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Unit CSA-L1Core 01 Health, Safety and

Welfare in Construction and associated

industries

Work Book

Candidates Name: Candidates NVQ Number: Date work book started: Date work book completed:

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Unit CSA-L1Core01 Understanding Building

Construction Technology

Activity Tracking Sheet

Candidate Name: Candidate Registration number: Work book start date: Workbook completion date:

Lesson No Title Completion Date

Performance criteria

1 Health and safety regulations, roles and responsibilities.

1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4, 1.5, 1.6, 1.7, 1.8, 1.9

2 Accident and emergency procedures and how to deal with them.

2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 2.4, 2.5, 2.6, 2.7, 2.8, 2.9, 2.10, 2.11

3 Identifying hazards.

3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 3.4, 3.5, 3.6

4 Health and hygiene.

4.1, 4.2, 4.3, 4.4, 4.5

5 Handling and storing materials on site.

5.1, 5.2, 5.3, 5.4, 5.5

6 Basic working platforms and access equipment.

6.1, 6.2, 6.3

7 Working safely around electricity.

7.1, 7.2, 7.3, 7.4, 7.5, 7.6

8 Personal protective equipment.

8.1, 8.2, 8.3, 8.4

9 Fire and emergency procedures.

9.1, 9.2, 9.3, 9.4, 9.5

10 Signs and safety notices.

10.1, 10.2

Candidate Signature: Date: Assessor Signature: Date:

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Lesson 1

Health and safety regulations, roles and responsibilities

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Key health and safety legislation The main law governing health and safety while you are at work is called: The Health and Safety at Work Act (1974) which is often abbreviated to HASAWA. The Health and Safety at Work Act (HASWA) is an umbrella act i.e. it oversees several smaller specific pieces of legislation and regulation e.g.

The Control of Substances Hazardous to Health (COSHH)

The Provision and Use of Work Equipment Regulations (PUWER)

Reporting of Injuries, Diseases and Dangerous Occurrence’s Regulations (RIDDOR)

Manual handling Operations Regulations

Personal Protection at Work Regulations.

Working at Height Regulations

Control of Asbestos at Work Regulations.

The Health and Safety at Work Act (1974) This law applies to all working environments and areas, and to everyone associated e.g. workers, sub-contractors, employer, and also all visitors and the public.

The Health and Safety at work Act has 4 main duties:

1. To secure the health, safety and welfare of all persons at work.

2. To protect the general public from risk to health and safety arising out of work activities.

3. To control the use, handling, storage and transportation of explosives and highly flammable substances.

4. To control the release of noxious or offensive substances into the atmosphere.

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The Health and Safety at Work Act is an enabling act, and amongst other things it:

States the legal standards for employers and employees.

Imposes duties on all persons at work.

Extends protection to people other than employees i.e. the public.

Allows and encourages participation by and consultation with employees e.g. asking employees to help write risk assessments for tasks.

Gives strong powers to enforcement authorities – the Health and Safety Executive (HSE)

Duties of the employer to the employees under the Health and Safety at Work Act

Under the HASAWA employers have duties to their employees, they must:

Provide and maintain safe plant and systems.

Safe use handling, storage and transport of articles and substances.

Provide information, instruction, training and supervision.

Provide and maintain safe access and egress.

Provide and maintain a safe working environment.

HASAWA states that if you employee 5 or more people you must have your own Health and Safety policy (see fig 1).

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Fig 1 - British Gypsum’s health and safety policy

Employers must also assess any risk that may be in their workplace and once identified there should be controls put into place to reduce these risks. The risk assessments can be done between the employee and employer but all risk assessments must be reviewed regularly.

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Employers must all display a Health and Safety Law poster (see fig 2). The poster lets employees know:

1. Who is the responsible person for health and safety in their workplace 2. Information for contacting the HSE (Health and Safety Executive)

Fig 2 – Health and Safety Law poster

Do you know where the Health and Safety Law poster is located on your site??

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Duties of the employee under the Health and Safety at Work Act Under HASWA not only do employers have a responsibility but employees have a responsibility too, they must:

1. Take reasonable care for the health and safety of him/herself and of other persons who may be affected by his/her acts or omissions at work.

2. Co-operate with employers or other persons so far as is necessary to enable them to perform their duties or requirements under the Act.

The enforcement of the Health and Safety at Work Act Enforcement of the Health and Safety at Work Act is the responsibility of the Health and Safety Executive (the HSE).

The HSE have 3 responsibilities:

1. Enforcement – The HSE have the responsibility to reduce work-related deaths, injury and illnesses and will use the law against those who put others at risk.

2. Legislation and advice – The HSE will issues prohibition and improvement notices to those who break health and safety law, They will provide advice either face-to-face or by writing.

3. Inspection – The HSE will carry out spot checks to look at conditions in the workplace, standards, procedures and documentation e.g. training records. To make sure companies are complying with the law.

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The HSE have several powers, which are:

Enter premises at a reasonable time for the purposes of enforcing the law.

Enter the premised at any time, where there is or maybe imminent danger.

Take a constable with them.

Take an authorised person with him/her.

Make examinations and investigations.

Direct site and equipment to be left undisturbed until after examination.

Take measurements or photographs.

Take samples of substances.

Test or dismantle equipment.

Take possession of articles.

Require truthful answers to questions and take statements.

Inspect or copy documents.

Require assistance.

Exercise any power which is required Inc. rendering harmless or seizing faulty equipment, article or substance.

Inspectors can issue 3 types of notices if they find a problem:

1. An Improvement Notice – If the inspector thinks there is a contravention which needs to be rectified in order to prevent risk to the health and safety of employees or other persons then an improvement notice is issued. The employer is then given a minimum of 21 days to rectify this contravention.

2. A Prohibition Notice – This requires all work activity to stop immediately and would be issued if the inspector feels as though there is an imminent danger to employees or other persons.

3. A Deferred Prohibition Notice – This would be issued if the inspector thinks that issuing a Prohibition Notice, requiring all work activity to stop immediately, may introduce additional risks.

Failure to comply with a notice is an offence and can be punished by a magistrate or Crown Court.

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Reporting of Injuries, Diseases and Dangerous Occurrences Regulations (RIDDOR) 2013

Under RIDDOR, employers are required to report any injuries, diseases or dangerous occurrences to the HSE. All of the following are reportable under RIDDOR:

Any fatalities caused at work or by work activity.

Injury to a member of the public requiring hospital treatment.

Any injury resulting in 7 or more days off work or unable to carry out normal duties for the same period.

Specified Injuries i.e. broken bones, except fingers.

Dangerous occurrences i.e. collapse, explosion, fire etc.

Gas incidents.

Occupational diseases i.e. hand-arm vibration syndrome (white finger) The RIDDOR regulations also state the need to maintain an accident book.

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Anyone can fill in the accident book, it requires information like:

Name and address of the person injured.

Date and time of the accident.

Name and address of the person filling the accident book in.

A description of the accident.

A description of the treatment given to the casualty.

Location of the accident.

