Unit 5- States of ConsciousnessUnit 5- States of Consciousness

ConsciousnessConsciousness

AwarenessAwareness of yourself and of yourself and the environment.the environment.

The experience of conscious The experience of conscious behaviors can include behaviors can include thoughts, sensations, and thoughts, sensations, and memoriesmemories

““Stream of Stream of Consciousness”Consciousness”

Conscious experience is continuous Conscious experience is continuous and constantly changing, without and constantly changing, without

pause and without breaks. Thoughts, pause and without breaks. Thoughts, emotions, actions, sensations, emotions, actions, sensations,

memories, etc. blend seamlessly memories, etc. blend seamlessly together. All the while, though, we together. All the while, though, we are are awareaware that this is happening. that this is happening.

Levels of ConsciousnessLevels of Consciousness

ConsciousnessConsciousness – current level of awareness – current level of awareness NonconsciousNonconscious – body processes that we are – body processes that we are

not aware of, but are activenot aware of, but are active PreconsciousPreconscious – information out of – information out of

awareness, but memories are easily awareness, but memories are easily accessibleaccessible

SubconsciousSubconscious – information out of – information out of awareness, memories aren’t easily accessibleawareness, memories aren’t easily accessible

UnconsciousUnconscious – information out of awareness, – information out of awareness, no actual memories may even exist, though no actual memories may even exist, though behavior is still affected?behavior is still affected?

Biological Biological RhythmsRhythms - - natural life natural life cycles that cycles that help to guide help to guide our levels of our levels of awareness awareness and our and our behaviorsbehaviors

Annual CyclesAnnual Cycles – Seasonal changes affecting – Seasonal changes affecting moods, appetite, sleep pattersmoods, appetite, sleep patters

Twenty-Eight Day CycleTwenty-Eight Day Cycle – Female Menstrual – Female Menstrual CycleCycle

Ninety-Minute CycleNinety-Minute Cycle – Sleep Cycle – Sleep CycleTwenty-Four Hour CycleTwenty-Four Hour Cycle – Daily cycle of – Daily cycle of

levels of alertness, hormones, body levels of alertness, hormones, body temperature, etc. also known as…temperature, etc. also known as…

Circadian RhythmsCircadian Rhythms

A cycle or rhythm that is roughly A cycle or rhythm that is roughly 24 hours long. The cyclical daily 24 hours long. The cyclical daily fluctuations in biological and fluctuations in biological and psychological processes.psychological processes.

Circadian RhythmsCircadian RhythmsIE.IE.

Peak Mental Alertness at 9:00 AM and 9:00 Peak Mental Alertness at 9:00 AM and 9:00 PMPM

Low Mental Alertness at 3:00 AM and 3:00 Low Mental Alertness at 3:00 AM and 3:00 PMPM

Peak Physical Strength at 11:00 AM and Peak Physical Strength at 11:00 AM and 7:00 PM7:00 PM

Peak Sensations at 3:00 AM and 6:00 PMPeak Sensations at 3:00 AM and 6:00 PMPeak Sensitivity to Pain at 3:00 AM and Peak Sensitivity to Pain at 3:00 AM and

5:00 PM5:00 PMPeak Degrees of Sleepiness at 3:00 AM Peak Degrees of Sleepiness at 3:00 AM

and 3:00 PMand 3:00 PM

Circadian RhythmsCircadian Rhythms

The circadian rhythms related The circadian rhythms related to wakefulness and sleep are to wakefulness and sleep are controlled by the controlled by the suprachiasmatic nucleus suprachiasmatic nucleus ((SCNSCN), ), which is a cluster of which is a cluster of neurons in the hypothalamusneurons in the hypothalamus

The Sleep-Wake CycleThe Sleep-Wake CycleThe SCN is connected to the visual The SCN is connected to the visual

system of the body.system of the body.

When there are decreased levels of When there are decreased levels of light, the SCN triggers the pineal gland light, the SCN triggers the pineal gland to release melatonin, which causes to release melatonin, which causes sleepiness and reduced activity levelsleepiness and reduced activity level

When there are increased levels of When there are increased levels of light, melatonin levels decrease and light, melatonin levels decrease and conscious awareness level increase conscious awareness level increase

When there are increased levels When there are increased levels of light, melatonin levels of light, melatonin levels decrease and conscious decrease and conscious awareness level increasesawareness level increases

Free-Running Circadian Rhythms

• Experiments in which all environmental time cues are removed – no clocks, and light is artificially controlled

