Unit 9 : Text A Unit 9 : Text A 21st Century College English: Book 2 Get Ready for Some Wild...

Unit 9 : Text AUnit 9 : Text A

21st Century College English: Book 221st Century College English: Book 2

Get Ready for Some Wild Weather

Unit Nine: Text AUnit Nine: Text A

• Lead-in Activities

• Text Organization

• Reading and Writing Skills

• Language Points

• Guided Practice

• Assignment

Lead-in ActivitiesLead-in Activities

Warm-up QuestionsWarm-up Questions

1. How much do you know about wild weather?

Have you ever experienced wretched weather?

2. How do natural disasters relate to weather?

3. Can we human being reduce the damage caused

by weather?

Mentioning El Nino and scientists' Mentioning El Nino and scientists' attention to this phenomenon.attention to this phenomenon.

Explanation of the phrase El Nino and Explanation of the phrase El Nino and give a detailed account of its forms and give a detailed account of its forms and causes.causes.

Arguments about its influence on human being and consequences.

Talking about weather forecast and Talking about weather forecast and prevention.prevention.

para. 1-3para. 1-3para. 1-3para. 1-3




Text OrganizationText Organization

Reading & Writing SkillsReading & Writing Skills

Reading Skill:Reading Skill: Scanning for specific information in Scanning for specific information in reading materials.reading materials.

When you know what kind of information you’re When you know what kind of information you’re looking for in a reading text—for example when looking for in a reading text—for example when you’re researching a paper ( or answering you’re researching a paper ( or answering comprehension questions!)—scanning the text first comprehension questions!)—scanning the text first can help you in three ways:can help you in three ways:

a) by letting you know whether the text contains a) by letting you know whether the text contains any of the sort of information you’re seeking.any of the sort of information you’re seeking.

b) by giving you an impression of the author’s aims, b) by giving you an impression of the author’s aims, andand

c) by giving you an idea of where in the text you’ll c) by giving you an idea of where in the text you’ll find the information that’s relevant to you.find the information that’s relevant to you.

All three of these advantages of scanning can make All three of these advantages of scanning can make you a more effective and faster reader.you a more effective and faster reader.

Reading & Writing SkillsReading & Writing Skills

Writing Skill:Writing Skill: Develop passages beginning with Develop passages beginning with general observations and supported with a series general observations and supported with a series of specific inter-related details, making a reference of specific inter-related details, making a reference to the following sample paragraph:to the following sample paragraph:

From a geological point of view, the modern era is From a geological point of view, the modern era is just a brief mild phase in the middle of one of the just a brief mild phase in the middle of one of the most devastating periods in the history of the most devastating periods in the history of the Earth. In the last few million years the Earth has Earth. In the last few million years the Earth has experienced several Ice Ages, and there’s no experienced several Ice Ages, and there’s no reason to expect that they’re over. Between Ice reason to expect that they’re over. Between Ice Ages , there have been periods of global warming, Ages , there have been periods of global warming, turning the world into one big tropical rain forest. turning the world into one big tropical rain forest. At the same time, the oceans and lakes have At the same time, the oceans and lakes have periodically changed size, flooding vast regions periodically changed size, flooding vast regions and then drying up again.and then drying up again.

• Intensive Study

• Difficult sentencesDifficult sentences

• Key words, phrases & usagesKey words, phrases & usages

• Comprehension exercisesComprehension exercises

Intensive StudyIntensive Study

Get Ready for Some Wild WeatherGet Ready for Some Wild Weather

Per Ola & Emily D'aulairePer Ola & Emily D'aulaire

11 In March of 1997, Stephen Zebiak stared at his computer screen iIn March of 1997, Stephen Zebiak stared at his computer screen i

n alarm. The veteran climate researcher saw indications of a worldwin alarm. The veteran climate researcher saw indications of a worldwi

de weather event that, over the years, has been blamed for droughts de weather event that, over the years, has been blamed for droughts

and floods, famine, fires and thousands of deaths. Called El Niño, it iand floods, famine, fires and thousands of deaths. Called El Niño, it i

s the most disruptive climatic phenomenon on the planet.s the most disruptive climatic phenomenon on the planet.


22 Zebiak and Mark Cane, research scientists at Columbia UniversitZebiak and Mark Cane, research scientists at Columbia Universit

y, had developed a computerized forecast model that correctly predicy, had developed a computerized forecast model that correctly predic

ted El Niño's occurrences in 1982, ’86 and ’91, and it had ted El Niño's occurrences in 1982, ’86 and ’91, and it had pointed to a r a r

ecurrence in ’98. But the data appearing on Zebiak’s screen from sateecurrence in ’98. But the data appearing on Zebiak’s screen from sate

llite and sea-surface monitors across the Pacific were unmistakable: llite and sea-surface monitors across the Pacific were unmistakable:

El Niño was already beginning. A huge pool of warm water — larger tEl Niño was already beginning. A huge pool of warm water — larger t

han the United States and some 600 feet deep — was moving slowly han the United States and some 600 feet deep — was moving slowly

but surely eastward toward South America.but surely eastward toward South America.


33 In June the equatorial In June the equatorial trade winds reversed direction from westward to eastward. By September, waters off Northern California were roughly 17 degrees warmer than normal. Off the Washington coast, stunned fishermen caught tropical fish that seldom stray that far north. Storms were flooding central Chile, and heavier-than-normal snowfalls in the Andes trapped hundreds in the bitter cold. And all of this only foretold of even more devastating weather for the fall and winter.