Control of Substances Hazardous to Health (COSHH) (2002)

In Construction, it is very common to be exposed to substances that could cause ill health. Employers need to protect their employees by assessing the risks of these substances when working with them and taking the necessary pre-cautions. Under the COSHH regulations all containers and substances should be accurately labelled, if you find a container which has no label this should be reported as a hazard (see fig 3).

Fig 3.

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The COSHH regulations do not cover lead, asbestos or radioactive substances these materials have their own specific regulations. Under the COSHH regulations all substances must have a Safety Data Sheet to help users identify all the risks related to that substance before it’s used (see fig 4).

Fig 4 – Magnetic Plaster Safety Data Sheet All materials/substances used in the work place should have a COSHH Assessment carried out on them before they are used. This is a more specific risk assessment looking just at the substance/material being used (see fig 5)

Fig 5

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COSHH labelling uses pictograms to represent each hazard that a substance/material has. The pictograms used are about to change and will be internationally recognised: Current Pictograms:

New Pictograms:

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The Provision and Use of Work Equipment Regulations (PUWER) (1998) PUWER concerns health and safety risks related to equipment used at work. It states that any risks arising from the use of equipment must either be prevented or controlled, and all suitable safety measures must have been taken. In addition tools and equipment must be:

Suitable for the intended use.

Safe for use, maintained in a safe condition and inspected to ensure it is correctly installed and does not subsequently deteriorate.

Used only by people who have received adequate information, instruction and training.

Accompanied by suitable health and safety measures, such as protective devices and controls. These will normally include emergency stop devices, adequate means of isolation from sources of energy, clearly visible markings and warning devices.

Used in accordance with specific requirements, for mobile work equipment and power presses.

Manual Handling Operations Regulations (1992) These regulations try to control the risk of injury when lifting or handling bulky or heavy equipment and materials. The regulations state:

Hazardous manual handling should be avoided.

An assessment of manual handling should be made to try and find alternatives.

Mechanical assistance should be used where possible.

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Personal Protection at Work Regulations (PPE) (1992)

This regulation states to employers that they must provide their employees with PPE at work whenever there is a risk to health and safety. The PPE supplied should be:

1. Suitable for the work being done.

2. Well maintained and replaced if damaged.

3. Properly stored.

4. Correctly used.

5. Free.

Work at Height Regulations (2005) Once you take a step off ground level you are working at height regardless of the distance from the ground.

These regulations place a duty on employers that means they need to:

1. Plan and organise work.

2. Make sure those working at height are competent.

3. Assess the risk and provide adequate equipment.

4. Manage work near fragile surfaces.

5. Ensure equipment is inspected and maintained.

Sources of health and safety information There are many sources of free information on health and safety information such as the HSE, the Construction Industry Training Board (CITB), British Standards Institute (BSI), Royal Society for the Prevention of Accidents (ROSPA), and the Royal Society for Public Health (RSPH).

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Tasks Lesson 1 – Health and safety regulations, roles and responsibilities. Name: Date:

1. What are the full titles of the following abbreviations:

a. COSHH

b. HASAWA

c. PUWER

d. HSE

e. RIDDOR

2. Name 2 responsibilities that employers have under the Health and Safety at Work Act. i. ii.

3. Name 2 responsibilities employees have under the Health and Safety

at Work Act.

i. ii.

4. Name 2 roles of the HSE: i. ii.

5. Who enforces the Health and Safety at Work Act.

6. Name the regulations which cover working on a ladder?

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7. What is a prohibition notice?

8. Name 3 pieces of information that must be filled in when completing an accident book entry:

1. 2. 3.

9. Name 3 sources of health and safety information: 1. 2. 3.

10. Using the internet and any other resources define the key health and

safety term “Competent” in relation to health and safety:

11. Name 3 reportable types of incident, which are reportable under RIDDOR. 1. 2. 3.

Assessors name: Assessors signature: Assessors number: Candidates name: Candidates signature: Date:

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Lesson 2

Accident and emergency procedures and how to deal with

them

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All construction sites have specific procedures for dealing with accidents and emergencies. Quite often during an emergency the site will have to be evacuated and so before starting work on site you should be given a site safety induction which should cover:

The commitment of the company to health and safety.

Explain the company health and safety policy.

Explain everyone’s roles and responsibilities within that policy.

Provide a layout of the site and show evacuation routes.

Identify where fire fighting equipment is.

Identify the location of the first aid box, accident book and first aiders.

Importance of signing in and out each day.

Cover other issues such as working at height, excavations and fire risk.

Types of emergencies There are various emergencies that require immediate action, for example:

Fires

Spillages

Failure of scaffold

Collapse of a wall or excavation

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Reporting injuries Under RIDDOR (1995) employers, anyone who is self-employed, or an individual in control of work must report any serious work place accidents, occupational diseases, or danger occurrence’s (also known as a near miss). If an incident or accident meets these requirements then a RIDDOR report, see fig.1, will need to be filled in and sent to the HSE.

Fig.1 RIDDOR report form As well as a RIDDOR form the accident book should be filled in regardless of whether the incident is reportable under RIDDOR or not., and a copy should be kept, this is a requirement of the RIDDOR regs.

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The RIDDOR regulations also state the need to maintain an accident book.

Anyone can fill in the accident book, it requires information like:

Name and address of the person injured.

Date and time of the accident.

Name and address of the person filling the accident book in.

A description of the accident.

A description of the treatment given to the casualty.

Location of the accident.

Injuries, Diseases, and dangerous occurences Injuries

There are two main types of injury:

1. Minor – These can be handled by a first aider but my reuire futher treatment or check up e.g. small cuts, burns, exposure to fumes.

2. Major – These are more dangerous and need the presence of an ambulance and paramedic e.g. bone fractures, unconcioussness, electric shock.

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RIDDOR defines a major injury as:

A fracture (but not toa finger, toe, or thumb).

A dislocation.

An amputation.

A loss of site in an eye.

A penetrating eye injury.

Asphyxia.

Inhalation of a harmful substance.

Exposure to a harmful substance.

Hyperthermia, heat induced illness or unconciousness.

An electric shock or electrick burn leading to unconciousness.

Diseases There are several diseases and healthproblems that under RIDDOR have to be reported, these include:

Poisoning e.g. weil disease.

Infections

Skin diseases e.g ocuaptional dermititis or skin cancer.

Lung disease e.g asbesteosis.

Hand arm vibration syndrome e.g. white finger

Severe cramp of the hand or forearm.

Dangerous occurences If something happens thay does not result in an injury, but could of, it is classed as a dangerous occurrence or a near miss. Certain types of dangerous occurences need to be reported, this includes:

Accidental release of a substance which could damage health.

Anything coming into contact with an over head power line.

An electrical problem whichcaused a fire or explosion.

Collapse or partial collapse of a scaffold over 5m.

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Importance of reporting injuries Reporting incidents is not just about complying with the law (RIDDOR) or to provide statistics, it’s about learning, each time there is an accident/incident important lessons can be learned to prevent the same or similar incidents happening again. Also if it is a near miss this could alert a company to a potential problem and allow them to take steps to prevent an accident ever happening.

