UNIT 8

NATURAL ENVIRONMENTAL

PSYCHOLOGY

Natural Environment and Human Development

In general, people much prefer to In general, people much prefer to look at a nature scenes than urban look at a nature scenes than urban scenesscenes

Nature is even more important to Nature is even more important to people today than it was in ancient people today than it was in ancient days because people go to nature to days because people go to nature to be restored and refreshed. E.g., “to be restored and refreshed. E.g., “to recharge my batteries”recharge my batteries”

Cognitive freedom Freedom to pay attention to whatever we like and to do what we choose to do, when we choose to do it

Escape The chance to be relatively free from the rules and constraints of society

Experience natureWe go to nature for reasons other than to escape everyday life

Growth People seek growth when they are in the great outdoors, which is an opportunity to develop themselves & to learn what the natural environment has to teach them (skills, knowledge of the woods, self-knowledge, self-actualization, or in one’s spiritual domain)

People can experience these in natural setting

Ecosystem connectednessTo sense ecosystem connectedness, the awareness that we are part of the immensity of nature and the cosmos

Challenge Adrenaline experience the excitement that emerges in potentially dangerous situation such as rock climbing, white-water rafting, etc

Guidance When the challenge involves responsibility for others (such as being a leader)

Social Being in nature with your family or friends

HealthNature improves mental and physical health

Self-Control Nature can provide a therapeutic experience by giving its visitors a chance to exert self-control

1.1. The affective-arousal approachThe affective-arousal approach (nature’s benefits)(nature’s benefits)

2.2. CultureCulture

3.3. Mental fatigue approachMental fatigue approach (Rachel & Stephan Kaplan) (Rachel & Stephan Kaplan)

4.4. The Evolutionary/ bio-philia approachThe Evolutionary/ bio-philia approach (Roger Ulrich et al.) (Roger Ulrich et al.)

How does nature restore us ?

1. The Affective-Arousal approach (nature’s benefits)

derive from the positive emotions it elicits in us & that any calm, peaceful setting will have similar benefits.

2. Culture as the main factor we learn through our family & culture to

love nature & to dislike cities nature’s benefits result more from being in a loved place than from nature’s inherent qualities

How does nature restore us ?

How does nature restore us ?

3. Mental fatigue approach (Rachel & Stephan Kaplan)

believes that nature is inherently fascinating it compels our involuntary attention nature itself is the cause of nature’s restorative abilities.

Nature provides a setting for non-taxing involuntary attention & we are gradually refreshed by being there.

4. Evolutionary/ biophilia approach (Roger Ulrich et al.)

Genetically, humans are much more adapted to natural than built settings human have evolved for two or three million years in natural environments

ENVIRONMENTAL HAZARD AND

ENVIRONMENTAL DESIGN

ENVIRONMENTAL HAZARD

Environmental hazards Environmental hazards large large magnitude events magnitude events Natural HazardNatural Hazard Technological HazardsTechnological Hazards

Often unpredictable & allow little or no Often unpredictable & allow little or no preparation, that cause death or injury to preparation, that cause death or injury to many people, destroy much property, and many people, destroy much property, and disrupt many social and economic disrupt many social and economic activities. activities.

Examples:Examples: Flood, fire, storm, earthquake, heat or cold Flood, fire, storm, earthquake, heat or cold

wave, etc. wave, etc.

Natural Hazards

Technological Hazards

• Technological hazards result Technological hazards result from human worksfrom human works

Examples:Examples: Nuclear plant accidents, radio active or Nuclear plant accidents, radio active or

chemical spills and see pages, nuclear chemical spills and see pages, nuclear bombs, falling space debris, large bombs, falling space debris, large explosions, floods due to broken dams, explosions, floods due to broken dams, etcetc

Hospitals should be psychologically supportive. To the extent that architecture can facilitate healing

The building should not cause patients any further stress than they already must face. For example, it should not :-

Be crowded or noisy, Be difficult to find one’s way, spread noxious air, have bad lighting, etc.

It should provide exposure to physical features of the environment that reduce stress

Supportive Hospitals

Resource Management

Managing refers to:Managing refers to:

The The rate and qualityrate and quality of an individual’s of an individual’s use of use of

natural resourcesnatural resources, including manufactured , including manufactured products made from natural resources. products made from natural resources.

The rate of this process is also quantifiableThe rate of this process is also quantifiable

What is Management?

Aspects to consider in Resource management

What available resources do we What available resources do we have?have?

How much do we need to utilize:-How much do we need to utilize:- In terms of quantityIn terms of quantity In terms of qualityIn terms of quality

Who will be doing the managing?Who will be doing the managing?