• Two important findings:– The body creates its own sleep-wake

cycle that is roughly one-hour off of normal sleep and wake times

– Systems that are normally synchronized lose their connectedness

Jet Lag SymptomsJet Lag SymptomsCrossing time zones, disrupt circadian Crossing time zones, disrupt circadian

rhythms, and produce:rhythms, and produce:

Sleep disturbancesSleep disturbances Initiating and maintaining sleepInitiating and maintaining sleep

Daytime fatigue and sleepinessDaytime fatigue and sleepiness

Physical complaintsPhysical complaints Gastrointestinal distressGastrointestinal distress HeadachesHeadaches General malaiseGeneral malaise

Jet LagJet Lag Symptoms – Symptoms – cont.cont.

Cognitive difficultiesCognitive difficulties Reduced decision making, Reduced decision making,

concentration, forgetful, slowed concentration, forgetful, slowed reaction timereaction time

Poor psychomotor coordinationPoor psychomotor coordination Mood disturbanceMood disturbance

Depression, apathy, lethargyDepression, apathy, lethargyRecovery?Recovery?

Jet LagVariables

• 25-30% of people are minimally affected

• Equal number highly susceptible

• Morning types (larks) more affected than night types (owls)

Shift WorkShift Work“Blue Collar Jet Lag”“Blue Collar Jet Lag”

55% night shift workers report 55% night shift workers report nodding off or falling asleep at nodding off or falling asleep at work at least 1 time/weekwork at least 1 time/week

>30% report such incidents occur >30% report such incidents occur more than 3 times/weekmore than 3 times/week

SLEEP !!!!!• On average, humans sleep 22 years of their

lifetime.

Why do we sleep?Why do we sleep?

Restorative Theory of SleepRestorative Theory of SleepSleep promotes physiological Sleep promotes physiological

processes that restore and processes that restore and rejuvenate the body and the mindrejuvenate the body and the mind

NREM = bodily restoration and NREM = bodily restoration and REM = mind restorationREM = mind restoration

Why do we sleep?Why do we sleep?

Adaptive Theory of SleepAdaptive Theory of SleepUnique sleep patterns of different animals Unique sleep patterns of different animals

evolved over time to promote survival and evolved over time to promote survival and environmental adaptation. Sleep patterns environmental adaptation. Sleep patterns evolved as a way of preventing a particular evolved as a way of preventing a particular species from interacting with the species from interacting with the environment when doing so is most environment when doing so is most hazardous.hazardous.

Adaptive Theory of Adaptive Theory of SleepSleep

IE. The fiercest and IE. The fiercest and strongest sleep the strongest sleep the most, and at their most, and at their convenienceconvenience The weakest and most The weakest and most

vulnerable sleep in vulnerable sleep in shorter bursts and for shorter bursts and for the least amount of the least amount of time.time.

SleepSleepThere are 2 different types of sleep:There are 2 different types of sleep:

REM SleepREM Sleep: type of sleep during : type of sleep during which rapid eye movements and which rapid eye movements and dreaming occur and voluntary dreaming occur and voluntary muscle activity is suppressedmuscle activity is suppressed

NREM SleepNREM Sleep: quiet, typically : quiet, typically dreamless sleep in which rapid dreamless sleep in which rapid eye movements are absenteye movements are absent

Stages of Sleep – Pre-SleepStages of Sleep – Pre-Sleep

Pre-Sleep:Pre-Sleep:As you transition from wakefulness to As you transition from wakefulness to

sleep (drowsy stage), you may experience sleep (drowsy stage), you may experience some type of some type of hypnagogic hallucinationshypnagogic hallucinations and/or and/or myoclonic jerksmyoclonic jerksYou may hear a loud crash, hear You may hear a loud crash, hear

someone call your name, feel a someone call your name, feel a sensation of floating, smell something sensation of floating, smell something burning, see a variety of colorsburning, see a variety of colors

Involuntary muscle spasms Involuntary muscle spasms

four NREM sleep stagesfour NREM sleep stages STAGE 1STAGE 1: : ALPHA WavesALPHA Waves

Transitional stage from Transitional stage from wakefulness to sleepwakefulness to sleep

First 5-10 minutes of sleepFirst 5-10 minutes of sleepGradually disengage from the Gradually disengage from the

sensations of the surrounding sensations of the surrounding worldworld

Still able to regain consciousness Still able to regain consciousness easily at this pointeasily at this point

Some hypnagogic experiences continue hereSome hypnagogic experiences continue here

four NREM sleep stagesfour NREM sleep stagesStage 2Stage 2: : (Theta waves)(Theta waves)