44 El Niño means “little boy” in Spanish; El Niño means “little boy” in Spanish;

when capitalized, it refers to the Christ child. This innocent-sounding name originated in the 19th century, when Peruvian sailors noticed that every few years around Christmastime, waters near the coasts warmed up and the current shifted southward. But this “little boy” plays havoc around the globe.


55 El Niño occurs when weather patterns in the tropical Pacific shift El Niño occurs when weather patterns in the tropical Pacific shift

violently. Normally, strong westward-blowing trade winds off South violently. Normally, strong westward-blowing trade winds off South

America push surface water toward Asia. Just as blowing on hot America push surface water toward Asia. Just as blowing on hot

coffee pushes the liquid up against the opposite side of the cup, the coffee pushes the liquid up against the opposite side of the cup, the

trade winds pile warm water against the coastlines of Australia, trade winds pile warm water against the coastlines of Australia,

Indonesia and the Philippines. Above the warm water, moist air rises, Indonesia and the Philippines. Above the warm water, moist air rises,

lowering atmospheric pressure and lowering atmospheric pressure and

triggering the tropical showers that nourish the rain forests of Asia. Meanwhile high-altitude winds travel back toward South America. There, the cooled air sinks, raising atmospheric pressure and suppressing rain along most of the Pacific coast, making it one of the driest regions in the world.


66 But with El Niño, the pattern reverses. Atmospheric pressure in But with El Niño, the pattern reverses. Atmospheric pressure in

the Western Pacific rises, the Western Pacific rises, setting the stage for drought from Australia to India. The trade winds decrease, or in extreme years reverse to blow eastward. As a result, a huge mass of warm water flows back toward South America, causing storms from Chile to California. Meanwhile, over the Pacific, ten-mile-high storm clouds further heat the atmosphere, fueling a stronger-than-normal jet stream, which often splits in two. One branch moves north, warming the Pacific Northwest, central Canada and Alaska. Another branch surges south, producing heavy rains in the U.S. Gulf States and Southwest.


77 El Niño's vast impact on humans has often been catastrophic. El Niño's vast impact on humans has often been catastrophic.

The El Niño of 1982-83 inflicted $13 billion in damage and claimed some 2,000 lives. In Australia day turned to night when a dust storm blanketed Melbourne; brush fires raged in its wake. In place of its normal monsoon, Southern India got dried-up crops and the threat of mass starvation. At the same time, violent rainstorms devastated the Western Hemisphere: Peru’s fishing industry — once one of the richest in the world — was wiped out, and seaside towns were washed into the Pacific.


88 Is there a good side to El Niño? There can be. Zebiak notes that tIs there a good side to El Niño? There can be. Zebiak notes that t

he number of tropical hurricanes in the Atlantic is reduced during an he number of tropical hurricanes in the Atlantic is reduced during an

El Niño year. One theory is that winds created by El Niño El Niño year. One theory is that winds created by El Niño

shear off the tops of Atlantic hurricanes, aborting them before they reach full force. And a team of scientists in Israel who study tree rings and satellite c. And a team of scientists in Israel who study tree rings and satellite c

loud pictures concluded that El Niño may bring precious moisture to loud pictures concluded that El Niño may bring precious moisture to

the thirsty Middle East. the thirsty Middle East. ““

It is perhaps fitting that El Niño — the Christ child — should have a link to the Holy Land,,” ” notes scientist Dan Yakir.notes scientist Dan Yakir.


99 This year, scientists around the world are keeping a sharp eye on This year, scientists around the world are keeping a sharp eye on

El Niño. They know that the greater the temperature rise in Pacific waEl Niño. They know that the greater the temperature rise in Pacific wa

ters off South America, the more powerful the El Niño. And this year’ters off South America, the more powerful the El Niño. And this year’

s waters have heated up unusually fast. Climate-change researcher Ms waters have heated up unusually fast. Climate-change researcher M

ichael Ghil of UCLA expects the impact to be ichael Ghil of UCLA expects the impact to be ““substantial.substantial.” ” Ants LeetAnts Leet

maa, director of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administratiomaa, director of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administratio

nn''s Climate Prediction Center in Maryland, agrees: This El Niño is s Climate Prediction Center in Maryland, agrees: This El Niño is

shaping up as one of the most powerful ever. as one of the most powerful ever.


1010 According to forecasters, According to forecasters, hardest hit in this country will likely be California, where heavy rains can send houses sliding down muddy slopes onto washed-out coastal highways. The nation’’s southern states — from s southern states — from

California to Florida — can expect cooler and wetter weather than California to Florida — can expect cooler and wetter weather than

normal this winter and spring, with extensive storms in some areas. normal this winter and spring, with extensive storms in some areas.

The Northwest should be warmer and drier than normalThe Northwest should be warmer and drier than normal..


1111 Wetter-than-normal conditions are expected in much of Wetter-than-normal conditions are expected in much of

South America. The Asian monsoon rains could South America. The Asian monsoon rains could fail, resulting in food shortages in India. In Australia, where El Niño typically means drought, strict water conservation is already under way.

1212 El NiñoEl Niño’’s effects wons effects won’’t just be climatic, of course — the t just be climatic, of course — the

global economy is sure to suffer as well. Drought in Brazil and global economy is sure to suffer as well. Drought in Brazil and

flooding in Colombia may result in higher prices for coffee and other flooding in Colombia may result in higher prices for coffee and other

crops. And fishing industries from Ecuador to California are already crops. And fishing industries from Ecuador to California are already

being hurt.being hurt.