Accident statistics and trends The HSE keep statistics on accidents, the following are a few statistics from the construction sector 2012/13: Construction accounts for only about 5% of the employees in Britain, but it accounts for 27% of fatal injuries to employees and 10% of reported major injuries.

39 fatal injuries to workers. 12 of these fatalities were to the self-employed.

Cause of fatality

Proportion of fatalities in

Construction All industries

Falls

59%

25%

Being struck by a falling/moving object

3%

16%

Collapse/overturn

5%

10%

Hit by a moving vehicle

10%

15%

Electricity

5%

10%

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There were an estimated 74 thousand total cases and 31 thousand new cases of work-related ill health.

There were 1 913 reported major injuries to employees.

Cause of injury

Proportion of in

Construction All industries

Falls

28%

15%

Slips/Trips and falls on the level

28%

40%

Hit by a moving/falling object

15%

11%

Handling

8%

11%

The basic first aid kit

The HSE does not have to approve the contents of your first aid box, however, the HSE does say that were work involves low level hazards the minimum contents should be:

o A copy of the HSE leaflet on first aid. o 20 sterile plasters (assorted size). o 2 Sterile eye patches. o 4 sterile triangular bandages. o 6 safety pins. o 2 large sterile unmedicated dressings. o 6 medium sterile unmedicated dressings. o 1 pair of disposable gloves.

NO MEDICINES OR TABLETS SHOULD BE STORED IN A FIRST AID BOX.

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Tasks Lesson 2: Accident and Emergency Procedures. Name: Date:

1. Below create a procedure for this site on how to deal with an accident involving a visitor, see example:

Stage Role Responsible Person

1 Make area safe

First to scene

2. Name 4 items that should be covered during a site induction:

i. ii. iii. iv.

3. Name 3 major types of emergencies that can occur in the workplace:

i. ii. iii.

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10 – NEC Not Elsewhere Classified. 9. – Occupations not known in 20% of cases.

The table above shows the number of deaths in the constrcution industry in 2012/13 split by job role, please answer the following questions:

4. In your opinion why where there so few death amongst painters and decoraters?

5. In your opinion given the risks that scaffolders, stagers and riggers are exposed to, why has there been so few deaths?

6. Which document would require completing after ANY accident?

7. Why is it important to report all accidents and near misses?

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Cause of fatality

Proportion of fatalities in

Construction All industries

Falls

59%

25%

Being struck by a falling/moving object

3%

16%

Collapse/overturn

5%

10%

Hit by a moving vehicle

10%

15%

Electricity

5%

10%

8. Using the information in the table above, if you were given a budget to produce health and safety information, advertise dangers of, and create training courses. Which cause of fatalities in the construction industry would you target?

9. Name 3 major injuries reportable under RIDDOR?

i. ii. iii.

10. True or False: Ibuprofen should be included in all first Aid boxes:

11. Name 3 people who could be involved in dealing with an accident or emergency situation on site:

i. ii. iii.

Assessors name: Assessors signature: Assessors number: Candidates name: Candidates Signature: Date:

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Lesson 3

Identifying hazards on a construction site

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Construction sites are potentially dangerous places. The most effective way of minimising the chance of an accident or incident is to spot, and if possible remove, any hazards before they can cause an accident or incident. This begins with basic house-keeping and risk assessments.

Risk Assessment It is a legal requirement of HASAWA that employers should carry out risk assessments. This covers not only the people carrying out the particular task, but others in the immediate area, and others who may be affected by the work. If you know what the hazards are in your work, then it is possible to do something to either reduce the risk or remove it and prevent an accident or incident from occurring.

REMEMBER EVERY JOB HAS POTENTIAL HAZARDS

When writing risk assessments always consider:

1. What can go wrong? 2. How often it can go wrong? 3. What are the effects and consequences?

There are 6 steps to writing a risk assessment:

1. List the work tasks that make up the activity. 2. Identify the risks within each work task. 3. Eliminate the risks (if possible). 4. Evaluate the risk. 5. Record your findings. 6. Review your findings.

Methods of Risk Reduction when writing risk assessments

Eliminate/avoid the risk – take away the risk entirely or stop doing the activity all together.

Reduce the hazard – Substitute a harmful substance for one less harmful e.g. 110v electricity supply rather than using 240v.

Isolate the hazard from people – Enclose or contain the hazard e.g. guarding or keep people away from the hazard e.g. barriers.

Control extent of exposure – Reduce the length or amount of exposure e.g. work rotas.

Personal Protective Equipment – e.g. hearing protection, gloves etc.

Discipline – Safe systems of work, training and instruction, signs and monitoring.

Remember ERIC Prevents Death

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Whats the difference between a hazard and a risk? Hazard = Something with the potential to harm. Risk = The likelihood that harm will occur. Hazards fall into 5 basic categories:

1. Physical – Noise, vibration, lighting, mechanical, radiation, heat, violence etc.

2. Ergonomic – Posture, work position, duration, repitive work. 3. Biological – Bacteria, viruses etc. 4. Chemical – Dust, fumes, gases, liquids, vapours. 5. Psychosocial – Stress, bullying, aggression, performance pressure.

3. List work tasks

2. Identify the risk

4. Estimate the risk 5. Record your findings 1. Review your findings

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As well risk assessments there are other documents which can be used to minimise accidents and incidents: Method statements Method statements should be available for every risk assessment. They summarise the risk assessment and describe how the work should be carried out to minimise the chances of an accident or incident (Fig 1.) Fig 1. Method statement

Fig 2. Permit to Work.

Permit to work These are used for very high risk activities e.g. roof work or asbestos removal, they are checklists that need to be completed before any work commences. They should be signed by a supervisor (fig 2.) A Hazard Book Lists standard tasks and identifies common hazards.

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Types of hazard

Typical construction accidents include:

1. Fire and explosions. 2. Slips, trips and falls. 3. Burns, inc chemical burns. 4. Falls from scaffolding, ladders and roofs. 5. Electrocution. 6. Injury from faulty machinery. 7. Power tool accidents. 8. Being hit by construction debris. 9. Falling through holes in flooring.

1.Fires Fires require 3 parts to either start or to carry on burning these are:

i. Oxygen ii. Heat iii. Fuel

This is often referred to as the “triangle of Fire”, see figure 3, remove one of these and the fire is either prevented or stopped.

Fig 3. The fire triangle

2.Slips, Trips and Falls Slips, trips and falls are probably the most common cause of injury in the workplace and are cause by equipment and materials that are left lying around, this could also cause a fire hazard as well. Good housekeeping is an essential part of minimising the risk posed from slips, trips and falls.

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Good housekeeping and cleaning should be given high priority in the work place and should be encouraged as part of normal work routines. The following are basic housekeeping rules that could help minimise the risk posed to people in the work place:

Always work in a tidy way.

Never block fire exits or emergency escape routes.

Never leave nails or screws scattered around.

Ensure you clean and sweep up at the end of each working day.

Never block walkways.

Never over fill skips or bins.

Never leave food waste on site.

