Unit 8 Ch.26. GI Bill Government paid for college Low-interest, government-backed loans for homes...
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Transcript of Unit 8 Ch.26. GI Bill Government paid for college Low-interest, government-backed loans for homes...
Unit 8 Ch.26
Truman and the Cold War
GI BillGovernment paid for collegeLow-interest, government-backed loans for homes and
businessesBaby Boom
50 million babies born between 1945-1960Suburban Growth
Families that could afford it began to leave the citiesLarge cities became increasingly poor and racially divided
SunbeltFamilies flocked to states in the south from Florida to
California lured by good climate, low tax rates, and jobs
Postwar America
Truman attempted to continue in the new Deal traditionConservative Congress and the Cold War impeded his efforts
Employment Act (1946)A watered-down version of an original bill urged by TrumanCreated Council of Economic Advisors
Economics and Civil Rights
Inflation and StrikesPrice controls were relaxed by congress which resulted in
25% inflationWages did not move as quickly as inflation so 4.5 million
workers went on strike in 1946Truman had U.S. troops seize industries vital to national
security until the strikes were called offCivil Rights
Committee on Civil RightsStrengthened civil rights division in Department of JusticeProhibited racial discrimination in the military and federal
government
Economics and Civil Rights
Twenty-Second Amendment (1951)Limited the president to two terms
Taft-Hartley Act (1947)Outlawed closed shopPermitted right-to-work lawsOutlawed secondary boycottsPresident could invoke 80-day cooling-off period
Republican Congress
Democrats-Harry TrumanRepublicans-Thomas DeweyProgressive Party (lib dems)-Henry WallaceSouthern Democrats (Dixiecrats)- Strom ThurmondResults
Truman wins despite widespread predictions that he would lose
Fair DealNational health care, federal education aid, funds for public
housing, farm programMost defeated because of conservative Congress and the Cold
War
Election of 1948
Allies in World War IIAlliance of convenience
Postwar cooperationUnited NationsWorld BankNuremberg Trials
Satellite statesSoviet troops remained an occupation force in Eastern
EuropeU.S.S.R manipulated elections to bring communists to
power claiming the need for a buffer zone between the Soviet Union and Germany
Cold War Origins
Occupation zonesGermany was divided into four occupation zonesBerlin was also divided into four zones (in Soviet zones)The Soviet zone would eventually become a separate nation
(German Democratic Republic)Iron Curtain
Term used to describe Soviet control over Eastern EuropeChurchill’s iron curtain speech called on the Western
democracies to stop the expansion of communism
Cold War Origins
Containment policyLimit the spread of communism to areas in which it
already existsGeorge Marshall, Dean Acheson, George Kennan
Truman Doctrine Provide economic and military aid to those who oppose
communismMarshall Plan
European recovery plan which provided over $12 billion in aid
Soviets and Eastern Europeans were offered aid but refused it
Containment Policy
Soviets tried to force allies to leave Berlin by cutting off all road traffic into their zones of the city
Truman responded by flying supplies to the people of west Berlin
The blockade lasted for 11-months Long-term result was the division of Germany into two nations
Berlin Airlift (1948-49)
North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)Military alliance established in 1949 for mutual defenseU.S troops were stationed in Europe as a deterrent to Soviet
invasionWarsaw Pact (1955)
Soviet response to NATONational Security Act (1947)
Created Department of Defense (replaced Dep. of War)National security councilCentral Intelligence Agency
National Security
Atomic WeaponsSoviets tested first A-
bomb in 1949U.S. developed the
hydrogen bomb by 1952
National Security
JapanU.S military occupation run by General Douglas
MacArthurParliamentary democracyArticle 9 of the constitution outlawed war
PhilippinesIndependent on July4, 1946U.S retained military bases
Cold War in Asia
Chinese Civil WarResumed after WWIINationalists (Kuomintang) led by Chiang Kai-shek (Jiang Jie-Shi)
were given aid by the United StatesCommunists led by Mao Zedong were more popular among the
Chinese peopleBy 1949, all of mainland China was under communist control and
the nationalists had fled to Formosa(Taiwan)1950 Sino-Soviet pact signed
Cold War in Asia
InvasionJune 1950 North Korea invaded South KoreaUN Security council authorized a force to stop the North
CounterattackUN and south Korean troops were losing at firstMacArthur counterattacked and got close to China’s borderThe Chinese sent in troops and drove UN forces out of North
Korea
Korean War
Truman vs. MacArthurMacArthur wanted to expand fighting to China but Truman
did not want toMacArthur publically criticized Truman and was
subsequently fired for insubordination in 1951Armistice
Signed in 1953Border set at 38th parallel
Political ConsequencesContainment workedTruman and Democrats attacked as soft on communism
Korean War
Smith Act (1940)Illegal to belong to an organization that advocated the overthrow
of the U.S. governmentMcCarran Internal Security Act (1950)
Unlawful to advocate for totalitarian governmentCreated detention camps for subversives
House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC)Activated to seek out communists within the government and
influence in organizations
Second Red Scare
Hiss CaseAlger Hiss was a member of the State Department and
was accused by Whittaker Chambers of being a communist and passing secrets to the Soviets
Hiss denied it but was later convicted of perjury and sentenced to 10 years
Rosenberg CaseJulius and Ethel Rosenberg were found guilty of treason
and executed in 1953 for conspiracy to commit espionageJulius had recruited Ethel and her brother David to pass
nuclear secrets to the Soviets
Second Red Scare
Joseph McCarthyRepublican senator from WisconsinUsed communist scare to get elected and gain national
attentionTactics
Repeated accusations of which he had no evidenceHe was not denounced for fear of being accusedHoping to discredit the Truman administration
HearingsTelevised hearings in 1954 exposed McCarthy for being a
bully and reckless with his accusationsMcCarthy never found a single communist
McCarthyism