Who will be doing the managing At Macro level /societal level At Macro level /societal level

Much environmental management is done by Much environmental management is done by the governments, corporations, and other the governments, corporations, and other organizations organizations

At the microlevel At the microlevel Environmental psychologists are more Environmental psychologists are more

interested in the resource management interested in the resource management behavior of individuals and small groups behavior of individuals and small groups resource managementresource management

As a managerAs a manager We monitor our personal use of We monitor our personal use of

resourcesresources Observe the effects that our usage has Observe the effects that our usage has

on the environmenton the environment Are aware of the usage patterns of other Are aware of the usage patterns of other

individualsindividuals

Self-Interest versus the Public Interest Self-Interest versus the Public Interest The defining characteristics of a social dilemma The defining characteristics of a social dilemma

are:are:(1) each participant receives more (or is penalized (1) each participant receives more (or is penalized less) for a self-interest choice than for a public-less) for a self-interest choice than for a public-interest choiceinterest choice

(2) the participants as a group benefit more if they (2) the participants as a group benefit more if they all choose to act in the public interest than if they all all choose to act in the public interest than if they all choose to act in self-interestchoose to act in self-interest

In some social dilemmas, frequent defections In some social dilemmas, frequent defections result in the destruction of the resourceresult in the destruction of the resource

Resource Management as a common/social dilemma

1. The resource Is it important to the participants? Is it nearly depleted or relatively plentiful?

• Three characteristics of the resource:-1. As the importance or value of the resource

increases, the rate of cooperation decreases2. Abundance resources mean there is no dilemma3. Resource certainty is a factor in cooperation

2. The participants as individuals– Are they old or young? Experienced or not? Do

they hold cooperative values or not?

What influences public-interest resource management?

What influences public-interest resource management? (con’t)

3.3. The participants as group members The participants as group members • How many are there? Do they trust or How many are there? Do they trust or

know each other? Are they friends or know each other? Are they friends or strangers?strangers?

4. Structure of the dilemma 4. Structure of the dilemma What are relatively payoffs for cooperation What are relatively payoffs for cooperation

and defection? May the participants and defection? May the participants communicate with one another? Are their communicate with one another? Are their choices made public? Are they told choices made public? Are they told something about the nature of social something about the nature of social dilemmas or left to their own ability to dilemmas or left to their own ability to understand? Is there a leader or not? understand? Is there a leader or not?

Social Dilemma

1.1. Biosocial Theories Biosocial Theories

2. 2. Tragic-Choice Theory Tragic-Choice Theory

1.1. Social-Trap & Reinforcement Theories Social-Trap & Reinforcement Theories (John Platt’s) (John Platt’s)

4.4. Limited Processing TheoryLimited Processing Theory

5. 5. Structural/Goal Expectation TheoryStructural/Goal Expectation Theory

6. Three-Motive Theory6. Three-Motive Theory

Theories of Social Dilemma

1.1. Biosocial Theories Biosocial Theories

behavior in the commons is behavior in the commons is largely a function of the genetic or largely a function of the genetic or biological makeup of humans biological makeup of humans

Theories of Social Dilemma

Theories of Social Dilemma

1.1. Tragic-Choice TheoryTragic-Choice Theory

Inequality & the resulting scarcity & Inequality & the resulting scarcity & suffering is natural and impossible to suffering is natural and impossible to changechange

Scarcity originates in a first-order Scarcity originates in a first-order determination determination a conscious decision not to a conscious decision not to produce as much as could be produced.produce as much as could be produced.

The decisions to create scarcity are followed The decisions to create scarcity are followed by second-order determinations by second-order determinations how to how to distribute the insufficient supply of goodsdistribute the insufficient supply of goods

1.1. Social-Trap & Reinforcement Social-Trap & Reinforcement Theories Theories (John Platt’s) (John Platt’s)

Based on reinforcement Based on reinforcement Many of us Many of us reward ourselves too immediatelyreward ourselves too immediately

E.g., if you are holding a fast-food E.g., if you are holding a fast-food package and do not see a trash can package and do not see a trash can nearby, it is immediately rewarding to nearby, it is immediately rewarding to litter (your hands are free of a burden) litter (your hands are free of a burden) when you or others repeatedly litter, when you or others repeatedly litter, the whole area eventually is visually the whole area eventually is visually ruined by litter. ruined by litter.

Theories of Social Dilemma

Theories of Social Dilemma

1.1. Limited Processing TheoryLimited Processing Theory

In many situations Individuals do not In many situations Individuals do not behave in a rational manner. behave in a rational manner.

There are two basic modes of There are two basic modes of nonrationality: nonrationality:

People sometimes simply do not pay People sometimes simply do not pay much attention to what they are doing. much attention to what they are doing.

People may act non-rationally even People may act non-rationally even when they understand or aware.when they understand or aware.

