UNIT 5 PART II Mr. Pustay West Shore Jr. Sr. High School 2015.

UNIT 5 PART IIUNIT 5 PART II

Mr. PustayMr. Pustay

West Shore Jr. Sr. High SchoolWest Shore Jr. Sr. High School

20152015

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An Introduction to HypnosisAn Introduction to Hypnosis

I.I. What is Hypnosis ?What is Hypnosis ?

II.II. Common Myths about HypnosisCommon Myths about Hypnosis

III.III. Theories of Hypnotic Responding Theories of Hypnotic Responding

IV.IV. Key Theoretical Controversies in HypnosisKey Theoretical Controversies in Hypnosis

IV.IV. Hypnotic SuggestibilityHypnotic Suggestibility

VI.VI. Hypnosis as a Clinical ToolHypnosis as a Clinical Tool

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I. What is Hypnosis ?I. What is Hypnosis ?

A. Defining Hypnosis A. Defining Hypnosis

B. Components of a Hypnotic B. Components of a Hypnotic

ProcedureProcedure

Another Possible State of Another Possible State of Consciousness:Consciousness:HYPNOSISHYPNOSIS

Text definition:

Hypnosis is a social interaction in which one person (the hypnotist) suggests to another (the subject) that certain perceptions, feelings, thoughts, or behaviors will spontaneously occur.

“Your arm may soon

feel so light that it

rises…”

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Another Possible State of Another Possible State of Consciousness:Consciousness:HYPNOSISHYPNOSIS

“Your arm may soon

feel so light that it

rises…”

Alternate definition: Hypnosis is a cooperative social action in which one

person is in a state of being likely to respond to

suggestions from another person.

This state has been called heightened suggestibility as

well as a trance.Controversy: does this social interaction really

require an altered state of consciousness?

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Dr. Franz Anton MesmerDr. Franz Anton Mesmer

Austrian physicianAustrian physician Late 18th centuryLate 18th century Discovered what he called “Discovered what he called “animal magnetismanimal magnetism””

• the belief that all animals had a special magnetic fluid flowing the belief that all animals had a special magnetic fluid flowing through their bodies and illness was simply an obstacle that through their bodies and illness was simply an obstacle that temporarily stopped this flowtemporarily stopped this flow

• also known as also known as mesmerismmesmerism• theory was rejected by officials from the Royal Academy of theory was rejected by officials from the Royal Academy of

SciencesSciences

James BraidJames BraidThe First HypnotherapistThe First Hypnotherapist

Developed procedure known as “hypnosis” in 1842Developed procedure known as “hypnosis” in 1842 Created the “Created the “mesmeric trancemesmeric trance””

• movement of a bright object to achieve induced statemovement of a bright object to achieve induced state• proposed “proposed “ocular fixationocular fixation” ”

caused a trance caused a trance

Ocular Fixation – Hypnosis Ocular Fixation – Hypnosis Acid TripAcid Trip

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Ocular Fixation in Ocular Fixation in HypnosisHypnosis

The The eye-fixation eye-fixation method of hypnosis method of hypnosis involves producing involves producing immense strain on the immense strain on the 66 eye muscleseye muscles. .

This is produced as you This is produced as you look upward with your look upward with your eyes, without any eyes, without any movement of your movement of your head and gaze fixedly head and gaze fixedly at any object or a point at any object or a point on the wall or ceilingon the wall or ceiling

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Ocular Fixation in Ocular Fixation in HypnosisHypnosis

There are reasons for gazing upwards There are reasons for gazing upwards in this way. in this way. • The The upward gaze upward gaze will quicken and will quicken and

intensify the tiredness that you will feel intensify the tiredness that you will feel in and around your eyes. in and around your eyes.

Don’t tilt your head backward Don’t tilt your head backward during during this time as that will assist the eyes this time as that will assist the eyes and lessen the strain on them. and lessen the strain on them.

Move the eyes Move the eyes but only with the but only with the head sitting balanced upon your head sitting balanced upon your neck.neck.

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ALTERED STATE VIDEOALTERED STATE VIDEO

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B. Two Components of a B. Two Components of a Hypnotic ProcedureHypnotic Procedure

• It is useful to think of a hypnotic It is useful to think of a hypnotic

procedure as consisting of procedure as consisting of twotwo

phases or phases or components:components:

• Hypnotic InductionHypnotic Induction

• Hypnotic SuggestionsHypnotic Suggestions

The Highly Hypnotizable 20 Percent

How do some people get so hypnotized that they can

have no reaction to ammonia under their noses?

• These people seem to be more easily absorbed in

imaginative activities.• They are able to focus and to

lose themselves in fantasy.• The hypnotic induction method may happen to work

just right.

Induction Into HypnosisInduction Into Hypnosis

A swinging A swinging watch and watch and

recitation of recitation of the words “you the words “you

are getting are getting sleepy” are not sleepy” are not

necessary.necessary.

Hypnotic induction, the inducing of a hypnotic state,

is the process by which a hypnotist leads someone

into the state of heightened suggestibility.

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HYPNOTIC SUGGESTIONHYPNOTIC SUGGESTION

Hypnosis scripts are collections of suggestions intended to change behaviors.

Every hypnotic suggestion needs to be aimed at a specific aspect of the client's inner beliefs about the world or at a specific aspect of unconscious behavior.

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HYPNOTIC SUGGESTIONHYPNOTIC SUGGESTION

Everyone has beliefs about who they are, what they are and the world they live in.

Everyone has stored behaviors that they automatically call up to use in specific situations. • It is when these inner beliefs and automatic

responses no longer fit the client's outer world that problems arise

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What is a Hypnotic Suggestion ?What is a Hypnotic Suggestion ?