Ensure there is adequate storage space for materials.

Mark any changes in floor levels so they are noticeable. 3.Burns. Burns can be caused by many things not just heat e.g. chemicals, solvents, electricity, and wet concrete. In a lot of cases PPE is the best way to avoid these dangers if the task cannot be done another way. When using chemicals a COSHH assessment will have been carried out to assess the risk of the chemical being used and any precautions that must be taken when handling, disposing of the chemical. 4.Falls from scaffolding, ladders etc. Even from a low height a fall can be dangerous, precautions should be taken when working at height to avoid serious injury e.g. adequate training and experience, suitable access equipment for the task, and fall arrest equipment. 5.Electrocution. Electricity is hazardous it can cause burns, muscle injuries and death. When working with electrical equipment always check it before use, check its suitable for the task, use 110v equipment rather than 240v. Always visually check a tool out before using it. 6.Injury from machinery. All machinery can be dangerous it is a requirement of PUWER (Provison and Use of Work Equipment Regulations) that all machines should have:

Fixed, fully enclosing guards.

Other guards, such as, light beams, pressure mats etc.

Protection appliances e.g. jigs, push sticks.

Provision of information e.g. training before use, instruction booklets etc.

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7.Exposure to hazardous materials. COSHH regulations identify hazardous materials and require them to be labelled, always follow the instructions on the material you are using or the COSHH assessment which is provided for you. 8.Plant and Vehicles. There is always a danger on site posed by plant and moving vehicles, on most sites there are designated walkways and crossings, always stick to these. If there are no designated crossings or walkways always make eye contact with the driver first before walking past, behind or in front of a vehicle.

NEVER PRESUME THEY HAVE SEEN YOU

Reporting Hazards It is very important to report hazards. The main reason to do this is to prevent a hazard causing injury to someone in the workplace. Companies use different methods to do this, at British Gypsum we use the following form to report all Health, Safety and Environmental concerns:

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How Hazards can be created Construction sites are busy places and are continually changing, as are the hazards. As well as hazards changing on most sites you continually have new people coming on who will require a talk on the requirements of that site. The weather can also play a major part in the hazards faced on construction sites.

Rain – Long periods of wet weather can lead to trenches being filled with water, cellars filled and smooth surfaces becoming slippery.

Wind – During strong wind working at height MUST stop, and must be inspected before being used again. Building materials can also be affected by the wind e.g. sand being blown around, or unsecured materials could be blown around.

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Heat – This can lead to dehydration and heat exhaustion of the work force, and also sun burn could lead to skin cancer. Excessive heat and sun can also affect building materials e.g. failing to cure or setting too quickly.

Snow – This can add uncalculated weight to roofs and other structures and could cause a collapse. Snow could also block site exits and entrances, and mean work becomes impossible due to freezing conditions.

Storing Combustibles and Chemicals A combustible substance can be both flammable and explosive, the HSE recommend that when storing these types of material you should consider:

Ventilation – The storage area should be well ventilated to stop the build up of any fumes/vapours.

Ignition – Materials should be stored away from anything that could create a spark or flame e.g. electrical equipment.

Containment – Materials should always be kept in suitable containers with lids, and clearly marked. There should also be a spillage tray to collect any leaks and to prevent contamination of the ground or a water source.

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Exchange – If possible try to use an alternative material which is less hazardous.

Separation – always try to keep hazardous materials away from the working area and grouped together to stop any possible reaction between different compounds, ideally partitioned off and in a separate storage container on separate shelves.

Poor storage: Materials all mixed up together e.g paints, cleaning materials, oils etc NO sign of ventilation Materials not separated off from working area, just sat on open shelves. No clear labelling of materials Good Storage Signs of ventilation Warning signs on outside of container. Separation of materials form working area and sources of ignition. Lockable/fire proof container Clear markings of contents

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Tasks Lesson 3: Identifying hazards on construction sites

Name: Date:

1. What is the importance of good house-keeping?

2. Name 3 of the rules of good house-keeping: i. ii. iii.

3. Why must employers provide risk assessments for their employees?

4. List 3 common injuries found in the construction industry: i. ii. iii.

5. Why must hazards be reported?

6. Name 2 changing circumstances within a workplace which can create new hazards: i. ii.

7. Name 3 attributes that a good storage area for combustible materials

should have: i. ii. iii.

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8. Using the form provided by your tutor, complete a risk assessment and method statement for the construction of a Gypframe metal stud partition.

Please attached the completed risk assessment and method statement

to this work book

Assessors name: Assessors signature: Assessors Number: Candidates Name: Candidates Signature: Date:

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Lesson 4

Health and hygiene the construction environment

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Welfare provisions

Employers are required to provide adequate and appropriate facilities, so in practical terms this means that there should be:

Enough toilets and washbasins for those expected to use them.

Where ever possible separate toilets for men and women, however a lockable toilet is also acceptable.

Clean facilities.

An effective maintenance and cleaning regime of all welfare facilities.

Well lit and ventilated facility.

Hot and cold or warm running water along with soap or washing agents.

Wash basins should be large enough to wash forearms in.

A means for drying hands.

If work is particularly dirty then showers should be provided.

Drinking water free from contamination.

Adequate changing areas and storage facilities.

Rest areas for employees to safely eat and rest during break times e.g. work break area.

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Health risks In construction people are exposed to all sorts of materials, equipment and machinery that can pose a health risk both short term and long term, some examples of these risks are listed below:

1. Noise – The long term impact of noise exposure is down to the intensity of the noise and the duration of the noise. The longer you are exposed to a louder noise the more likely you are to lose some or all of your hearing. This can be minimised by the use of PPE (ear defenders/plugs), removing the source of the noise (if possible), put the source of the noise into a sound proof container or cover it with a soundproofing material.

2. Dust – long term exposure to dust especially from hazardous materials like asbestos or even brick dust can cause breathing problems and even cancer. This exposure can be minimised by wearing the correct PPE and reducing the exposure times.

3. Chemicals – Inhaling or swallowing chemicals could cause long term damage, and exposure to the skin could lead to problems like dermatitis, were the skin becomes red and sore every time it’s in contact with a certain substance.

4. Bacteria – Contact with waste or contaminated water could lead to a bacterial infection e.g. Leptospirosis from rat urine.

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5. Vibrating tools – using machines/machinery that vibrate over a long period of time can lead to hand/arm vibration syndrome (HAVS) or White finger as it is commonly known. This will leave fingers without circulation due to the blood capillaries and nerves being damaged by the constant exposure to vibration. The risk of getting HAVS can be minimised by reducing exposure time when using vibration tools, and by wearing suitable PPE.

6. Sunlight – frequent exposure to excessive sunlight and repeated sun burn can lead to long term diseases e.g. skin cancer. So you should always cover up and apply high factor cream when working outside in the sun.

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Tasks Lesson 4 : Health and Hygiene in construction Name: Date:

1. List 4 minimum welfare requirements on a construction site: i. ii. iii. iv.

2. Using all sources of information available, please complete the table

below using the completed example as a guide:

Facilities

Purpose and minimum standards

Washing facilities

Should have separate toilets for M+F, but if not possible a lock able cubicle is fine. Should be enough toilets for the workforce on the site.