1313 Clearly, the more accurately scientists can forecast El Niño, Clearly, the more accurately scientists can forecast El Niño,

the more people everywhere can prepare. Insurance companies, the more people everywhere can prepare. Insurance companies,

farmers, power and irrigation companies, public-safety agencies and farmers, power and irrigation companies, public-safety agencies and

even tourist boards could benefit from knowing even tourist boards could benefit from knowing in advance when El Niño will strike.

1414 ““Reliable forecasting is still Reliable forecasting is still in its infancy,” ” states Mark Cane. states Mark Cane.

Someday, perhaps, scientists will be able to predict exactly how El Niño will behave. But for now, batten down the hatches and get ready for some wild weather!

(985 words)(985 words)


point to/ towardspoint to/ towards

—— indicate that (sth.) exists or is likely to exist in the indicate that (sth.) exists or is likely to exist in the fufuture; give signs ofture; give signs of

e.g.e.g.• His questions His questions point topoint to a desire to know some important a desire to know some important

truth.truth.• All indications All indications point topoint to an early spring. an early spring.

TranslateTranslateThe evidence all The evidence all pointed topointed to Simpson as the murderer. Simpson as the murderer.

KeyKey所有的证据都显示辛普森是凶手。所有的证据都显示辛普森是凶手。

Text-related informationText-related information

Trade WindsTrade Winds

Trade winds are very strong winds that Trade winds are very strong winds that blow westward and Equatorward from blow westward and Equatorward from the subtropical high-pressure belts at the subtropical high-pressure belts at about 30 degrees north or south regular, about 30 degrees north or south regular, especially over the oceans, that they were especially over the oceans, that they were named trade winds by the crews of early named trade winds by the crews of early

sailing ships that depended on winds during westward osailing ships that depended on winds during westward ocean crossings. In the language of that day, trade winds cean crossings. In the language of that day, trade winds meant course winds or track winds.meant course winds or track winds.

waterswaters n. (pl.)n. (pl.)

— — an area of sea, esp. one that is near a country and is an area of sea, esp. one that is near a country and is regarded as belonging to that countryregarded as belonging to that country

e.g.e.g.• the coastal the coastal waterswaters of Alaska of Alaska• the territorial the territorial waters waters of neutral of neutral

waterswaters off Northern California off Northern California

More to learnMore to learnMore to learnMore to learn

offoff prep.prep.

— — in or on the sea and quite close to the coast ofin or on the sea and quite close to the coast of

e.g.e.g.• Taiwan and Hainan are the two islands Taiwan and Hainan are the two islands offoff the the

mainland of China.mainland of China.• The new oil field is located two miles The new oil field is located two miles offoff shore. shore.

waterswaters off off Northern CaliforniaNorthern California

e.ge.g• The book was about The book was about thatthat thick. thick.• I was I was thatthat annoyed; I could have screamed. annoyed; I could have screamed.

thatthat ad.ad.

—— to that degree; soto that degree; so

thatthat far north far north

—— as far north as that; so far northas far north as that; so far north

The The conj. + V-edconj. + V-ed structurestructure (here “ (here “when capitalizedwhen capitalized”) is ”) is grammatically known as abbreviated clause, the omitted grammatically known as abbreviated clause, the omitted parts being normally a form of the verb parts being normally a form of the verb bebe and a and a pronoun subject having the same reference as the noun pronoun subject having the same reference as the noun or pronoun subject in the main clause of the sentence. or pronoun subject in the main clause of the sentence. Abbreviated Abbreviated –ed–ed clauses may follow clauses may follow afterafter, , beforebefore, , sincesince, , whenwhen, , whilewhile, , untiluntil, , thoughthough, , as ifas if, , ifif, , unlessunless, etc., etc.

e.g.e.g.• Unless/Even if (I am) invitedUnless/Even if (I am) invited, I won’t go., I won’t go.• Once (it was) publishedOnce (it was) published, the book became a bestseller., the book became a bestseller.

when capitalizedwhen capitalized, it refers to the Christ child, it refers to the Christ child

More to doMore to doMore to doMore to do

1.1. Michael used to look hurt and surprised _____(Michael used to look hurt and surprised _____( 受到责骂时受到责骂时 ).).

2.2. _____ _____ (( 如果细心地做如果细心地做 ), the experiment will be successful.), the experiment will be successful.

X. Complete each of the following sentence, using a conj. + V-ed clause.

When scoldedWhen scolded

IfIf carefully carefully donedone

Exercises Exercises • • StructureStructure

《读写教程 II 》 : Ex. X, p. 259Ex. X, p. 259《读写教程 II 》 : Ex. X, p. 259Ex. X, p. 259

3.3. Leave the chicken in the oven _____ (Leave the chicken in the oven _____ ( 直到烧透直到烧透 ).).

4.4. _____ ( _____ ( 如种在肥沃的土壤里如种在肥沃的土壤里 ), the tree will grow very quickl), the tree will grow very quickly.y.

until thoroughly cooked

If planted in rich soil in rich soil



5.5. _____ ( _____ ( 虽然损失由保险负担虽然损失由保险负担 ), Tom was annoyed about t), Tom was annoyed about the accident.he accident.