15-20 minutes15-20 minutesBreathing becomes rhythmicalBreathing becomes rhythmicalSome small muscle twitchesSome small muscle twitchesBrain activity begins to slow downBrain activity begins to slow downSleep SpindlesSleep Spindles - Quick bursts of - Quick bursts of

brain activity that last for a second brain activity that last for a second or twoor two

four NREM sleep stagesfour NREM sleep stagesStages 3 and 4 Stages 3 and 4 ((Delta wavesDelta waves):):

Replenishing chemical supplies, growth Replenishing chemical supplies, growth hormones released, fortifying the immune hormones released, fortifying the immune systemsystem

Heart rate, blood pressure, and Heart rate, blood pressure, and breathing drop to their lowest levelsbreathing drop to their lowest levels

four NREM sleep stagesfour NREM sleep stages… … by Stage 4:by Stage 4:

Slow delta wavesSlow delta waves the sleeper is nearly the sleeper is nearly

oblivious to the outside oblivious to the outside world, and may take 15 world, and may take 15 minutes or more to regain minutes or more to regain consciousness from this consciousness from this levellevel

four NREM sleep stagesfour NREM sleep stages

Stage 4:Stage 4: It is possible to carry It is possible to carry

conversations, answer the conversations, answer the phone, phone, walk walk in this stage in this stage and never remember itand never remember it

Most sleeping disorders Most sleeping disorders occur during this timeoccur during this time

Stages of Sleep – back againStages of Sleep – back again

By the time a sleeper has reached By the time a sleeper has reached Stage 4, they have been asleep for Stage 4, they have been asleep for about 60 minutes total. about 60 minutes total.

After Stage 4 has been reached, the After Stage 4 has been reached, the sleeper cycles sleeper cycles backback from Stage 3 to from Stage 3 to Stage 2 in a matter of minutes and Stage 2 in a matter of minutes and enters REM Sleep.enters REM Sleep.

Stages of SleepStages of Sleep

REM SleepREM Sleep::The brain becomes more active The brain becomes more active

and generates small, fast brain and generates small, fast brain waveswaves

Visual and motor neurons fire Visual and motor neurons fire during this stage, but during this stage, but voluntary voluntary muscle movements are muscle movements are suppressed (paralysis)suppressed (paralysis)

REM (REM (RRapid apid EEye ye MMovement) ovement) recurring sleep stage recurring sleep stage vivid dreamsvivid dreams““paradoxical sleepparadoxical sleep” ”

muscles are generally muscles are generally relaxed, but other body relaxed, but other body systems are activesystems are active

REM Sleep is often referred to as REM Sleep is often referred to as Paradoxical SleepParadoxical Sleep because… because…

Heart rate, blood pressure, and Heart rate, blood pressure, and respiration increase, muscles respiration increase, muscles twitches, heightened sexual twitches, heightened sexual arousalarousal

The first REM stage lasts about The first REM stage lasts about 15 minutes – the first sleep cycle 15 minutes – the first sleep cycle lasts about 90 minutes totallasts about 90 minutes total

REM REM ReboundRebound Sleep SleepThe less time we spend in The less time we spend in

REM sleep one night, the REM sleep one night, the longer amount of time we will longer amount of time we will spend in REM sleep the next spend in REM sleep the next nightnight

Beyond the first 90 minutesBeyond the first 90 minutesSleepers cycle between NREM Sleepers cycle between NREM

and REM sleep throughout the and REM sleep throughout the nightnight

Each cycle lasts about 90 Each cycle lasts about 90 minutesminutes

Just before and after REM sleep, Just before and after REM sleep, you typically change body positionsyou typically change body positions

As the night progresses, Stages 3 As the night progresses, Stages 3 and 4 get shorter and REM sleep and 4 get shorter and REM sleep increases, up to 40 minutes at a increases, up to 40 minutes at a timetime

Electroencephalagram (EEG)Electroencephalagram (EEG)Measures electrical activity in the brainMeasures electrical activity in the brainVisualized as brain wavesVisualized as brain waves

Stages of SleepStages of SleepWhen you are awake and alert, brain When you are awake and alert, brain

waves known as waves known as Beta WavesBeta Waves are are generated in the braingenerated in the brain

After your head hits the pillow, you close After your head hits the pillow, you close your eyes, and your muscles begin to your eyes, and your muscles begin to relax, the brain begins to generate relax, the brain begins to generate Alpha Alpha WavesWaves as you prepare for sleep as you prepare for sleep

After you begin to sleep, the brain After you begin to sleep, the brain generates generates Theta WavesTheta Waves

The deepest parts of sleep are The deepest parts of sleep are characterized by characterized by Delta WavesDelta Waves

When is someone When is someone dreaming?dreaming?

