Unit 7: Temperatures of the Lower Atmosphere
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Transcript of Unit 7: Temperatures of the Lower Atmosphere
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Unit 7: Temperatures of the Lower Atmosphere
Average January surface temperatures. Source: http://www.meteo.psu.edu/~j2n/3_1_avetemp_sub.bmp
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OBJECTIVES• Discuss the measurement and
characteristics of temperature and heat
• Explain the adiabatic process whereby vertically moving air warms and cools
• Discuss the global distribution of temperatures and their variation in time and space
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Temperature, Temperature Scales• What is temperature?• Thermometers• Scales: Celsius, Fahrenheit, Kelvin
Source: http://www.windows2universe.org/physical_science/basic_tools/images/thermometers_kelvin_celsius_fahrenheit_sm.gif
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The Vertical Distribution of Temperature• Environmental Lapse Rate
• Adiabatic Lapse Rates -Dry Adiabatic Lapse Rate (DALR) - Saturated Adiabatic Lapse Rate (SALR)
• Stability -stable -inversions (ground, subsidence) -unstable -conditionally stable
• Stability and Air Pollution
Source: http://www.fas.org/irp/imint/docs/rst/Sect14/Sect14_1b.html
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James Glaisher and his assistant, Coxwell, during a balloon flight on September 5, 1862.
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Concept of Stability
Source: http://epswww.unm.edu/facstaff/gmeyer/envsc101/wk11atmcompcirc.htm
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Environmental lapse rate conditions
Source: https://www.meted.ucar.edu/sign_in.php?go_back_to=http%253A%252F%252Fwww.meted.ucar.edu%252Fmesoprim%252Fbandedprecip%252Fprint.htm
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In an unstable atmosphere numerous thunderstorms billow up as viewed over southern Florida looking south.
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Downtown Los Angeles is a leading city of air pollution due to poor vertical and horizontal mixing. Throughout the summer, there is a restrictive temperature inversion over the region. Adopting the strictest air pollution controls in the world, the air quality has improved remarkably.
Fig. 8.7 3rd ed.
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Horizontal Distribution of Temperature• Temporal cycles -Daily cycle -Annual cycle
• Heating of land vs. water -maritime effect -continental effect, continentality
• Global temperature variations -seasonal variations -isotherms and temperature gradients
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Daily Radiation Patterns
Figure 3.12
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Land–Water Heating Differences
Figure 3.20
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The annual range in sea surface temperature (A) and the lag between maximum solar heating and the date of maximum temperature (B).
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Fig 8.9-annual temperature regimes for inland vs coast
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Effects of Latitude
Figure 3.17
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Source: http://www.verkhoyansk.climatemps.com/
Annual Temperature Regime in Siberia
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Mean sea-level air temperatures, in Fahrenheit for January
Source: http://apollo.lsc.vsc.edu/classes/met130/notes/chapter3/graphics/jan_temps.jpg
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Mean sea-level air temperatures, in Fahrenheit for July
Source: http://apollo.lsc.vsc.edu/classes/met130/notes/chapter3/graphics/july_temps.jpg
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Global Temperature Ranges
Figure 3.28
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Urban Heat Island
Figure 3.30
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Air Temperature and the Human Body
• Wind chill– Correlates cold and wind speed
• Heat index– Correlates heat and humidity
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Wind Chill Table
Figure 1
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Heat Index Table
Figure 2