6.6. I won’t go _____ (I won’t go _____ ( 除非受到邀请除非受到邀请 ).).

Although covered Although covered by insuranceby insurance

unless invitedunless invited



e.g.e.g.• The riots were The riots were triggered (off)triggered (off) by a series of police arrests. by a series of police arrests.• The smoke The smoke triggered offtriggered off the alarm. the alarm.

TranslateTranslateEven the smallest diplomatic incident can Even the smallest diplomatic incident can triggertrigger a a

major international conflict.major international conflict.

KeyKey即便最小的外交事件也可能触发严重的国际冲突。即便最小的外交事件也可能触发严重的国际冲突。

trigger (off)trigger (off) vt.vt.

—— make (sth.) happen every quickly (esp. a series of make (sth.) happen every quickly (esp. a series of violviolent events); set (an action or process) in motionent events); set (an action or process) in motion

triggeringtriggering the tropical showers that nourish the the tropical showers that nourish the rain forests of Asiarain forests of Asia


triggering the tropical showers that nourish the triggering the tropical showers that nourish the rain forests of Asiarain forests of Asia

— — causing the fall of tropical heavy rains that provide causing the fall of tropical heavy rains that provide sufficient water for the growth of the Asian rain sufficient water for the growth of the Asian rain forestsforests

Drill in V-ing phrases:Drill in V-ing phrases:

Complete the following sentences with V-ing phrases frComplete the following sentences with V-ing phrases from the words in parentheses.om the words in parentheses.

1.1. At night long he lay awake _____. (worry/ his At night long he lay awake _____. (worry/ his financial problemsfinancial problems

2.2. One politician went even further, _____. (imply/ One politician went even further, _____. (imply/ the Princess lacked the intelligence/ understand/ the Princess lacked the intelligence/ understand/ complex issue)complex issue)

worrying about his financial problemsworrying about his financial problems

implying the Princess lacked the intelligence to implying the Princess lacked the intelligence to understand such a complex issue.understand such a complex issue.

set the stage for (sth.)set the stage for (sth.)

—— prepare the conditions for (sth.); make (sth.) possibleprepare the conditions for (sth.); make (sth.) possible

e.g.e.g.• We have We have set the stage forset the stage for a completely new society. a completely new society.• The president’s recent death The president’s recent death set the stage forset the stage for a military a military

coup.coup.

Fill in the blank:Fill in the blank:

The talks between the two leaders _____ (The talks between the two leaders _____ ( 为达成和为达成和平平协议作好了准备协议作好了准备 ).).

have have set the stage forset the stage for a peace a peace agreement to be reachedagreement to be reached

fuelfuel vt.vt.

—— make (sth. already difficult or unpleasant) worse; make (sth. already difficult or unpleasant) worse; mmake (sb.’s) feeling strongerake (sb.’s) feeling stronger

e.g.e.g.• Big wage increases have Big wage increases have fueledfueled inflation. inflation.• Rumors of street fighting were Rumors of street fighting were fueledfueled by the press. by the press.

TranslateTranslateThe attempts to stop the strike only The attempts to stop the strike only fueledfueled the the

workers’ resentment.workers’ resentment.

KeyKey试图终止罢工的举措不过是给工人们的愤恨火上浇油。试图终止罢工的举措不过是给工人们的愤恨火上浇油。


Jet StreamJet StreamA jet stream is a current of A jet stream is a current of air traveling at very high air traveling at very high speed (usu. about 100 to 120 speed (usu. about 100 to 120 miles per hour, but sometimes miles per hour, but sometimes almost 350) from west at almost 350) from west at altitudes of six to eight miles. altitudes of six to eight miles. The jet stream is often used The jet stream is often used by airplane pilots to gain by airplane pilots to gain extra speed when traveling in extra speed when traveling in an eastward direction. Jet an eastward direction. Jet streams are important in streams are important in weather prediction and weather prediction and aircraft navigation.aircraft navigation.


Gulf of MexicoGulf of Mexico

the Gulf Statesthe Gulf States

The Gulf States are the U.S. states that border the Gulf The Gulf States are the U.S. states that border the Gulf of Mexico. They are Florida, Alabama, Mississippi, of Mexico. They are Florida, Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana, and Texas.Louisiana, and Texas.

inflict sth. (on sb.)inflict sth. (on sb.)

— — cause sth. to be suffered by (sb.)cause sth. to be suffered by (sb.)

e.g.e.g.

• The judge The judge inflicteinflicted the severest possible penalty.d the severest possible penalty.

• The bombing The bombing inflictedinflicted great suffering on the local great suffering on the local residents.residents.

The El Niño of 1982-83 The El Niño of 1982-83 inflictedinflicted $13 billion in $13 billion in damage and claimed some 2,000 lives.damage and claimed some 2,000 lives.


claimclaim vt.vt.

—— (of a disaster, an accident, etc.) cause the loss or (of a disaster, an accident, etc.) cause the loss or deadeath of (sb.)th of (sb.)

e.g.e.g.

• The earthquake The earthquake claimed claimed thousands of lives.thousands of lives.

• The war The war claimedclaimed the lives of thousands of civilians. the lives of thousands of civilians.

The El Niño of 1982-83 The El Niño of 1982-83 inflictedinflicted $13 billion in $13 billion in damage and damage and claimedclaimed some 2,000 lives. some 2,000 lives.

in sth.’s wake/ in the wake of sth.in sth.’s wake/ in the wake of sth.