Toilets

Drinking water

Dry room

Work break/rest area

3. Why is personal hygiene important when working on construction sites?

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4. Complete the table below:

Health Risk

Possible future problem

How to minimise the risk

Dust

Damage to lungs, possibly cancer

Wear suitable PPE for the task, minimise exposure time to dust, and use mechanical ventilation were possible and cut in well ventilated area.

Chemicals

Bacteria

Heavy Objects

Noise

Vibrating Tools

Sunlight

Assessors name: Assessors signature: Assessors number: Candidates name: Candidates Signature: Date:

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Lesson 5

Handling and storing materials and equipment

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In construction it’s often the case that people don’t think about the dangers of handling equipment and materials. If something need moving or collecting you will just go get it or pick it straight up often without a second thought.

Lifting or handling heavy materials and equipment is a major cause of injuries within the construction industry.

Manual handling Manual handling covers a number of activities:

Lifting

Lowering

Carrying

Pushing

Pulling

Legislation states that where possible employers should:

1. Avoid hazardous manual handling. 2. Assess the risks of injury from manual handling that can’t be avoided. 3. Reduce the risks of injury from manual handling.

Avoiding manual handling How can manual handling be avoided:

1. Does the item/material really need to be moved? If it does for example construction materials, can they not be delivered directly to where they need to go.

2. Consider using mechanisation and/or lifting aids e.g. :

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When carrying out any manual handling activities that can’t be avoided you should take a second to think about:

The weight of the load – Obviously the heavier the load the higher the risk of back injury from handling it.

The size of the load – loads which are small and easy to hold are, generally, lower risk than large, awkwardly shaped loads e.g. plasterboard.

Your posture during the activity – If you carry out manual handling while sat, or in an awkward position, the risk of injury is greater.

The distance you have to lift the load – the higher, lower, or wider you have to reach or pick up the load, the greater the risk.

The nature of the movement – If you have to twist your body, or reach over during manual handling, then the risk of injury is increased.

The frequency of the movement – having to carry out a movement frequently increases your chance of injury even if it’s a really light load.

The working environment – Uneven floors, or stairs are examples of environments which make manual handling a greater risk.

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The capability of the person – people differ in strength, height and reach.

Correct lifting technique

1. Adopt a stable position – your feet should be apart with one foot slightly in front of the other.

2. Get a good hold – Where possible, the load should be hugged as close as possible to the body. This may be better than gripping it tightly with hands only.

3. Keep the load close to your chest – Keep the load close to the body for as long as possible while lifting. Keep the heaviest side of the load next to the body. If a close approach to the load is not possible, try to slide it towards the body before attempting to lift it.

4. Avoid twisting – especially while the back is bent. Shoulders should be kept level and facing in the same direction as the hips. Turning by moving the feet is better than twisting and lifting at the same time.

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Guide to comfortable weights that can be lifted

Don’t lift or handle more than you can easily manage.

5. Keep the head up – Look ahead, not down at the load, once it has been held securely. Move smoothly, the load should not be jerked or snatched as this can make it harder to keep control and can increase the risk of injury

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Safe storing of materials and equipment All tools and equipment are potentially dangerous. You should always know how to use a tool before picking it up, so this means you should:

1. Attend a training course for the specific tools you will be using. 2. Receive instruction from an experienced user. 3. Read the manufacturers instruction booklet.

When using tools you should:

Use the right tool for the job

Wear the required PPE

Never use a piece of equipment or tool that you have never used or been trained on before.

Correct storage

Materials and Equipment

Safe storage and handling methods

Hand tools Should be stored in a lockable container either a box or bag.

Power tools Should be stored and carried in their container and never carried by their cable.

Wheel barrows

Check the tyres and stays on a regular basis, always clean out after use and never overload.

Bricks and blocks

Bricks can be supplied loose or banded in unit loads, shrink wrapped in plastic and on timber pallets (sometimes). Loose bricks should be off loaded manually using suitable PPE and stacked on edge in rows, on a level, well drained surface, to a maximum height of 1.8m. If delivered on a pallet leave on the pallet to minimise contamination from the ground.

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Roof tiles Loose tiles should be stored on edge in rows, on well drained ground to a maximum height if 6 rows, end tiles in each row should be laid flat to prevent that row toppling. Then finally all stacks should be protected from the weather by means of a plastic sheet or tarpaulin.

Aggregates Normally supplied in 1 ton bulk bags, each different size of aggregate should be stored separately. Stockpiles of aggegates should be on a hard concrete base, laid so water will drain away. Plastic sheets or tarpaulins can be used to protect the stockpiles from leaves, rubbish etc.

Glass Glass should be stored in dry, wind free conditions. NEVER store glass flat, sheets should be stood on one edge, at an angle of 85º. Timber and or felt blocks can be use to prevent the sheets coming into contact with rough surfaces. When handling use laps to protect your palms in addition gauntlets should be worn to protect your hands and arms.

Plaster and plasterboard

Plasterboard should be stored in a warm, dry place up off the ground and flat either on timber cross-bearers or a pallet. Plaster should also be be stored in a warm, dry place up off the ground and flat on a pallet.

Wood Carcassing timber and external timbers should be stored on bearers clear of the ground and covered with waterproof tarpaulin. Trussed rafters should be stored in a rack upright, off the ground or laid flat on cross-bearers. Internal joinery materials should be stored in a dry store away from the effects of the elements, using piling sticks if required

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Adhesives and paints

Should be stored in a secure, ventilated, lockable container. Each item should be clearly labelled with large containers lower down to minimise manual lifting. Remember new deliveries should be placed behind old stock to ensure stock rotation.

Waste Control Where possible all waste must be separated to allow recycling to take place and minimise the impact of construction on the world’s resources and the environment.

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Tasks Lesson 5: Know how to handle and store materials and equipment Name: Date:

1. From the list of Jobs below match up the most suitable piece of lifting equipment to suit that particular job/task:

Job/Task

Lifting Equipment

Answer

1. Pallet of plasterboard from the site storage to outside the house it’s required for.

A.

2. Move a bag of Driwall from 1 room to another.

B.

3. Move large quantities of plasterboard from one area to another, with no access for mechanical vehicles.

C.

4. Move a pallet of plaster stood on flat, solid ground.

D.

5. Lift plasterboard to a ceiling ready to be fixed.

E.

6. Lift a sheet of plasterboard up tight to the ceiling line while it’s being fixed.

F.

