Unit 6Lesson #110th Grade

Matt S. AndersonMarch 31, 2005

SOSC 341

“The right of our manifest destiny to over spread and to possess the whole of the continent which Providence has given us for the development of the great experiment of liberty and development of self government entrusted to us. It is a right such as that of the tree to the space of air and the earth suitable for the full expansion of its principles and destiny of growth.”

-- John L. O’Sullivan, United States Magazine and Democratic Review

“We have been taught to hunt and live on the game. You tell us that we must learn to farm, live in one house, and take on your ways. Suppose the people living beyond the great sea should come and tell you that you must stop farming, and kill your cattle, and take your houses and lands, what would you do? Would you not fight them?”

-- Gall, a Hunkpapa Sioux

What do You know about the:

•People•Places•Events•Dates•Battles•Tribes•Weapons•Actions

Write down TWO or THREE ideas you have about this point in U.S. History. I’ll give you a moment and then everyone will have a chance to share what they thought of.

Quick Review from last time

• 1836 Battle of the Alamo

• 1844 James Polk is elected the 11th President

• 1845 Texas becomes the 28th State in the Union

• 1847 U.S. wins Mexican-American War

• Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo and Gadsden Purchase establish current U.S. border in the 48

Unit Vocabulary • Manifest Destiny: belief that the United States had

a God given right to expand westward to the Pacific Ocean and into parts of Mexico

• Frontier: an area that sits outside the “civilized” portion of the country

• Gold Rush: mass migration west to California to strike it rich in 1849

• Forty-Niners: a person who moved to California searching for gold

• Oregon Trail: most popular land route,to Oregon City, Oregon from Independence, Missouri

Unit Vocabulary

• Santa Fe Trail: a busy and economically important trade route from Independence, Missouri to Santa Fe, New Mexico

• Mormon Trail: overland trail that was created by Latter Day Saints to escape prejudice. Nauvoo, Illinois to Salt Lake City, Utah

• California Trail: cutoff from the Oregon Trail that lead to Sacramento, California

• Great Plains: central portion of the United States consisting of grassy parries from Texas to Canada

Unit Vocabulary

• Bozeman Trail: northern cattle trail that delivered beef to Montana and Idaho towns

• Goodnight-Loving Trail: cattle trail that delivered beef to northern towns such as Denver and Cheyenne

• Western Trail: cattle trail that delivered beef to Dodge City and the Black Hills

• Chisholm Trail: major cattle trail from San Antonio, Texas to Kansas cow towns for shipment to the eastern U.S.

Unit Vocabulary

• Cowboy: a young “boy” who worked around and drove cattle to markets

• Cattle Drive: herding a large amount of cattle to a northern town or railway for profit. Could last for months

• Vaqueros: Mexican cowboy who gave us many of our cowboy clothes, vocabulary, and equipment.

Unit Vocabulary

• Reservation: area of land set aside for “permanent” Native American settlement.

• Tribes: refers to individual native American groups that had common cultures and customs.

• Treaty(ies): an agreement between groups of people indicating rights and laws.

Pre Reading Vocabulary

• Freight: a product that has been grown, produced, or personally owned that is shipped (sent) to another part of the country

• Trek: another term for journey or trip• Ordained: is an act that has religious or superior

authority behind it• Prosperity: to be successful, to have great

wealth• Prospector: someone you searches for mineral

wealth such as gold or silver

Quick Review of Writing

General writing rules:A paragraph should consist of 5 or more complete

sentences.A paragraph should contain a topic and supporting

sentence.Use correct punctuation.Remember the Red, Green, Yellow writing structure

we cover at the beginning of the semester? Look in your notes.

Unit 6 Lesson #2

“Eastward I go only by force, but westward I go free.”

-- Henry David Thoreau

Quick Review from last time

• Railroad transportation and the telegraph had become major influences in the expansion of the west.

• Gold was discovered in California in 1848 and this led to a massive increase in westward migration

• Americans believed that they had a Manifest Destiny to control coast to coast.

Traffic on the Trail Bumper-to-bumper highway congestion isn't just a modern phenomena. Rush hour traffic on the Oregon-California trail was just as bad--probably worse.

The image of a lone wagon on the endless prairie is largely myth; it's more accurate to imagine a moving city. Many reported seeing wagons all the way to the horizon day after day.

And just like today's highways, there was quite a bit of jockeying for position. The goal was to get in front of the pack because anyone who was behind had to eat the billowing dust kicked up by the wagons ahead. Competition was fierce; those in the back often had to put on goggles just to see.

Traffic on the Trail

The crowded conditions got even worse in the evening when the wagons came together to camp. Many 49ers discovered that previous wagon trains had overgrazed the prairie, and so there was no remaining grass for the oxen and mules to graze. So it was not uncommon for 49ers to venture miles off the trail in the evening in search of grass for their animals.

