1.

The diagram below shows a spirometer, which can be used to measure lung volumes in humans. C h a rt re c o rd e r W r itin g p e n W a te r le v e l M o v a b le lid

C o u n te r b a la n c e

H in g e

S o d a lim e c o n ta in e r O xygen in le t M o u th p ie c e

(a)

State the purpose of the soda lime in the spirometer. .................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................(1)

(b)

Describe how you would use a spirometer to measure a persons vital capacity. .................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................(4)

1

(c)

In an investigation, the tidal volumes and breathing rates of two students, Kim and Jo, were measured. The results are shown in the table below. Student Kim Jo Tidal volume / cm3 500 475 Breathing rate / breaths per minute 18 16

(i)

Explain what is meant by the term tidal volume. .......................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................... ..........................................................................................................................(2)

(ii)

The minute volume is the volume of air breathed in, or the volume of air breathed out, per minute. Use the data in the table to calculate Kims minute volume. Show your working.

Answer ....................................................(2)

(iii)

After Jos tidal volume and breathing rate were measured and recorded, she held her breath for thirty seconds, then resumed breathing. Suggest what effect this would have had on her tidal volume and breathing rate, giving reasons for your answer. .......................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................... ..........................................................................................................................(3) (Total 12 marks)

2.

Diagram A and diagram B below show recordings of the breathing patterns of a person. In diagram A the person is at rest. In diagram B the person has just finished a period of strenuous exercise. D ia g r a m A : a t r e s t

V o lu m e o f a ir /d m

3

0 .5 d m

3

0

10

20 T im e / s

30

40

3

D ia g r a m B : a f te r e x e r c is e

V o lu m e o f a ir /d m

3

0 .5 d m

3

0

10

20 T im e / s

30

40

(a)

Calculate the mean tidal volume between 10 and 30 seconds when the person is at rest. Show your working.

Answer .................................(2)

(b)

The ventilation rate of a person can be calculated by multiplying the rate of breathing by the depth of breathing. Use diagram B to calculate the ventilation rate of the person during the first 10 seconds after exercise. Show your working.

Answer .................................(2)

(c)

Using the data in the recordings, compare the breathing patterns of this person before and after exercise. . . . . . .(3)

(d)

This person then undertook a physical training programme. (i) Describe and explain two differences that you would expect to see in the breathing patterns of this person following exercise as a result of the training programme. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...(4)

5

(ii)

Suggest how the training programme might affect the cardiac output of the person. ... ... ... ...(2) (Total 13 marks)

3.

(a)

Explain what is meant by the term vital capacity.

............................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................(2)

(b)

The graph below shows a recording of lung volumes (a spirogram) from a healthy student.

V

o

l u

m3

e

/

c m

1

0

03

c m

0

1

2

3

4 T

5 i m

6 e / s

7

8

9

From the recording, determine the tidal volume. Show your working.

Answer ........................................(2)

(c)

Describe the effect of a small increase in the concentration of carbon dioxide in inspired air on the breathing of a person. ............................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................(2) (Total 6 marks)

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4.

The trace on the diagram below shows the tidal volume of a man of average fitness at rest. L v / u n 6 g 5

o l u d3 m

m

e

4 V i t a l c a p a c i t y

3

2

0

R e s i d u a l v o l u m e 0 S 2 t a r t 0 o f 4 0 T e x 6 0 i m e 8 0 / 1 0 0 1 2 0 s e c o n d s

0

e r c i s e

(a)

Calculate the minute volume (VE). Show your working.

Answer (2)

(b)

The man began to run on a treadmill at 20 seconds and continued running for the next 100 seconds. Continue the trace on the diagram to the end of the time scale to show the changes in the tidal volume while the man was exercising.(2)

(c)

Explain the meaning of the term residual volume. ............................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................(1)

(d)

Describe and explain the effect of training on ventilation efficiency. ............................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................................................(2) (Total 7 marks)

9

5.

(a) The diagram below shows a spirometer. This apparatus is used to measure the volume of air breathed in and out and the frequency of breathing under different conditions.