See if you can tell…See if you can tell…Click on the weird Click on the weird

dream to enter the dream to enter the experiment!experiment!

Once you are in the simulation, check Once you are in the simulation, check out slides 10 through 14 to figure out out slides 10 through 14 to figure out what’s going on or just jump right to what’s going on or just jump right to slide 15 and enter the experiment! slide 15 and enter the experiment!

SleepSleep DDYYSSFFUUNNCCTTIIOONNSS

Sleep DisordersSleep Disorders

InsomniaInsomniaA condition in which a A condition in which a

person regularly person regularly experiences an inability experiences an inability to fall asleep, to stay to fall asleep, to stay asleep, or to feel asleep, or to feel adequately rested by adequately rested by sleep.sleep.

Sleep Sleep DisordersDisorders

Sleepwalking (Sleepwalking (somnambulism)somnambulism)Usually within the first three Usually within the first three

hours of sleephours of sleepThe sleeper typically has the The sleeper typically has the

ability to navigate around ability to navigate around objects, albeit poorly objects, albeit poorly coordinated and in a stiff, coordinated and in a stiff, automatic mannerautomatic manner

Sleep ApneaSleep Apnea

Carbon-dioxide Carbon-dioxide builds up in the builds up in the blood, causing a blood, causing a momentary momentary awakening, awakening, during which the during which the sleeper snorts sleeper snorts or gulps for airor gulps for air

A sleep disorder in which the person repeatedly stops breathing during sleep

Though narcoleptics can fall asleep Though narcoleptics can fall asleep at any time, arousals usually trigger at any time, arousals usually trigger sleep – laughter, anger, surprise, sleep – laughter, anger, surprise, sexsex

Narcoleptics instantly lose Narcoleptics instantly lose muscular control, and enter REM muscular control, and enter REM sleep. The dreams are often sleep. The dreams are often terrifying.terrifying.

NarcolepsyA sleep A sleep

disorder disorder characterized characterized by excessive by excessive daytime daytime sleepiness sleepiness and brief and brief lapses into lapses into sleep sleep throughout throughout the daythe day

Night TerrorsNight Terrorsoccur within 2 or 3 hours of falling occur within 2 or 3 hours of falling

asleep, usually during Stage 4asleep, usually during Stage 4high arousal- appearance of being high arousal- appearance of being

terrifiedterrifiedRight back to sleep – usually no Right back to sleep – usually no

memory of the eventmemory of the event

NightmaresNightmaresoccur towards morningoccur towards morningduring REM sleepduring REM sleep

More Sleep DisordersMore Sleep Disorders

Sleep BruxismSleep Bruxism – –

EnuresisEnuresis– Bed Wetting– Bed Wetting

Sleep DeprivationSleep Deprivation

8 hours is generally suggested for 8 hours is generally suggested for adults, but the typical adult sleeps adults, but the typical adult sleeps

less than 7 hours a night.less than 7 hours a night.9 hours is generally suggested for 9 hours is generally suggested for

teenager, but the typical teen teenager, but the typical teen sleeps only about 6 hours a night.sleeps only about 6 hours a night.

Effects of Sleep LossEffects of Sleep Lossfatiguefatigueimpaired concentrationimpaired concentrationimmune suppressionimmune suppressionirritabilityirritabilityslowed performanceslowed performance

AccidentsAccidentsplanes autos and trucksplanes autos and trucks

DreamsDreams

25% of a night’s sleep spent 25% of a night’s sleep spent dreaming (about 2 hours) (6 yrs of dreaming (about 2 hours) (6 yrs of your life)your life)

Sleep ThinkingSleep Thinking – much more – much more commoncommonVague, uncreative thoughts about Vague, uncreative thoughts about

real-life eventsreal-life events

Sleep and DreamsSleep and Dreams

DreamsDreams are a sequence are a sequence of images, emotions, and of images, emotions, and thoughts passing through thoughts passing through a sleeping person’s mind. a sleeping person’s mind. Notable for their hallucinatory Notable for their hallucinatory imagery, discontinuities, and imagery, discontinuities, and delusionsdelusions

DreamsDreams 5 Basic Characteristics5 Basic Characteristics

Emotions can be Emotions can be intenseintense

Content/organization Content/organization are usually illogicalare usually illogical

Bizarre sensationsBizarre sensationsEven bizarre detail is Even bizarre detail is

uncritically accepteduncritically acceptedDream images are Dream images are

difficult to rememberdifficult to remember

Dreams are unfolding

episodes of mental images

(story-like)

Remembering DreamsRemembering Dreams

We dream every night but We dream every night but often don’t remember. often don’t remember.