Example 1+F

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2. Research and complete the table below:

Material

Safe Storage method

Defects poor storage could

have on material

Bricks and Blocks

Roof Tiles

Aggregates

Glass sheets

MDF/Plywood

Plasterboard

Plaster

Paints

Fuel

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3. Describe the process for safe manual lifting of materials, equipment and other resources:

4. Name the regulation that covers the safe lifting of materials, equipment and resources:

5. Research and describe as to why plasterboard must be separated from general waste:

Assessor name: Assessor signature: Assessor number: Candidate name: Candidate Signature: Date:

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Lesson 6

Basic working platforms and access equipment

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Each year in the construction industry there are many accidents, incidents and deaths involving the use of working platforms and access equipment such as scaffolding and ladders, so it is important that clients, designers and contractors all make every effort to reduce the time that workers need to work at height. There are certain tasks where working at height can’t be avoided such as:

Roofing

Repair and maintenance above ground level

Working on high ceilings

Working on over height partitions When working at height you must always use the piece of equipment that is most suitable to the task being carried out and also one that is safe, for example sometimes a step ladder may be sufficient, but at other times you may need a mobile tower.

Types of working platforms and access equipment

Standing ladders Ladders can be made from timber, aluminium or fibreglass and consist of two long stiles with rungs at about 250mm centres, there approx. 6 different types of standing ladder.

Aluminium ladders

Wooden Ladders

Fibreglass ladders

Pole Ladders

Extension Ladders

Roof Ladders

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Timber standing ladders Traditionally made from Douglas fir, redwood or hemlock, with eithe square or falf round rungs and stiles. Timber ladders are still available however most people use aluminium ladders these days down to their advatantages. Aluminium ladders Used instead of timber ladders as aluminium ladders are lighter, stronger and most imporant rot proof, and in addition they won’t burn, warp or twist if they get wet and dry out, unlike timber ladders. However aluminium ladders SHOULD NOT be used when working near electric overhead lines. Fibreglass ladders Generally used by electricians, because they will not conduct electricity if there is a fault or contact with electric cables. Pole ladders Can be made from tmber or aluminium. They are used only to access scaffold and not for working off. Extension ladders Can be made from timber, aluminium or fibreglass, they consist of two lengths of ladder which interlock to allow access to a range of heights. Roof ladders Roof ladders have a hook and wheels on the top. The wheels are used to locate the ladder into position on the roof, once in place the ladder is turned over so the two hooks go over the ridge tiles and rests on the other side of the roof and locks the ladder into place. A standing ladder would then be required to access the roof and this should extend a minimum of 1 metre above the start of the roof ladder.

Using, moving and erecting standing ladders When determining the suitability of a ladder for a task, you should consider:

The time the task will take: ladders should only be used for tasks of 30 minutes or less.

Is the ladder required for a strenous task?

Does the task involve the use of both hands, and/or leaning out or stretching if a ladder is used.

Is there sufficient space to set up a ladder correctly?

Can the ladder be secured?

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Before using a standing ladders you should carry out pre-use checks, you should check that:

They are maintained and stored correctly

Any wooden components show no signs of damage, rotting, splits, cracks or warping.

Wooden ladders haven’t been painted – this may hide defects.

Rungs are in good condition and not missing, bent or damaged.

Stiles are not bent, twisted, dented or damaged.

Non slip feet are not worn or missing.

Rungs and ladder feet are clean.

Moving and errecting ladders

Extension ladders should only be moved with the sections in the closed position.

Small ladders can be carried over the shoulder of one person, longer ladders should be carried between 2 people at shoulder height.

Extensions should be raised one at time, ensuring each section locks in place before carrying on.

The feet of the ladders should be on solid, level, non slip base.

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Extensions should overlap by a minimum of 4 rung on long ladders and 2 rungs on short ladders.

The working angle of the ladder should be 75º or 3 in 1.

Both stiles should be fixed at the top.

A ladder standoff device should be used to stop the ladder restsing on glazing or guttering etc.

The top of the ladder must extend above the steppig off point by a minimum of 1 metre.

Using Ladders

Keep the rungs clean and in good condition.

Take one rung at a time when going up or down.

Both feet and one hand should be in ocntact with the ladder at all times.

Never carry heavy or awkward shaped objects up and down a ladder. Anything over 10Kg should be avoided.

Never over reach when working on a ladder

Never stand on the top three rungs to reach.

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Never use a ladder in poor weather conditions.

Stepladders These are used for short duration internal work on firm, flat surafces. Stepladders can be made from timber, aluminum, and fibreglass. They consist of flat treads between stiles at approx 250mm centres. A back frame hinged at the top and secured at the base ensures the correct working angle.

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Pre-use checks for stepladders Stepladders should be checked daily, before use fo the same things as ladders but also:

There are no loose screws, nuts, bolts, and hinges.

Tie cords are not rotten, or that the locking bars operate correctly.

Using stepladders

Only use a stepladder on a firm, flat, non-slip surface.

Always make sure the steps are fully open and the tie cords are taut or the locking bars are engaged.

Avoid sideways work, especially when using such tools as a drill.

Don’t use the top two or three treads unless they have an upper handhold.

Never use stepladders as a way of accessing working platforms.

Consider tyingtall stepladders to prevent slipping or tipping.

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*Remember all access equipment inc ladders and stepladders must be checked monthly and have a Scaftag attached to show the routine of

checks*

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Scaffolding Scaffolding is a temporary framework that is used to carry out a variety of building tasks at height. There are two types of scaffolding commonly used:

1. Putlog Scaffolds These can also be known as single or bricklayer’s scaffold, as commonly they are used when building new brick work buildings. They are built from a single row of verticle tubes, known as standards, which are then connected by a horizontal row of tubes called ledgers. Putlogs are short tubes with flattened ends, which are connected to the ledgers at intervals and are either built into the brickwork as its constructed or fitted in to raked out mortar joints. This type of scaffold gains its stability from the building, it must also be tied up through doorways and windows to give extra stability other then from the putlogs.

Putlog tube

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2. Independent Scaffold These are also known as double scaffolds, as, unlike the putlog scaffold, they have a double row of standards. Each row is connected by ledgers, which in turn are joined at right angles using ledgers. Bracing tubes both holdthe scaffold into the building and also resist side movement. This type of scaffold, as its name suggests, is independent of the building so holds its own weight and the weight of any loads on it. However it must still be tied through windows and openings to prevent it possibly falling away from the building.

Always remember scaffold must only be erected, altered or dismantled by a competent carded

person

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Working safely on scaffolds 1. Carry out a basic check before using the scaffold e.g. is the

scaffold complete? Are all the components in good condition? Is there suitable access?

2. Never move or adjust any part of the scaffold.

3. Never use the scaffold in poor conditions.

4. Never block the working platform with tools/materials.

5. Never use a ladder or stepladder on a working platform.

6. Never push waste or mess over the edge, it should be lowered using a hoist or via a chute into a skip:

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Tower scaffolds These can be either mobile or static, and are suitable for both internal and external work. These can be made from aluminimum componets whoch click together or also using standard scaffold tubes and fittings. Aluminimum towers are fairly lighweight and can easily turn over if used in correctly.

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Working Safely on tower scaffolds

1. Always check the wheels or base plates of the tower are resting on firm, level ground, and if it’s a mobile tower the wheels are locked.

2. The working platform is fully boarded out.

3. The working platform has suitable edge protection and toe boards on all sides, the guard rails are fitted a maximum of 970mm above the working platform with a intermediate rail every 470mm.