A spirometer was used to compare a persons breathing at rest and during exercise. The results are shown in the graphs below. At rest During exercise

V o lu m e o f o x y g e n / d m

3

1

d3 m

1

d3 m

0

5

1

0 T

2 10 5 2 i m e

5 / s

3 35 0 0

5

1

0 T

2 10 5 2 i m e

5 / s

3 35 0

The minute volume is the volume of oxygen taken into the lungs in one minute, and is calculated by multiplying the tidal volume by the breathing rate. (i) Using the information in the graphs, calculate the minute volume at rest. Show your working.

Answer ........................................(2)

(ii)

Calculate the increase in the minute volume that occurred in this person as a result of the exercise. Show your working.

Answer ........................................(2)

(b)

Cardiac output also increases during exercise. (i) State what is meant by cardiac output. ........................................................................................................................... ...........................................................................................................................(1)

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(ii)

Explain how increases in minute volume and cardiac output during exercise enable rapid delivery of oxygen to muscles during exercise. ........................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................... ...........................................................................................................................(2) (Total 7 marks)

6.

(a)

Describe how you would find the breathing rate of a person at rest.

...................................................................................................................................... ...................................................................................................................................... ...................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................(1)

(b)

The table below shows the pulmonary ventilation rate (volume of air breathed in or out per minute) of a man at rest, and walking at four different speeds. Walking speed / km hour 0 (rest) 3.2 4.8 6.4 8.01

Pulmonary ventilation rate 3 1 /dm min 11 19 25 37 60

(i)

Describe the relationship between walking speed and the pulmonary ventilation rate. ............................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................... ...............................................................................................................................(2)

(ii)

Explain the mechanism by which these changes in pulmonary ventilation rate are brought about. ................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................(3)

13

(c)

An experiment was carried out to determine the composition of a sample of expired air, using a gas burette. A person breathed out as far as possible through a gas burette, which was then closed. The initial gas volume was recorded. A small volume of saturated potassium hydroxide solution was then injected into the gas burette and the final gas volume was recorded. Potassium hydroxide solution absorbs carbon dioxide. The results are shown in the table below. Gas burette reading Initial volume Final volume Volume / cm 75.0 72.03

Calculate the percentage of carbon dioxide in the air sample. Show your working.

Answer ....................................(3) (Total 9 marks)

7.

(a) Ventilation rate changes in response to different levels of physical activity. Explain how these changes are brought about. ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................(4)

(b) V /

The graph below shows changes in the ventilation rate of an athlete before, during and after a 10 minute period of strenuous exercise. e n t i l a t i o n d3 m 1 m i n 1 1 1 8 6 4 2 0 4 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 r a t e P e r i o d o f e x e r c i s e

0

2

4

6

8

1

0 1 2 T i m

1 e

4 /

1 m

6

1 8 2 0 2 i n u t e s

2

2

4

2

6

15

Describe the changes in the ventilation rate in the two minutes before exercise and during the period of exercise. ...................................................................................................................................... ...................................................................................................................................... ...................................................................................................................................... ...................................................................................................................................... ...................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................(3)

(c)

Suggest how the ventilation rate, during and after exercise, would differ in an untrained individual completing the same type of exercise for the same length of time. ...................................................................................................................................... ...................................................................................................................................... ...................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................(2) (Total 9 marks)

8.

(a)

The diagram below shows a spirometer, used to measure lung volumes in humans.

(i)

State the function of the soda lime. ........................................................................................................................... ...........................................................................................................................(1)

17

(ii)

Describe how you would use a spirometer to measure the tidal volume of a person. ........................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................... ...........................................................................................................................(3)

(b)

The graph below shows a spirometer record (spirogram) from a healthy person. p e r s o n b r e a p t he re s d o n b r e a t h o u t f u l l y i n f u l l y e d

V /

o

l u d3 m

4 4 3 3 2 2 1 1 0 0

m

. 5 . 0 . 5 . 0 . 5 . 0 . 5 . 0 . 5 . 0 0

e

4

8

1

2

1

6

2

0

2

4

2 T

8

3 i m

2 e

3 /

6 s

From the recording, find the vital capacity of the person. Answer ..................................................... dm3

(1) (Total 5 marks)

9.