—— coming behind or after sth.; right after usu. as a result coming behind or after sth.; right after usu. as a result of sth.of sth.

e.g.e.g.• The car left clouds of dust The car left clouds of dust in its wakein its wake..• Enrichment of human knowledge comes Enrichment of human knowledge comes in the wake ofin the wake of

discoveries and inventions.discoveries and inventions.


Famine cameFamine came _____ (_____ ( 紧随着水灾紧随着水灾 ).).

in the wake ofin the wake of disastrous flooddisastrous flood


MonsoonMonsoon

Monsoon is a periodic wind Monsoon is a periodic wind especially in the Indian Ocean especially in the Indian Ocean and South Asia usually and South Asia usually characterized by heavy characterized by heavy

rainfall. rainfall. It is associated with the It is associated with the heating heating of the Asian landmass in of the Asian landmass in summer (the condensation of water vapor in the rising summer (the condensation of water vapor in the rising air) and its intense cooling in winter. The most air) and its intense cooling in winter. The most prominent examples of such seasonal winds occur in prominent examples of such seasonal winds occur in South Asia and in Africa. They are also apparent South Asia and in Africa. They are also apparent along the Gulf Coast of the United States and in along the Gulf Coast of the United States and in central Europe, as well as in various other areas.central Europe, as well as in various other areas.


in place ofin place of

— — instead ofinstead of

e.g.e.g.

• In place ofIn place of our advertised program, we will be showing our advertised program, we will be showing a film.a film.

• This task is carried out by robots This task is carried out by robots in place ofin place of human human workers.workers.

In place ofIn place of its normal monsoon, Southern India got its normal monsoon, Southern India got dried-up crops and the threat of mass starvation.dried-up crops and the threat of mass starvation.


—— Instead of having the normal wet season, Southern Instead of having the normal wet season, Southern India had bad crops because of the drought, and a India had bad crops because of the drought, and a

large number of people were likely to be starved.large number of people were likely to be starved.

In place of its normal monsoon, Southern India got In place of its normal monsoon, Southern India got dried-up crops and the threat of mass starvation.dried-up crops and the threat of mass starvation.

devastatedevastate vt.vt.

—— destroy terribly; cause great damage todestroy terribly; cause great damage to

e.g.e.g.

• The bomb The bomb devastateddevastated the city center. the city center.

• The fire swept through the theatre, The fire swept through the theatre, devastatingdevastating the entire the entire building.building.

• Many scientists think that within a century the increase Many scientists think that within a century the increase of COof CO22 in the atmosphere would in the atmosphere would devastatedevastate the world. the world.

wipe outwipe out

—— remove;destroy completelyremove;destroy completely

e.g.e.g.• Doctors are searching for a cure that will Doctors are searching for a cure that will wipe outwipe out

cancer.cancer.• As time went on, those unpleasant events were gradually As time went on, those unpleasant events were gradually

wiped outwiped out of his memory. of his memory.

When used before a number, “When used before a number, “forceforce” is a measure of the ” is a measure of the speed and strength of the wind.speed and strength of the wind.

e.g.e.g.

• a a forceforce 9 gale 9 gale

• The ship had an engine failure in a The ship had an engine failure in a ForceForce Ten. Ten.

… … shear off the tops of Atlantic hurricanes, shear off the tops of Atlantic hurricanes, aborting them before they reach full aborting them before they reach full forceforce


—— … … take away the sweeping force of the Atlantic take away the sweeping force of the Atlantic hurricanes, and stop them from becoming very hurricanes, and stop them from becoming very violentviolent

… … shear off the tops of Atlantic hurricanes, shear off the tops of Atlantic hurricanes, aborting them before they reach aborting them before they reach full forcefull force

—— (Devastating to most posts of the world, El Ni(Devastating to most posts of the world, El Niño is ño is good for the Middle East by bringing precious good for the Middle East by bringing precious moisture moisture to the parched land; so) we may properly to the parched land; so) we may properly assume that assume that there should be some connection there should be some connection between the two —between the two — El NiEl Niño, which means “the Christ ño, which means “the Christ child” and the child” and the Middle East, where the Holy Land Middle East, where the Holy Land Palestine is located.Palestine is located.

It is perhaps fitting that El Niño — the Christ child It is perhaps fitting that El Niño — the Christ child — should have a link to the Holy Land— should have a link to the Holy Land

shape upshape up

—— develop or progress in a certain waydevelop or progress in a certain way

e.g.e.g.• Our plans are Our plans are shaping upshaping up well. well.• The campaign is The campaign is shaping upshaping up as one of the most intensive as one of the most intensive

sales campaigns ever.sales campaigns ever.

DrillDrill

Make a sentence with “Make a sentence with “shape upshape up”.”.

hard hit (or hard-hit)hard hit (or hard-hit)

—— severely stricken by misfortune, grief, or disasterseverely stricken by misfortune, grief, or disaster

e.g.e.g.• Scotland was Scotland was hardest hithardest hit during the recession. during the recession.• The family was The family was hard hithard hit by the financial crisis in by the financial crisis in

southeast Asia.southeast Asia.

failfail vi.vi.

—— run out or be lacking while still needed or expectedrun out or be lacking while still needed or expected

e.g.e.g.• The crops The crops failedfailed because of drought. because of drought.• At the last moment his courage At the last moment his courage failedfailed. He walked away . He walked away

from her door without knocking.from her door without knocking.