5. Structural/Goal Expectation Theory5. Structural/Goal Expectation Theory

Certain set of conditions is required Certain set of conditions is required for cooperation to occurfor cooperation to occur

Theories of Social Dilemma

Theories of Social Dilemma

1.1. Three-Motive TheoryThree-Motive Theory

1.1. Decision made are based on three Decision made are based on three motivesmotives

1.1. self-interestself-interest

2.2. the desire to act responsibly the desire to act responsibly

3.3. and conformityand conformity

Air Pollution

Myths about Air PollutionMyths about Air Pollution Air pollution is a big-city problem Air pollution is a big-city problem Air pollution is a relatively new problem Air pollution is a relatively new problem Air pollution is an outdoor phenomenonAir pollution is an outdoor phenomenon Air pollution may affect health but not Air pollution may affect health but not

behavior behavior Air pollution is caused by factories, not Air pollution is caused by factories, not

peoplepeople Incineration destroys toxinsIncineration destroys toxins

Air Pollution

BehaviorBehavior Cognitive performanceCognitive performance

Effect of Air Pollutions on:

BehaviorBehavior Common air pollutants affect the range of Common air pollutants affect the range of

our behavior, basic psychological our behavior, basic psychological processes, and, perhaps, attraction, processes, and, perhaps, attraction, aggression & schizophrenia.aggression & schizophrenia.

Effect of Air Pollutions on:

Effect of Air Pollutions on:

Cognitive performanceCognitive performance The excessive levels of carbon The excessive levels of carbon

monoxide negatively affect such monoxide negatively affect such basic cognitive activities as reaction basic cognitive activities as reaction time and arithmetic abilitytime and arithmetic ability

For e.g., in preparation for the 1984 For e.g., in preparation for the 1984

Olympics, Los Angeles tried to implement Olympics, Los Angeles tried to implement strict controls in an attempt to improve strict controls in an attempt to improve its Smog City image. But why did it take its Smog City image. But why did it take an event such as the Olympics for the city an event such as the Olympics for the city to implement the controls? There are two to implement the controls? There are two general answers: general answers: ADAPTATION ADAPTATION PERCEIVED COSTS. PERCEIVED COSTS.

Why public outcries against air pollution have not been louder?

Reason why outcrys against air pollution often put on hold?

There are two general reasons:There are two general reasons:

ADAPTATION ADAPTATION Myth --> Human can get use to any situationMyth --> Human can get use to any situation Actually, because air pollution increases Actually, because air pollution increases

gradually, so it allows time for our eyes to gradually, so it allows time for our eyes to get use to the situation. get use to the situation.

PERCEIVED COSTSPERCEIVED COSTS Too expensive Too expensive

RESOURCE RESOURCE RECOVERYRECOVERY

There are two forms of resource There are two forms of resource recoveryrecovery::

Recycling Recycling occurs when waste material is reuse for its occurs when waste material is reuse for its

original purpose e.g: Recycle plastic bag, original purpose e.g: Recycle plastic bag, aluminium canaluminium can

ReclamationReclamation occurs when the waste material is processed to occurs when the waste material is processed to

create a different productcreate a different product

How to encourage recycling? Educate, Prompt & RewardEducate, Prompt & Reward Increasing awareness through speechesIncreasing awareness through speeches Personal communicationPersonal communication Pamphlets Pamphlets Remind people to recycle with signs and labeled Remind people to recycle with signs and labeled

receptacles worksreceptacles works Positive reinforcement worksPositive reinforcement works Block leaders Block leaders to locate individuals on each to locate individuals on each

block who might encourage their neighbors to block who might encourage their neighbors to recyclerecycle

Commitment and Feedback: asking people to Commitment and Feedback: asking people to make a commitment to recycle & giving posted make a commitment to recycle & giving posted feedback once per month about the actual feedback once per month about the actual amount they had recycledamount they had recycled

Laws Integrated approachesLaws Integrated approaches

How much awareness and information people How much awareness and information people have about recycling.have about recycling.

Who the potential recycler is, in demographic Who the potential recycler is, in demographic termsterms

How convenient recycling isHow convenient recycling is The economic payoffThe economic payoff Attitudes toward recyclingAttitudes toward recycling Local norms about recyclingLocal norms about recycling The operating policies of the recycling agencyThe operating policies of the recycling agency

Factors that play important roles in recycling

TUGASAN KUMPULAN

GROUP TASK1.1. Setiap group harus bertindak sebagai

Resource Manager; Di peringkat makro Di peringkat mikro.

Fikirkan/pilih satu tajuk (aspek) berhubung dengan alam sekitar yang kumpulan anda ingin selesaikan. Fikirkan apakah langkah-langkah yang anda perlu lakukan untuk memperbaiki keadaan tersebut.

2. Setiap kumpulan harus membawa dua jenis barang yang telah melalui proses recycling dan reclaimation