4. The tower is accessed by an internal ladder.

5. Never use a tower in poor weather conditions, with any

missing parts, as a support of ladders or step ladders.

6. Never over load with tools and materials.

7. Never climb up the outside of the tower.

8. If the tower is to be moved:

i. The tower height is reduced to 4m maximum. ii. No overhead risks.

iii. The surface is firm, level and free from obstructions. iv. Its moved from the base. v. All tools, materials and people are removed from the

platform. vi. Never done in windy conditions.

Other working platforms

Ladder platform Hop-Up Trestle platform

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Fall protection With any work at height there is always a risk of injury from falls, and falling objects. Where work at height cannot be avoided working platforms and guard rails are used to prevent falls, however, sometimes it is not always possible to provide adequate protection and in these cases fall protection equipment must be used such as:

1. Harness and Lanyards Typical uses are for work near the edge of flat roofs and on tall ladders, this is a type of fall arrest i.e. the wearer still falls but that fall is controlled and halted at a certain point goverened by the length of the lanyard.

2. Air bags A collective soft landing system that minimises the consequences of a fall, typical uses are under areas to be joisted or roffed over:

3. Safety Nets A collective fall arrest system that reduces the height a person can fall, typical uses are during the erection and cladding of steel framed buildings:

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Tasks Lesson 6: Basic Working Platforms and Access Equipment Name: Date:

1. Complete the table below identify the piece of access equipment in the picture, list safety checks which should be carried out before use or how to use it safely and suitable tasks which can be carried out from it, see completed example

Access equipement

Type Main features/ Safety Checks

Suitable tasks

Step ladder 1.Knees should remain below the top of the steps. 2.Check before use for any damage. 3.Postion to face work. 4.don’t over reach. 5.don’t apply side on pressure when working on step ladder

Internal, short duration tasks e.g painting a wall

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2. Name 3 types of fall arrest systems:

i. ii. iii.

3. Identify the following components on the picture below:

4. At what angle or ration from the wall should a ladder be set up at?

5. Describe how a mobile tower should be moved:

Guard rails Working platform Toe boards Braces Outriggers (stabilisers) Castors

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6. Name 2 methods of safely removing waste from a putlog or

independent scaffold:

i. ii.

7. How often should a mobile tower be checked?

8. Who can erect,adjust or make changes to a scaffold or mobile tower?

9. What should be attached to any ladder or step ladder used in the work place?

10. True or false? It is safe to move a mobile tower while a person, tools or materials are still on the working platform.

11. What is the difference between a Putlog and Independent scaffold?

Assessor name: Assessor signature: Assessor number: Candidate name: Candidate Signature: Date:

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Lesson 7

Working safely with Electricity

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Electricity can kill, approx 30 deaths a year are reported the HSE resulting from electric shock or burns at work. Employers have a duty under the Electricty at Work Regulations (2002) to assess the risks and hazards in the workplace. They must elimnate or reduce any risks as far as reasonable practicable and provide training and information to combat any remaining risk.

Voltages in the workplace Mains supply: This is 230 volts and normally supplied by a 13 amp 3 pin plug:

Wire Type Modern Colour Older colour

Live Brown Red

Neutral Blue Black

Earth Yellow and Green Yellow and Green

The live wire (brown) is protected by a fuse. If a fault occurs the earth wire (green/yellow) carries the current to earth. As a result of a fault the flow of electricty passes through the fuse and blows it and cuts off the supply of electricty to the equipment. In construction 110v is the prefered votage but if 230v is used it can be identified by having a blue circular 3 pin plug and cable:

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Reduced voltage: This is 110v and is the norm in the workplace and is the specified voltage on construction sites. This is supplied by reducing the mains supply (230v) via a transformer. In the event of a fault the maximum voltage an operator would receive is a maximum of 55 volts 110v cables and tools usually are identified by a yellow circular 3 pin plug and cable:

High Voltage Large machine use high voltage 415v 3 phase supply, and can be identified by a red circular 3 pin plug:

Protection from electric shock A Residual Current Device (RCD) can be used to provide increased protection to the operator from electric shock. An RCD monitors the flow of electricty in the live (brown) and neutral (blue) wires of the circuit. In the event of a fault the device trips out cutting the supply off imediately.

Examples of different RCD’s

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Portable Appliance Testing (PAT) PAT – Portable Appliance Testing should be carried out on annual basis on all power tools and electrical equipment to make sure they are safe to use, the equipment should then be tagged with:

1. The test date 2. Re-test date 3. A traceable reference number for the test and indivual item.

Remember as a user you should always do a visual check before using any tool, check the cable and plug

for any signs of wear and damage

Precautions

1. Always use the right tool for the job.

2. Use a transformer with equipment that runs on 110v.

3. Keep the two voltages (230v and 110v) separate from each other.

4. Avoid using 230v if possible if not then use an RCD when using 230v.

5. Check all plugs are in good order.

6. Check that any fuse is the correct rating fo rthe equipment.

7. Check any cable before use for damage/wear.

8. Find out were the mains switch is before carrying out any work.

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9. NEVER repair electrical equipment yourself.

10. Make sure all electrical equipment being used as an upto date PAT test sticker on.

Storing electrical items Electrical Items should be stored in dry secure conditions. You should always clean, and check any electrical equipment beofre using it and connecting it to the electrical supply.

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Tasks Lesson 7: Working safely with electricty Name: Date:

1. Name the 3 voltages that you may come across on a construction site and the colour of the relevant plug:

Plug Colour Voltage

2. If a 230v tools is to be used how can the risk of electric shock be reduced?

3. What pre-use checks should be carried out before using any electrical equipment on site:

4. What specific regulation covers electricty in the workplace?

5. How should electrical equipment be stored when not being used?

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6. Complete the following table, you can use any coursebooks and the

internet to help you:

Danger

Identifying the danger

Faulty electrical equipment

Insepct equipment for signs of damage and wear e.g. worn cables, frayed cables, and damaged plugs. Etc. Ensure equipment is double insulated or has an earth cable.

Damaged or worn cables

Trailing cables

Cables and pipe work

Burried or hidden cables

Inadequate over-current protection

Assessor name: Assessor signature: Assessor number: Candidate name: Candidate Signature: Date:

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Lesson 8

Personal Protective Equipment

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Personal Protective Equipment or PPE is the equipment and clothes a worker needs to wear, or use, to protect themselves from risks which cannot be totally eliminated from a particular work task and as such PPE is often referered to as “The last line of defence” in health and safety and as such should be tretaed with respect. PPE doesn’t just protect against injuries like cuts, punctures, or head injuries but also protects the wearer from ill health and industrial diseases such as asbestiosis. Importance of PPE PPE needs to be suitable for the task being carried out and should be used in the correct way. As an employee you need to:

Make sure your trained to use PPE

Follow your employers’ instrcutions when using PPE and always wear it when told to do so.

Look after your PPE and report any problems. Storing and maintaining PPE All items of PPE must be stored in clean, dry conditions when not in use, kept clean, regularly checked for damage and miantained. Simple repairs can be acrried out by the wearer, however, more complicated repairs should be carried out by a trained, competent person. Damaged PPe should be replaced immediately. Suitable PPE and spareparts should be readily available.