(a)

Explain the meaning of the term respiratory minute volume.

..................................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................................... .....................................................................................................................................(1)

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(b)

The normal percentage of carbon dioxide in inspired (breathed in) air is 0.03%. The graph below shows the effect of increasing the percentage of carbon dioxide on the respiratory minute volume (VE) at rest. The effect is expressed as a percentage above the resting minute volume when carbon dioxide is at normal levels. 2 P e rc e n ta g e in c re a s e in re s p ira to ry m in u te v o lu m e 2 1 1 5 0 0 5 0 5 0 0 . 5 1 . 0 1 . 5 2 . 0 2 . 5 3 . 0 3 . 5 4 . 0 4 . 5 C o n c e n t r a t i o n o f c a r b o n 0 0 0 0

d

i o

x

i d

e

i n

(i)

The respiratory minute volume of an adult male is approximately 8 dm min when breathing air containing 0.03% carbon dioxide. Use the graph to calculate the respiratory minute volume of this man when the percentage carbon dioxide in inspired air is 1.5%. Show your working

3

1

Answer .(3)

(ii)

Explain how this increase in minute volume is brought about. ........................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................... ...........................................................................................................................(4)

(c)

The diagram below shows the structure of a stretch receptor. These are found in smooth muscle around the bronchi and bronchioles of the lungs and in the muscles of the chest wall and diaphragm. M o t o r n e u r o n e s

S n

e n s o r y e u r o n e s

21

Explain the role of stretch receptors in the control of breathing. ..................................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................................... .....................................................................................................................................(3) (Total 11 marks)

10.

Describe and explain how the bodys breathing system responds to exercise. ............................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................... ...............................................................................................................................................(Total 3 marks)

11.

(a)

Explain the meaning of the following terms.

Breathing rate ............................................................................................................. ..................................................................................................................................... Tidal volume ............................................................................................................... .....................................................................................................................................(2)

(b)

The graph below shows the changes that occur to the breathing rate and tidal volume as exercise intensity increases. 5 4 0 0 s

B r e a t h 3 i n0 g r a t e / b r e a t h m i 1n 2 0 1 0 0

3 T v i d a l o l u m3

e 2

/

d

m

1

0 E x

0 e r c i s e

5

i n

t e n

s i t y

1 /

0 0 a r b

i t r a r y

u

23

Describe the effect of increasing exercise intensity on the breathing rate and tidal volume. ..................................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................................... .....................................................................................................................................(3) (Total 5 marks)

12.

The diagram below shows the ways in which the respiratory system and different parts of the brain interact with each other to regulate breathing. C h e r e b r a l e m i s p h e r e s

R e s p i r a t o r y c e n t r e s i n t h e p o n s a n d m e d u

l l a

I n

t e r c o s t a l m u s c l e s a n d D i a p h r a g m m u s c l C h e m o r e c e p t o r s s t r e t c h r e c e p t o r s s t r e t c h r e c e p t o r s

(a)

Breathing can be controlled voluntarily and involuntarily. Name the part of the brain that controls involuntary breathing. .....................................................................................................................................(1)

(b)

Suggest one occasion when the depth of breathing is increased voluntarily. ..................................................................................................................................... .....................................................................................................................................(1)

(c)

Using the information in the diagram, explain the roles of muscle spindles and nerves in the control of breathing during exercise. ..................................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................................... .....................................................................................................................................(3)

(d)

The ventilation of the lungs during breathing is essential in maintaining the concentration gradients of the respiratory gases. This ensures that gas exchange is efficient. Explain why the chemoreceptors are particularly important during exercise. ..................................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................................... .....................................................................................................................................(2) (Total 7 marks)

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13.

This question is about changes in the physiology of whales, penguins, seals and humans when they hold their breath to dive below the surface of water. (a) Figures 1 and 2, below, show the changes in blood lactate concentration during diving in white whales and emperor penguins. Figure 1. Blood lactate concentration in the blood of white whales (Delphinapterus leucas) before and after diving.

B lo o d la c ta te c o n c e n tra tio n / m m o l d m

3

t = 3P