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Unit 6: Crises and Achievements

(1900-1945)

Global History II Review

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Science and Technology

• Medical advancements are made

• Standard of living improves– Better wages for workers and conditions

• Increase in population (healthier/ safer)

• New Scientific theories developed– Radioactivity (Nuclear energy)– Einstein and Freud

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World War I

• Causes (1914-1918)– Nationalism- pride in one’s country– Militarism- increase in militaries to protect– Imperialism- conquering territories– Alliances- joining forces incase of attack

• War began when Arch Duke was killed– Balkans were a “powder keg” of tension and

started the war by each country joining in

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World War I

• Alliances formed across Europe– Central Powers (Triple Alliance)

• Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Ottoman Empire

– Allied Powers (Triple Entente)• Britain, France, Russia, Later Italy, Japan, USA

• Industrialized warfare– Trench warfare- dug trenches to fight from– New weapons- machine gun, tank,

submarine, airplane, and poison gas

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World War I

• Turning Point of the war when USA joins

• Russia withdrew from war (Revolution)

• Costs of the war– Tremendous loss of life (more than 8 million)– Economic losses forced Germany to pay

reparations for the war (Treaty of Versailles)– Formation of the League of Nations to try and

prevent future wars from happening

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Revolution in Russia

• Causes of the Revolution (1917)– Czar Nicholas was an autocratic ruler

• Harsh treatment of the people, suppressed reform

– Peasants were unhappy with conditions– Diversity among the Russian people inspired

nationalism among populations– Revolution of 1905- protesters were attacked– People wanted to get out of World War I

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Revolution in Russia

• Bolshevik Revolution (Communists)– Provisional government was slow to change– Communists promised Peace, Bread, & Land

• Lenin Rules Russia– Communists overthrew provisional gov.– Russia drops out of World War I– Civil war between Reds and Whites (czar)– New Economic Policy- governemnt controlled

nearly everything in the Soviet economy

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Revolution in Russia

• Joseph Stalin takes over Soviet Russia– Totalitarian dictator launched Great Purge– Russification- promoted Russian culture for

everyone living in Russia (non-Russians)– Five-Year Plans to build industry and increase

agricultural output– Collectivization created large farms– Forced Famine- starved peasants in Ukraine– Modernized Russia to compete with West

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Between Wars

• Treaty of Versailles– Harsh punishment for Germany

• Loss of territory, military restrictions, war guilt

– Formation of the League of Nations• Designed to prevent future aggression and wars• Weakened due to refusal of USA to join

• Collapse of Empires– Austria-Hungary broke up into several nations– Ottoman Empire lost war and broke up

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Between Wars

• National movements emerged– Turks under Kemal Ataturk Westernized– Iran under Shah Reza Khan Westernized– Pan-Arabism- Arab nations wanted to be free

of foreign (European) rule– Zionism- push for a Jewish state in Palestine– Indian Nationalism- wanted independence

• Gandhi used civil disobedience to win rights

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Between Wars

• Chinese Nationalism– Economic collapse in China led to revolt– May Fourth Movement- modernize China by

turning to the West– Communists emerged (Mao’s Long March)– Civil War between Communists & Nationalists

• Women’s Suffrage movement gains vote– Democratic nations give women right to vote

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Between Wars

• World Wide Depression (1929)– Economic problems in Europe from WWI– Interdependency of world economies– Great Depression: collapse of economy– Banks and business closed– People lose faith in capitalism and democracy

• Rise of Fascism– Rule a people by dictatorial government

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Between Wars

• Rise of Fascism– Italy: Mussolini promised better economy and

gain territory expected after WWI– Germany: Weimer Republic failed (democracy– Inflation created economic problems

and gave rise to Hitler– Hitler promised to regain lost territory, fix the

economy, rebuild the military– Anti-Semitism rose (hatred toward Jews)

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Between Wars

• Japan becomes a militaristic power in Asia– Depression ended movement toward

democracy in Japan– Need for raw materials drove Japan to

imperialism and militarism in Pacific region– Expanded into China and Manchuria– Anti-Western feelings– Left League of Nations

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World War II• Causes of World War II (1939-1945)

– Aggressive nature of Italy, Germany, Japan• Japan invaded and took territory in China• Italy attacks Ethiopia (L-N does nothing)

– German Aggression: • Rebuilds military, took Rhineland, Austria, and part

of Czechoslovakia

– Appeasement (give in to an aggressor)• Policy followed by Europeans to prevent war

• Start of War: Germany invades Poland ’39

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World War II

• Axis Powers gained territory rapidly– Germans used Blitzkrieg “Lighting War”

• Turning points in the war– US enters the war after Pearl Harbor attack– Battle of Stalingrad turned back Germans– Invasion of Normandy by Allies (D-Day)– Battle of Midway in the Pacific

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World War II

• Holocaust: Genocide against Jews– Hitler’s “Final Solution” killed 6 million Jews

• World War II Ends– Germany was overrun by Allies and gave up– Americans dropped two atomic bombs on

Japan to end the war in the Pacific

• Technology of World War II– Jet planes, bomber planes, atomic weapons

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World War II

• Impact of World War II– 75 Million people died world wide in the war– Many cities and economies were in ruins– War Crime trials such as Nuremberg Trials– Soviet Union occupied Eastern Europe– United Nations was formed to discuss world

problems and develop solutions over war