PPE MUST be provided free of charge by your employer

Consequences of not using PPE The consequences of not wearing PPE can be immediate or long term damage to yourself and your health. If your employer has provided PPE, YOU have a legal responsibility to wear it.

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Types of PPE PPE literally covers from head to foot, these are the main PPE types:

1. Protective clothing e.g. overalls, hi-vis jackets, trousers etc. 2. Eye protection e.g. googles and safety glasses or visors. 3. Hand protection e.g. latex gloves, cut resistant gloves, and gauntlets

with wrist protection etc. 4. Head protection e.g. Hard hats or bump caps. 5. Hearing protection e.g. ear defenders, ear plugs. 6. Respiratory protection e.g. dust masks, ½ face respirators, fullface

respirators etc. 7. Foot protection e.g. steel toe capped boots/shoes.

PPE legislation The use of PPE is goverened by several regulations:

1. The Personel Protective Equipement regulations (PPE) 2. The Provision and Use of Work Equipment Regulations (PUWER)

– employers must provide suitable PPE for employees using work equipment that has risks that cannot be adequately controlled bu other methods.

3. The Control of Substances Hazardous to Health regulations (COSHH) – employers must provide adequate PPE to protect employee using materials covered by COSHH

4. The Noise at Work Regulations. – employers must provide adequate PPE to reduce risk of hearing damage were personal noise exposure levels of 80 and 85dB are reached.

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Tasks Lesson 8: Personal Protective Equipment Name: Date:

1. Name 3 regulations that cover the use of PPE:

i. ii. iii.

2. How should PPE be stored when not being used?

3. As a group discuss and select at least 1 different diseases/conditions form the list below and using the internet and course books research your chosen subject and write a short paragraph on the cause of the disease/condition and how it can be prevented and feed back to the group:

Dermatitis Skin cancer Eye damage Weils disease

Asbestosis Chemical burns White finger Head injuries

Subject

Description

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4. Looking at the completed example, fill in the table below using

information found on the internet, and course handbooks.

Item of PPE Type of protection

Description Checks and maintenance

Head Provides protection from falling objects and bumps. It can also be found with hearing protection and eye protection attached

Safety helmets should be replaced after 3years from the date found on the underside of the helmet.

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Assessor name: Assessor signature: Assessor number: Candidate name: Candidate Signature: Date:

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Lesson 9

Fire and Emergency Procedures

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The Fire Triangle Three essential elements are required for a fire to ignite and burn:

Fuel – any combustible or flammable material, which can be a solid, liquid or gas.

Oxygen – normally air, but can be given off by certain chemicals.

Heat or an Ignition source – a naked flame, cigarette end, electric spark, over heating equipment or burning activity.

These 3 things make up the fire triangle, seen on the right, if anyone of these is missing a fire will NOT start. If a fire is burning, if one of these 3 elements is removed, it will stop. This is the principle that is used when fighting fires – remove either the Oxygen, Heat/ignition source or the Fuel.

How fire is spread Fire is spread by finding more fuel to spread from one area to another. So by maintaining clean organised work places you could help stop the spread of fire. Fire can also spread by heat transfer i.e. the heat of the fire causes material in another area to spontaneously combust (burst into flames) without the need of a naked flame. This can happen at different temperatures as different materials have different ignition temperatures.

Methods of fire prevention To prevent a fire you should consider:

General housekeeping and the disposal and nature if waste materials.

Storage and use of flammable materials on site.

Storage and use of potentially dangerous substances e.g. petrol, LPG.

Accumulation of dust and vapour.

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Emergency Evacuation Procedures In the case of discovering a fire you should:

Raise the alarm to alert others on site

Leave via the nearest fire exit.

Go to the assembly point and wait for the roll call

Call 999 if required Do Not:

Attempt to fight the fire (unless you have fire marshal training)

Re-enter the site till the all clear has been sounded

Fight a fire which has already produced a lot of smoke.

Allow the fire to come between you and your escape route.

Fire Extinguishers There is a wide range of fire extinguishers for tackling small fires or fires in their early stages. It is essential that the CORRECT extinguisher is used on the fire, as using the wrong one could make the fire worse, spread or cause an injury to you. For this reason you should not use an extinguisher unless you have been trained to do so.

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If you use a fire extinguisher remember PASS: PULL out he pin from the top of the fire extinguisher. AIM the nose or hoze at the base of the fire. SQUEEZE the trigger to discharge the contents. SWEEP the agent back and forth across the lower part of the fire.

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Tasks Lesson 9: Fire and Evacuation procedure Name: Date:

1. List the 3 elements that make up the fire triangle:

i. ii. iii.

2. Describe how to use a fire extinguisher correctly:

3. Complete the table below using course handbooks and the internet

Fire class symbol Type of fire risk

Solid e.g. wood or paper

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4. Below draw a diagram of the Technical Academy practical areas and note on all fire exits, fire extinguisher location and types, first aid kit locations, eye wash stations, and assembly point. Then create an evacuation plan in case of a fire being discovered:

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5. Complete the table below to show which fire extinguishers can be used

on which fire risk:

Fire Risk Fire Class Water

Foam

Carbon Dioxide

Dry Powder

Wet Chemical

Solid – Wood or paper

Y

Y

N

Y

Y

Assessor name: Assessor signature: Assessor number: Candidate name: Candidate Signature: Date:

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Lesson 10

Safety signs and notices

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Safety signs and notices Under HASWA – The Health and Saftety regulations it is a requirement that employers provide information or instrcution about health and safety in the workplace by displaying signs, sounding signals, making hand signals and verbal communications.

Types of safety sign There are 5 main types of sign used, each one has a certain colour, shape, picture or symbol and maybe have words on it. This allows employers to communicate health and safety uniformly across different industries.

1. Prohibition – these are ROUND shaped and coloured RED with a

WHITE background with a diagonal RED line through them. This tell you something MUST NOT be done.

2. Mandatory – These are ROUND with a WHITE picture on a BLUE

background. This mean something MUST BE done.

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3. Warning – This is a TRIANGLUAR shaped sign, with a BLACK

picture on a YELLOW background with a BLACK border. This sign warns of a HAZARD or DANGER:

4. Safe Condition – These signs can be SQUARE or RECTANGULAR

shaped, and have a WHITE picture on a GREEN background. These signs provide information about safe conditions e.g. first aid or fire exits.

5. Fire Fighting – These signs are SQUARE shaped, and are RED

with a WHITE picture on and identify fire fighting equipment, location of fire extinguishers etc.

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Tasks Lesson 10: Safety signs and notices Name: Date:

1. Complete the table below:

Assessor name: Assessor signature: Assessor number: Candidate name: Candidate Signature: Date:

Example of safety sign

Type of safety sign

What it looks like

What it tells you

Combination Sign Rectangular colours dependant on signs being combined in this case blue/white and yellow/black

This type of sign have two or more elements of other signs, for example in this case a warning sign and a mandatory sign