UNIT 7: Cell Division BIG IDEA: Cell division is the process in the body to create more cells and...
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UNIT 7: Cell Division
BIG IDEA: Cell division is the process in the body to create
more cells and gametes
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MITOSIS
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Asexual Reproduction
Reproduction with only one parent
offspring are identical to parents
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Sexual Reproduction
Requires 2 parentsNew individual is produced by
the union of the nuclei of two specialized cells (sperm & egg)
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Chromosome Structure
Inside your nucleus are 3 billion nucleotides of DNA
In order to fit it is coiled and packed into a complicated but organized structure
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Chromosome Structure
Histones-Proteins that DNA are wrapped around
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Chromosome Structure
Chromatin-Less tightly coiled DNA wrapped around a histone
Chromatid
Chromosome
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Chromosomes
Rod shaped structures made up of DNA and histones
Two identical halves are called chromatids Point holding together the chromatids is
called a centromere
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Chromosomes
Structure in cells that undergo division and that contain hereditary information of the organism
In mitosis the chromosomes that undergo cellular division are called autosomes
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Chromosomes
Draw a chromosome and label the centromere and the chromatids centromere
chromatid
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How many chromosomes are present in an autosomal cell?
23 pairs or 46 chromosomes
Refers to DIPLOID: meaning that a cell possesses 2 complete sets of chromosomes
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Why are there two sets of chromosomes?
– 1 set is from your mother and 1 set is from your father
– This leads to genetic variation because genetic information on chromosomes from your parents can be different Example: both chromosomes can code for eye color
except one can be for blue eyes and one for green eyes
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Blonde Hair Black Hair
Genetic Variation
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Why is genetic variation beneficial?
Causes a diverse collection of genes
Increase in survival
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CELL CYCLE
Cycle that a cell goes through in order to make new cells
If an organism is unicelluar, than a new organism is created via the cell cycle
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Cell Cycle Consists of Two Parts:
Mitosis:– Division of the
nucleus to form two identical nuclei
– REMEMBER: Hereditary material is found in the nucleus
Cytokinesis–Division of the
cytoplasm of the cell after mitosis
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INTERPHASE
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Interphase
Stage when a cell is between mitotic cycles:
A. G1- cell grows
B. S- DNA replication
C. G2- Organelle replication
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MITOSIS
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Prophase
Chromosome become visible
Centrioles move to opposite poles of the cells
Microtubules form spindles
Spindle fibers become attached to centromeres
Nuclear membrane disappears
Nucleolus disappears
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Prophase:
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Metaphase
Chromosomes attach to the microtubule spindles
Chromosomes line up on the equator of the cell
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Anaphase
Centromeres double
Chromosomes(sister chromatids) move to opposite poles
Division (cleavage furrow) appears
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Telophase
Begins when chromosomes reach the poles
Chromosome uncoil and become invisible
Spindle disappearsNuclear membrane formsNucleioli reappears
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Telophase
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Cytokinesis in Animal Cells
Begins during late anaphase
Cytoplasm is pinched off by cell membrane
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Mitosis & Cytokinesis in Plant Cells
Main events are the same Plants do not have centrioles or
asters Cytokinesis cannot occur by
pinching off of membrane a cell plate forms between the new cells during anaphase or telophase
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Cytokinesis
End with two identical daughter cells
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Cells that divide rapidly
Plants Animals
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Cells that seldom or never divide
Xylem (part of a plant)
Nerve Cells Muscle Cells