potential interviewer bias may be reduced due to lack ofcontact with the interviewer.
4. Wider coverage of population. It is possible to have alarger universe with a mail survey because it does not requirepersonal contact between the respondents and the researcher.
5. Less time of data collection.
Disadvantages of this method include:
1. Response rates from individuals with lower literacy levels are oftentoo small to be useful.
2. The identity of the respondents is not known to the interviewers.3. The questionnaire may be filled by the family members of the
respondent.
4. Some respondents may not return filled-in questionnaires.
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5. There may be delay on the part of the respondents in returning thefilled-in questionnaires.
In mail survey, the researcher selects the required number of potentialrespondents from mailing list provided by some organizations. Thena carefully designed questionnaire is despatched to each of the
potential respondents.The mailing of the questionnaires involves the following tasks:
a) Selecting the type of Envelope
b) Determining mode of postage
c) Designing covering letterd) Designing questionnaire length,content,layout and format.
e) Type of incentive ,if any, to be given to the respondents.
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In some cases, even before mailing the questionnaires, a
notification is sent to the respondents which makes them
aware of the purpose of the study before hand. After mailing
the questionnaires ,reminders are to be sent to the
respondents at predetermined intervals to speed up thematter.
If the response rate is very poor, then more
reminders should be mailed to the respondents.
Inspite of this effort, if the response rate is low,to cope up withthe deficit number of respondents ,either the personal
interview or the telephone interview may be used.
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FAX SURVEYS
In this survey, the questionnaire is sent to the respondents
through fax or mail.
Advantage of this method is that it is a quick process.
The success of this method depends upon the infrastructural
facilities(fax machine) available with the respondents. Hence,
It is used only for the organizational respondents for whom such
facilities are available.
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WEB SURVEYS In this method a questionnaire is posted or uploaded on a secure
web site.
The invitation to participate in the web survey would be posted ona company web site which is commonly accessed by the target
respondents. If a respondent visits the company web site and clicks on the
invitation ,then the respondent will be connected to the secure website, where a detailed interview is conducted.
After finishing the interview, the respondent is placed back tohis/her original point of entry into the system. The moment arespondent finishes the interview on a secure web site ,theresearcher can view the results of the interview instantaneously athis/her station.
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Advantages of Web surveys include:
1. Faster speed of responses-A survey posted on a popular Web
site can collect thousands of responses in just a few hours.
2. Substantially reduced cost-Once setup is completed, there is
virtually no cost associated with a web survey; therefore,
data from both large and small samples cost the same to
process.
Disadvantage of this method include:
This method is limited only to those respondents who owen
computers and are internet users or visit web sites very often
on rental machines.
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Secondary Data
Secondary Data are collected from sources which have been
already created for the purpose of first-time use and future
uses.
Secondary data are existing data generated for a problem
other than the one at hand. Secondary data consists ofinformation that already exists somewhere, having been
collected for another purpose.
The sources for secondary data can be classified as internal
(those inside the organization) sources and external(thoseoutside the organization) sources.
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Internal Sources of Secondary Data
Most organizations routinely gather, record and store internal datarelating to different activities such as information recorded fromdocuments such as sales invoices. With the help of this informationsales volume by product can be identified, sales can be forecasted
on the basis of past data. Other sources of internal data include filesof salespersons call reports, employee complaints, customer
feedback about product failures, after-sales service etc.,distributors feedback on timeliness of stock replenishment, quality
of product etc.
Besides this, in large organizations consistingof many divisions,the research conducted by one division mayprove to be useful for another division. Thus, before going in forexternal sources ,the researchers should search all sources within
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the company.
External Sources of Secondary data
External secondary data are data that are generated or recoded by asource other than the organization. Following are the different
external sources of secondary data:a) Books and Periodicals-One of the first places to look for secondary
data is a library. Periodicals(magazines, journals, and newspapers)are materials that are published at regular intervals (monthly,quarterly, daily, etc.).Professional Journals such as Journal ofbusiness research, Journal of finance and quantitative analysis,journal of marketing ,journal of academy of management etc. andbusiness periodicals such as Fortune and Business Week etc.contain much useful material.
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b) Government Data/government Sources- it includes data publishedby local, state, national or international governments. for ex.Census of Population provides a wealth of data. for example, ministryof agriculture and irrigation publishes monthly report on AgricultureSituation in India. The state and central governments appoint anumber of committees and commissions for the purpose of some
enquiry. The reports of such commissions and committees aresubmitted and published after a specific period.
c) Trade Associations-Associations frequently publish or maintaindetailed information on industry sales, growth patterns, and thelike. Furthermore, they may conduct special research studies offactors relevant to their industry. These materials may be publishedin the form of annual reports, as part of a regular trade journal. Insome cases, they are available only on request from the association.Most libraries maintain reference works, such as the Encyclopediaof Associations that list the various associations.
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d) Media Sources- Information on a broad range of subjects isavailable from broadcast and print media. Media frequentlyconduct research studies about various aspects and makereports of survey findings available free of charge.
e) Commercial Sources/Private Research Organizations-Thereare several organizations whose business is to sell and /orpublish information related to different aspects. Theseorganizations offer information in published formats or asinternet databases.
f) Internet Search Engines-with the help of an Internet searchengine, we can expand a search. People search the Internetusing a variety of resource discovery tools called searchengines, such as AltaVista, Yahoo, and HotBot.
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They are Web sites in themselves, accessible through browsers,where you can search for other sites that contain specifickeywords. You simply type in the topic, or several key wordsabout what you are looking for, and the search engine willprovide Web sites that have information related to that topic.For example, you will get a list of sites by keying in one ormore words that best describes what you want.
Other external sources are:
International Reports: This includes official publications of
international bodies like IMF, UNESCO, WHO, etcOfficial publications of RBI, and other Banks, LIC, Trade Unions,
Stock Exchange, Chambers of Commerce, etc