A more serious consequence of all this crowding was poor sanitation. Each new wagon train dug their latrines near the previous group's--and there was often leakage into the water supply. The result was illness and death.

The Stinky Trail west Imagine the sunburn you'd get from being outside from sunup to sundown every day for six months. No sun block. No lotion. That was reality for the California-bound 49ers--most wound up with leathery, sun baked skin. But that was just the beginning.

Imagine sweating profusely in 90 degree heat day after day--but never taking a bath or shower. That too was typical of life on the trail.

The Stinky Trail west And remember, this was before the days of t-shirts and shorts. Women wore long dresses for the most part, and men wore long pants. And there wasn't even much changing of clothes. They wore the same clothes day after day.

Could it get any worse? Yes. They often had no choice but to drink rancid water, which had the inevitable result: diarrhea. For many, it was a chronic condition.

Cattle DrivesFor many it was the lure of steady work roughly paid $30 a month depending on your position with the drive.

For others it was the adventure of drive itself with the dangers and excitement that came with it.

Either way you look at it, it was hard, dangerous, thankless work.

“The Texas Longhorn was tough, cunning and mean. He was on his own from the minute he was born, and after living several years in the brush, he did not take kindly to being roped. hog-tied, road branded and thereafter held loose herded until the drive got underway.”

-- Unknown cowboy 1860

“The cowboys that came up the Great Western Trail behind these herds were a tough breed. They contributed in no time at all to the new Boot Hill Cemetery of Dodge City, some of them occupying lots themselves, and others adding Dodge City names to the grave markers, and sometimes a town marshal. The main street of Dodge City became a Hell's Highway, charged with six shooter smoke, bad whiskey and wild women.”-- Unknown passage

Cattle Profits• An estimated 260,000 longhorns had been pushed

north out of Texas by the end of 1866.• What made the cattle drives profitable?• Name 3 reasons why cattle was needed throughout

the country so badly at this time.

Some Ideas:

1. Destruction of livestock during the Civil War

2. Ever expanding settlements looking for food supplies

3. Feeding Indian reservation populations

Cattle Profits

•In the beginning, most Longhorns could be rounded up for free as long as you put in the hard work.

•Average cow could be sold from lows of $8 a head to a high of $20 a head.

•What could a hard working rancher expect to make in profits after everything was said and done?

Cattle ProfitsWe’ll keep it simple and do the low price math

together:

A rancher leaves Texas with 4,500 Texas Longhorns and delivers 80% of them to a Kansas Market. It took 3 months to drive the cattle here. The selling price was $8 a head and then the owner had to pay off his cowboys, cook, and Trail Boss. They earned $30, $75, and $100 a month each.

How many cowboys did it take for the drive?

What was the owners profit?

Cattle Profits

80% of 4500 = 3600

Step #1: Convert the % to a Decimal. It moves to the left 2 spaces and you have .80

Step #2: Times 4500 by .80 and you get 3600.

Step #3: Just so we know, how many steers died?

4500

x .80

3600

4,500

- 3,600

900

Cattle Profit

Sell price was $8.00

3600 cows were sold

What was the total sales amount?

How many Cowboys did it take for the drive?

3600

x 8

$28800

4500 / 250 = 18

Cattle Profits

How much was the Cowboy’s pay?

$30 per month

How much for the Trail Boss?

$100 a month

How much for the Cook?

$75 a month

30 x 3 = $90 each

90 x 18 = $1,620

100 x 3 = $300

75 x 3 = $150

Cattle Profits

Totals:

Cowboys = $1,620

Cook = $ 150

Trail Boss = $ 300

$ 2,088

Owners Profit:

Sales = $28,800

Labor = $ 2,088

$26,712

Pretty good pay, IF you survived, didn’t loose your whole heard to some disease, stampede, rustlers, or any other potential problem. Don’t forget about the blood, sweat, and tears that went into getting these cows to market!