TranslateTranslate

她没有对家庭尽到责任。她没有对家庭尽到责任。

KeyKey

SheShe failedfailed in her obligations to the family. in her obligations to the family.

under wayunder way

—— happening; in progresshappening; in progress

e.g.e.g.• Preparations for the art festival are now well Preparations for the art festival are now well under wayunder way..• Efforts to conserve the rain forest are Efforts to conserve the rain forest are under wayunder way..

DrillDrill

Make a sentence with “Make a sentence with “under wayunder way”.”.

in advancein advance

—— beforehand; aheadbeforehand; ahead

e.g.e.g.• Write to me Write to me in advancein advance if you decide to come. if you decide to come.• The landlord demanded that she should pay the rent six The landlord demanded that she should pay the rent six

months months in advancein advance..


You have to reserve your seat _____ (You have to reserve your seat _____ ( 至少提前三个至少提前三个礼拜礼拜 ).).

at least 3 weeksat least 3 weeks in advancein advance

be in one’s infancybe in one’s infancy

—— start to developstart to develop

e.g.e.g.• The science of cybernetics is still The science of cybernetics is still in its infancyin its infancy..• Space travel is Space travel is in its infancyin its infancy now. now.

TranslateTranslate

The educational reform is The educational reform is in its infancyin its infancy: there is : there is

much room for improvement.much room for improvement.

KeyKey

教育改革仍处于初级阶段：有许多尚待改进的地方。教育改革仍处于初级阶段：有许多尚待改进的地方。

somedaysomeday ad.ad.

—— (also spelled some day) at a date in the future, (also spelled some day) at a date in the future, unknown or not yet fixedunknown or not yet fixed

e.g.e.g.• Some daySome day my dream will come true. my dream will come true.• I hope that I hope that somedaysomeday we’ll have enough money to buy a we’ll have enough money to buy a

house.house.

Cf.Cf.the other daythe other day —— at a date in the recent past; a few days agoat a date in the recent past; a few days agoe.g.e.g.• I saw David I saw David the other daythe other day..• Have you forgotten what happened Have you forgotten what happened the other daythe other day??

batten down the hatchesbatten down the hatches

—— prepare for a period of difficulty or troubleprepare for a period of difficulty or trouble

e.g.e.g.• The tornado is coming, we’d better The tornado is coming, we’d better batten down the batten down the

hatcheshatches so as to minimize the losses. so as to minimize the losses.• My sister’s children were coming to stay so we had to My sister’s children were coming to stay so we had to

batten down the hatchesbatten down the hatches..

DrillDrill

Make a sentence with “Make a sentence with “batten down the hatchesbatten down the hatches”.”.

Guided Practice

• Vocabulary• ClozeCloze• TranslationTranslation• Structure WritingStructure Writing

VocabularyVocabulary

VocabularyVocabulary Ex. III

III.III. Fill in the blanks with some of the words given below. Change Fill in the blanks with some of the words given below. Change the form where necessary.the form where necessary.

1.1. Storms cause ______ damage to seaside towns every Storms cause ______ damage to seaside towns every year.year.

extensiveextensive

2.2. This kind of football _____ at the Rugby School in This kind of football _____ at the Rugby School in England, which is why it’s called rugby football.England, which is why it’s called rugby football.

originatedoriginated

《读写教程 II 》 : Ex. III, p. 254Ex. III, p. 254《读写教程 II 》 : Ex. III, p. 254Ex. III, p. 254

indicationindication conservationconservation occurrenceoccurrence innocentinnocentoriginateoriginate nourishnourish preciousprecious linklinkextensiveextensive insurance insurance straystray violentviolent



3.3. I know auto_____ is expensive, but if you have an I know auto_____ is expensive, but if you have an accident, you’ll be glad you invested in it.accident, you’ll be glad you invested in it.

insuranceinsurance

4. 4. In overcrowded cities like Hong Kong and Shanghai, In overcrowded cities like Hong Kong and Shanghai, every small piece of land is _____.every small piece of land is _____.

preciousprecious




5.5. To ease the energy shortage, we should concentrate both To ease the energy shortage, we should concentrate both on the _____ of natural resources and on research into on the _____ of natural resources and on research into new sources of energy.new sources of energy.

conservationconservation

6. 6. Scientists exploring the _____ between animal behavior Scientists exploring the _____ between animal behavior and natural disasters have actually predicted the _____ and natural disasters have actually predicted the _____ of earthquakes by observing horses. of earthquakes by observing horses.

link link

occurrenceoccurrence




7.7. He was called “ Baby Face” because he looked so ____ He was called “ Baby Face” because he looked so ____ that people never suspected he was a ____ criminal.that people never suspected he was a ____ criminal.

innocentinnocent

8. 8. It was reported that the accident was caused by a cow It was reported that the accident was caused by a cow that had ______ into the road.that had ______ into the road.

strayedstrayed

violentviolent




9.9. Their study found many _____ that the economy is Their study found many _____ that the economy is slowly recovering.slowly recovering.

indicationsindications

10. 10. Most plants are _____ by water drawn up through their Most plants are _____ by water drawn up through their root.root.

nourishednourished



ClozeCloze

XIII. Fill each black in the passage below with the correct form of a word or phrase from the following list.

《读写教程 II 》 : Ex. XIII, p. 260Ex. XIII, p. 260《读写教程 II 》 : Ex. XIII, p. 260Ex. XIII, p. 260as wellIn additionIn additiondevastating extensive

intointofittingfitting

hurricanehurricane linklinkholyholyoccuroccur

of courseof course out ofout ofoccurrenceoccurrence probableprobable spectatorspectatorrepresentrepresent under wayunder waysuppresssuppress victimvictim violentviolent

I wonder why people are so fascinated by natural disasters. I wonder why people are so fascinated by natural disasters.