We remember dreams that We remember dreams that occur close to waking.occur close to waking.

Sleep and DreamsSleep and Dreams

A A lucid dreamlucid dream is the act of is the act of consciously perceiving and consciously perceiving and recognizing that one is dreaming, recognizing that one is dreaming, enabling a more cogent ("lucid") enabling a more cogent ("lucid") control over the content and control over the content and quality of the experience.quality of the experience.

Dream TheoryDream TheorySigmund Freud Sigmund Freud (1900)(1900)

The Interpretation of DreamsThe Interpretation of Dreamswish fulfillment wish fulfillment

(disguised fulfillment of repressed (disguised fulfillment of repressed wishes)wishes)

discharge otherwise unacceptable discharge otherwise unacceptable feelingsfeelings

Sex and AggressionSex and Aggression

Sleep and Dreams – When Sleep and Dreams – When is a cigar just a cigar?is a cigar just a cigar?

The The manifest contentmanifest content of a dream is the of a dream is the literal storyline and events that literal storyline and events that occurredoccurred

The The latent contentlatent content of a dream is the of a dream is the interpretation of the unconscious interpretation of the unconscious drives, wishes, and desires that drives, wishes, and desires that created the dream (the symbolism)created the dream (the symbolism)

Activation Activation SynthesisSynthesis

1973- researchers 1973- researchers Allan Allan HobsonHobson and and Robert Robert McCarleyMcCarley set forth another set forth another theory that threw out the old theory that threw out the old psychoanalytical ideas. psychoanalytical ideas.

Dreams erupt from neural Dreams erupt from neural activity that spreads upward activity that spreads upward from the brainstem.from the brainstem.

Dreams are the Dreams are the brains attempt to brains attempt to make sense out of make sense out of random neural random neural “static”“static”

Information Processing and Information Processing and Memory ConsolidationMemory Consolidation

Rebuilds neural connectionsRebuilds neural connections

Dreams may help sift, sort, and Dreams may help sift, sort, and fix the day’s experiences in our fix the day’s experiences in our memory, since REM sleep helps memory, since REM sleep helps to facilitate memoryto facilitate memory IE. It was found that on average, student who IE. It was found that on average, student who

get A’s and B’s sleep 25 minutes more a night get A’s and B’s sleep 25 minutes more a night than lower achieving studentsthan lower achieving students

Dream InterpretationDream Interpretationhttp://www.myjellybean.chttp://www.myjellybean.com/astrology/dream/e_drom/astrology/dream/e_dr

eams.htmeams.htm

http://http://www.dreammoods.com/www.dreammoods.com/

dreamdictionary/dreamdictionary/

Doris's Dream:Doris's Dream:"I am at my friend Betty's house. I call Ann up to make an "I am at my friend Betty's house. I call Ann up to make an

appointment to get my hair highlighted. I speak to the appointment to get my hair highlighted. I speak to the receptionist at the beauty parlor. I speak in a Russian accent. receptionist at the beauty parlor. I speak in a Russian accent. She asks when I can come. I say in a couple of days. I think She asks when I can come. I say in a couple of days. I think

that might be Wednesday. She asks 'Are you sure because we that might be Wednesday. She asks 'Are you sure because we are changing things around here; implying that it won't be are changing things around here; implying that it won't be

good if I change my mind and cancel the appointment. After good if I change my mind and cancel the appointment. After speaking to her, I realize that I don't need to have my hair speaking to her, I realize that I don't need to have my hair

highlighted yet, because my hair hasn't grown out yet. But highlighted yet, because my hair hasn't grown out yet. But George and I go on the 'A' train to the beauty parlor. It goes George and I go on the 'A' train to the beauty parlor. It goes through a neighborhood that I have never seen before. The through a neighborhood that I have never seen before. The

train travels outside. George gets out at a stop as if he train travels outside. George gets out at a stop as if he nonchalantly is doing something. The train leaves without him. nonchalantly is doing something. The train leaves without him.

I wave to him and feel bad that he is not on the train.I wave to him and feel bad that he is not on the train.