Pre Reading Vocabulary

• Perilous: very dangerous, could cost your life

• Coaxed: persistent trying to get someone or something to do what they may not want to do

• Stampede: when cattle run uncontrollably causing a dangerous situation

• Open Range: Land that is not owned or fenced up by anyone

Unit 6 Lesson #3 "Look at me. I was a warrior on this land

where the sun rises, now I come from where the sun sets. Whose voice was first surrounded on this land - the red people with bows and arrows. The Great Father says he is good and kind to us. I can't see it..."-Red Cloud Makhpiya-Luta(1822-1909)

Red Cloud Leader of the Lakota Sioux

• 1822 Born in western Nebraska

• 1841 killed his uncle's rivals which divided the Oglala for the next fifty years

• 1866 lay siege to Fort Phil Kearny killing Captain William Fetterman and his 80 men

• 1868 signs treaty ending warfare and US Government agrees to withdraw troops from Lakota lands near Powder River

• 1870 travels to Washington to negotiate for trading rights

• 1909 Dies at Pine Ridge Agency

Crazy Horse: Lakota SiouxTashunca-uitco (1849-1877)

• Celebrated for his ferocity in battle

• Leader of the resistance to forced Reservation orders

• First of the three last important chiefs to yield

• Killed while under “arrest” after turning himself in for leaving the reservation

• No know picture was ever taken of Crazy Horse

Sitting Bull a Hunkpapa Sioux atanka-Iyotanka (1831-1890)

• Lakota chief and holy man

• Head Chief of the Lakota nation about 1868.

• Leads the sun dance ritual--slashing his arms one hundred times

• Joined Buffalo Bill's Wild West Show

• The last Chief to surrender to the U.S. government in 1881

Tribes of the Plains Indians

• Sioux

• Cheyenne

• Arapaho

• Shoshone

• Pawnee

•Crow•Blackfoot•Comanche•Kiowa

Mapping Activity Due on May 23rd worth 100 points as per rubric

You will create a map of the major events on the American Plains from roughly 1840-1890. Examples being:

•Historical Tribal Territories --- Working on today

•Migration and Cattle Trails --- Working on today

•Indian/Army Battles --- on your own

•Locations: Forts, cities, railroads., etc. --- on your own

•Graphs: showing a number comparison of your choice --- on our own

Graph Example of Trail Usage(numbers made up for example)

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

Oregon Mormon California Sante Fe

184718491851

Unit 6 Lesson #4

“The Cheyenne say this land theirs. The Ute say this land theirs. The Brule say this land theirs. The Crow and Arapaho too say this land theirs. We fight and still we are here. Now comes white soldiers and say this land theirs. The white soldiers will learn too.”

- Two Moons, a Pawnee brave 1861

Pre Reading Vocabulary• Quaker School: A Quaker is name of a Christian

religious group that believed in the search for the “inner light”

• Roam: to freely move around as you wish with no need to have a set direction to travel

• Skirmishes: small armed battles• Hides: animal skins used to create leather items• Repeating Carbine: a lever action rifle that

allowed for multiple shots before reloading• Ghost Dance: Indian ritual that promised the

Sioux Indians that if they performed this dance, the old ways would return.

Class Videos

We will be watching potions from two videos The West and 500 Nations.

• Pay attention to the issues surrounding the Fort Laramie Treaty of 1851 & 1868

• Look for the reasons that the Treaties were broken.

• Pay attention to the final events that resulted in the Battle of the Little Bighorn of 1876

Unit 6 Lesson #5

“Reservation no way to live! I am He-Who-Runs no more. I wait to die.”

- He-Who-Runs, when inform by a reporter for the New York Times how he was lucky to have access to the Christian religion and an education on the Rosebud Reservation, 1892

Reservations Today

Reservations Debate• Compare that reservation map with the one on

page 415 of the textbook.• Look at how much land existed under the

reservations of 1890 compared to today.– What does this tell you?– Why is the reservation size so small today?– Is this fair or just on our society?– Do we still “owe” the American Indian after all this

time?– What, if any, group does the reservation system hurt

more?

Reservations Debate

• Look at the list of broken treaty list on page R128 in the back of the book.

• Read pages 421-422, and pages 587-590 and answer the question sheet.

• Next we will break into 1 of 2 groups as per directions.

• Everyone will participate in the debate

Debate Rules

• No personal attacks

• Do not interruption of another person

• State your position and then back it up with a supporting argument

• You each have 2 minutes to argue your position

• Sides will take turns speaking

Unit Jeopardy

• Name the cattle trail that ran into Montana?• Name three “massacres” that we learned

about?• Little Bighorn was called what by the

Indians?• Treaty that gave the Black Hills to the

Sioux?• A cowboy could expect to earn how much a

month?

Unit Jeopardy

• Name of the western trail used by a religious group?

• Gold was discovered in California in what year?

• Which Indian leader never had his photo taken?

• Name two tribal groups that were Sioux?

Unit Jeopardy

• Name of the Dance that promised a return to the old ways for the Indians?

• Two events that caused most people to move westward?

• Why was the Erie Canal created?• American Cowboy can trace his roots to?• Indian leader at the Battle of the Little

Bighorn?

Unit Test - 50 points

Take home test to be brought back on Monday with your completed map assignment.

* Remember to check your map rubric to know what you need to do to finish the project

End of Unit #6