Why do _____, earthquakes and floods always get such _____ Why do _____, earthquakes and floods always get such _____

attention from the press and other media? While a disaster is attention from the press and other media? While a disaster is

actually _____, frequent and detailed news reports are _____ actually _____, frequent and detailed news reports are _____

vital to people’s safety; and certainly the _____ effects that vital to people’s safety; and certainly the _____ effects that

such disasters have on _____ are worthy of attention. But why such disasters have on _____ are worthy of attention. But why

are films and TV shows about natural disasters that _____ are films and TV shows about natural disasters that _____

years ago so popular? What is it that attracts us about the years ago so popular? What is it that attracts us about the

_____ side of nature? _____ side of nature?

hurricaneshurricanes

under wayunder way

extensiveextensive

of courseof course

devastatingdevastating

victimsvictims

violentviolent

occurredoccurred

Exercises Exercises • • ClozeCloze

Psychologists say that a raging storm or fire _____ emotions Psychologists say that a raging storm or fire _____ emotions

that we normally _____, and it just feels good to see them free that we normally _____, and it just feels good to see them free

and active and _____ control. That sounds _____ — but I and active and _____ control. That sounds _____ — but I

have a theory of my own too. I think our fascination with have a theory of my own too. I think our fascination with

natural disasters is _____ with how helpless we are to control natural disasters is _____ with how helpless we are to control

or stop such _____. Humans are so accustomed to feeling or stop such _____. Humans are so accustomed to feeling

powerful that the few things we can’t control or predict seem powerful that the few things we can’t control or predict seem

almost _____, like miracles. Come to think of it, that would almost _____, like miracles. Come to think of it, that would

explain our fascination with love stories _____.explain our fascination with love stories _____.

linkedlinked

holyholy

occurrencesoccurrences

as wellas well

Exercises Exercises • • ClozeCloze

representsrepresentssuppresssuppress

probableprobableout ofout of

XIV. Translate the following sentences into English.

TranslationTranslation

《读写教程 II 》 : Ex. XII, p. 259Ex. XII, p. 259《读写教程 II 》 : Ex. XII, p. 259Ex. XII, p. 259

1.1. 多年来，人们一直把干旱、洪水、饥荒、野火和成千上多年来，人们一直把干旱、洪水、饥荒、野火和成千上万人的死亡归咎于厄尔尼诺现象。万人的死亡归咎于厄尔尼诺现象。

droughts, floods, famine, wildfiresdroughts, floods, famine, wildfires

Over the years, El Niño has been blamed for droughts Over the years, El Niño has been blamed for droughts

and floods, famine, wildfires and thousands of human and floods, famine, wildfires and thousands of human

deaths.deaths.

be blamed forbe blamed for


2.2. 有些科学家认为厄尔尼诺现象也有其好的一面，例如，有些科学家认为厄尔尼诺现象也有其好的一面，例如，它可能给干旱缺雨的中东带来极其珍贵的雨水。它可能给干旱缺雨的中东带来极其珍贵的雨水。

a good sidea good side

Some scientists believe that there is a good side to El Some scientists believe that there is a good side to El

Niño. For example, it may bring precious moisture to Niño. For example, it may bring precious moisture to

the thirsty Middle East.the thirsty Middle East.

thirsty Middle Eastthirsty Middle Eastprecious moistureprecious moisture


3. 3. 地震对人的巨大影响经常是灾难性的。例如地震对人的巨大影响经常是灾难性的。例如 19851985 年的墨年的墨西哥城地震造成了估计为几百亿美元的损失，并夺去了西哥城地震造成了估计为几百亿美元的损失，并夺去了至少至少 44 ，， 000000 人的生命。人的生命。

vast impact onvast impact on

Earthquake’s vast impact on humans has often been Earthquake’s vast impact on humans has often been

catastrophic. The Mexico City earthquake of 1985, for catastrophic. The Mexico City earthquake of 1985, for

example, inflicted an estimated several billion dollars in example, inflicted an estimated several billion dollars in

damage and claimed at least 4,6000 lives.damage and claimed at least 4,6000 lives.

inflict … in damageinflict … in damage

claim … livesclaim … lives


4. 4. 当乌云笼罩住整座城市时，白天变成了黑夜，接踵而来当乌云笼罩住整座城市时，白天变成了黑夜，接踵而来的是一场倾盆大雨。的是一场倾盆大雨。

blanketblanket

Day turned to night when dark clouds blanketed the Day turned to night when dark clouds blanketed the

whole city and a downpour came in their wake.whole city and a downpour came in their wake.

come in one’s wakecome in one’s wake

downpourdownpour


5. 5. 显然，科学家对厄尔尼诺预报得越是精确，人们就能准显然，科学家对厄尔尼诺预报得越是精确，人们就能准备得越好。备得越好。

clearlyclearly

Clearly, the more accurately scientists can forecast El Clearly, the more accurately scientists can forecast El

Niño, the better prepared people will be.Niño, the better prepared people will be.

forecastforecast

better preparedbetter prepared


6. 6. 科学家们正密切注视着热带太平洋气候模式的剧烈变化，科学家们正密切注视着热带太平洋气候模式的剧烈变化，他们断定那年厄尔尼诺来得更早。他们断定那年厄尔尼诺来得更早。

keep a sharp eye onkeep a sharp eye on

Keeping a sharp eye on the violent shifts in weather Keeping a sharp eye on the violent shifts in weather

patterns of the tropical Pacific, the scientists concluded patterns of the tropical Pacific, the scientists concluded

that El Niño was starting early that year.that El Niño was starting early that year.

weather patterns of weather patterns of the tropical Pacificthe tropical Pacific

violent shiftsviolent shifts


7. 7. 潮湿的空气在温暖的水域上空上升，使大气压力下降，潮湿的空气在温暖的水域上空上升，使大气压力下降，并引发了热带暴雨并引发了热带暴雨 ..

above the warm waterabove the warm water

Above the warm water, moist air rises, lowering Above the warm water, moist air rises, lowering

atmospheric pressure and triggering tropical atmospheric pressure and triggering tropical

downpours.downpours.

lowerlowertriggertrigger


8. 8. 也许将来有一天科学家能够精确地预测厄尔尼诺现象出也许将来有一天科学家能够精确地预测厄尔尼诺现象出现，但是眼下我们只能是未雨绸缪，及时做好准备，预现，但是眼下我们只能是未雨绸缪，及时做好准备，预防恶劣气候的到来。防恶劣气候的到来。

somedaysomeday

Someday, perhaps, scientists will be able to exactly Someday, perhaps, scientists will be able to exactly

predict the occurrence of El Niño, but for now, we can predict the occurrence of El Niño, but for now, we can

only batten down the hatches and get ready for some only batten down the hatches and get ready for some

wild weather.wild weather.

batten down the hatchesbatten down the hatchesget ready forget ready for


Structured WritingStructured Writing

Look at the outline and sample of anotherLook at the outline and sample of another general-to-specific general-to-specific paragraph.paragraph.

General observation:General observation:geological point of view/ modern era/ just a brief mild phase/ geological point of view/ modern era/ just a brief mild phase/ middle/ one/ most devastating periods/ history Earthmiddle/ one/ most devastating periods/ history Earth

Details:Details:1)1) last few million years/ Earth/ several Ice Ages/ no reason/ last few million years/ Earth/ several Ice Ages/ no reason/

expect/ overexpect/ over2)2) Between Ice Ages/ periods/ global warming/ turning the Between Ice Ages/ periods/ global warming/ turning the

world/ one big tropical/ rain forestworld/ one big tropical/ rain forest3)3) same time/ oceans and lakes/ periodically changed size/ same time/ oceans and lakes/ periodically changed size/

flooding vast regions/ then drying/ againflooding vast regions/ then drying/ again

From a geological point of view, the modern era is just a From a geological point of view, the modern era is just a brief mild phase in the middle of one of the most brief mild phase in the middle of one of the most devastating periods in the history of the Earth.devastating periods in the history of the Earth.

In the last few million years the Earth has experienced In the last few million years the Earth has experienced several Ice Ages, and there’s no reason to expect that several Ice Ages, and there’s no reason to expect that they’re over. Between Ice Ages, there have been periods of they’re over. Between Ice Ages, there have been periods of global warming, turning the world into one big tropical global warming, turning the world into one big tropical rain forest. At the same time, the oceans and lakes have rain forest. At the same time, the oceans and lakes have periodically changed size, flooding vast regions and then periodically changed size, flooding vast regions and then drying up again.drying up again.


《读写教程 II 》 : Ex. XV, p. 263Ex. XV, p. 263《读写教程 II 》 : Ex. XV, p. 263Ex. XV, p. 263Now write your own paragraph giving inter-related Now write your own paragraph giving inter-related

details to support one of the general observations details to support one of the general observations

suggested below.suggested below.


General observations:General observations: • Difficult weather conditions have been a major Difficult weather conditions have been a major

factor in promoting creative thinking.factor in promoting creative thinking.• There are many reasons why English has become an There are many reasons why English has become an

international language.international language.• The use of computers can have a negative effect on The use of computers can have a negative effect on

creativity.creativity.• In any classroom in any country, part of what’s In any classroom in any country, part of what’s

going on is the teaching of culture.going on is the teaching of culture.

DetailsDetailsDetailsDetails


• General observation:General observation: Difficult weather conditions have been a major Difficult weather conditions have been a major factor in promoting creative thinking.factor in promoting creative thinking.Details:Details: 1)1) Archaeologists point/ during/ Ice Age/ humans Archaeologists point/ during/ Ice Age/ humans invented tools/ setting/ stage/ construction/ citiesinvented tools/ setting/ stage/ construction/ cities2)2) same time/ decrease/ temperature led/ discovery/ same time/ decrease/ temperature led/ discovery/ clothing; fashion raged/ wakeclothing; fashion raged/ wake3)3) Meanwhile/ cold weather caused/ shortage/ fresh Meanwhile/ cold weather caused/ shortage/ fresh vegetables/ motivating development/ frozen foodsvegetables/ motivating development/ frozen foods

AssignmentAssignment

1.1. Revision of Text A:Revision of Text A:

• Translation Translation Ex. XI ~ XII p.259Ex. XI ~ XII p.259

• Cloze Cloze Ex. XIII Ex. XIII p.260p.260

2.2. Preview of Text BPreview of Text B

Unit 9 : Text A Unit 9 : Text A 21st Century College English: Book 2 Get Ready for Some Wild...

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