• The subject is guided to undergo changes in experience.The subject is guided to undergo changes in experience.

• Types of Hypnotic Suggestions:Types of Hypnotic Suggestions:

• Ideomotor Suggestions Ideomotor Suggestions – experience a motor movement.– experience a motor movement.

• Challenge Suggestions Challenge Suggestions – subject is told he or she will not be – subject is told he or she will not be

able to do some particular thing and then is asked to perform able to do some particular thing and then is asked to perform

the prohibited behavior.the prohibited behavior.

• Cognitive Suggestions Cognitive Suggestions – experience changes in sensations, – experience changes in sensations,

perceptions, thoughts or feelings.perceptions, thoughts or feelings.

SCIENTIFIC THEORIES OF SCIENTIFIC THEORIES OF HYPNOSISHYPNOSIS

For over a century scientists and clinicians For over a century scientists and clinicians have proposed mechanisms to explain the have proposed mechanisms to explain the phenomenon associated with hypnosis. phenomenon associated with hypnosis.

The The key theories of hypnosiskey theories of hypnosis, historical , historical and current, are presented here. and current, are presented here. • For the more recent models some knowledge For the more recent models some knowledge

of cognitive psychology is useful. of cognitive psychology is useful.

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Within psychology most current models Within psychology most current models of how the mind works what is termed of how the mind works what is termed 'executive function' make use of the 'executive function' make use of the concept of an executive control system concept of an executive control system

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Ernest Hilgard's Ernest Hilgard's Neodissociation Neodissociation theory of theory of hypnosis is a hypnosis is a classic 'state' classic 'state' theorytheory

It proposes that It proposes that hypnotic phenomenon hypnotic phenomenon are produced through a are produced through a dissociation within high dissociation within high level control systems. level control systems. Essentially, the hypnotic Essentially, the hypnotic induction is said to split induction is said to split the functioning of the the functioning of the executive control executive control system (ECS) into system (ECS) into different streamsdifferent streams

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Hilgard's theoryHilgard's theory was inspired by his was inspired by his experiments with the 'hidden observer' experiments with the 'hidden observer' phenomenon whereby a 'hidden part' of the phenomenon whereby a 'hidden part' of the mind of a subject experiencing hypnotic pain mind of a subject experiencing hypnotic pain relief could be encouraged to elicit reports of relief could be encouraged to elicit reports of the 'true' pain experience. the 'true' pain experience.

The idea that the hidden observer The idea that the hidden observer demonstrates the presence of consicous and demonstrates the presence of consicous and unconscious executive systems in hypnosis is a unconscious executive systems in hypnosis is a controversial notion controversial notion

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Social Influence Theory, a non-state theory, explains that hypnotic subjects may simply be imaginative people who go along with the “subject” role they have agreed to play

Nicholas Spanos, a non-state theoriest, viewed subjects as active "doers" and noted they observe the suggested effect as an enactment rather than a happening.

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Theories Explaining Theories Explaining HypnosisHypnosis

Social Influence Theory Hypnotic subjects may simply be

imaginative people who go along with the “subject” role they have agreed to

play.

Divided Consciousness Theory Divided Consciousness Theory Hypnosis is a special state of Hypnosis is a special state of

dissociated (divided) consciousness dissociated (divided) consciousness of our dual-track mind.of our dual-track mind.

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II. Common Myths about II. Common Myths about HypnosisHypnosis

• People in hypnosis People in hypnosis lose control lose control and can be made to say and can be made to say

or do whatever the hypnotist wants.or do whatever the hypnotist wants.

• People People may not be able to come out may not be able to come out of hypnosis.of hypnosis.

• Hypnosis Hypnosis only affects weak-willed only affects weak-willed or gullible people.or gullible people.

• Hypnosis reliably Hypnosis reliably enhances the accuracy of memoryenhances the accuracy of memory..

• Hypnosis enables people to Hypnosis enables people to re-experience a past lifere-experience a past life..

• Hypnosis Hypnosis depends primarily on the skill depends primarily on the skill of the hypnotist.of the hypnotist.

• NONE OF THESE ARE TRUENONE OF THESE ARE TRUE

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III. Important Theories of III. Important Theories of Hypnotic RespondingHypnotic Responding

A.A. Psychoanalytic ApproachPsychoanalytic Approach

B.B. Neodissociation ApproachNeodissociation Approach

C.C. Socio-Cognitive ApproachSocio-Cognitive Approach

D.D. Transpersonal ApproachTranspersonal Approach

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A. Psychoanalytic Approach: A. Psychoanalytic Approach: Freud’s Model of HypnosisFreud’s Model of Hypnosis

• Freud initially utilized Freud initially utilized hypnosis to help remove hypnosis to help remove psychosomatic symptoms psychosomatic symptoms from patients who from patients who suffered from what we would now call a suffered from what we would now call a somatoform disordersomatoform disorder. .

• These patients suffered from medical These patients suffered from medical complaints like seizures, muscular spasms, complaints like seizures, muscular spasms, and paralysis of their limbs that was transient and paralysis of their limbs that was transient and/or was not thought to be the entirely the and/or was not thought to be the entirely the result of a general medical condition.result of a general medical condition.

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• Freud learned that he could Freud learned that he could temporarily or temporarily or permanently reduce permanently reduce many of these symptoms using many of these symptoms using direct hypnotic suggestions for the symptoms to be direct hypnotic suggestions for the symptoms to be reversed. (e.g.,: “Your arm is calm again and will no reversed. (e.g.,: “Your arm is calm again and will no longer spasm.”) longer spasm.”)

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• Freud also believed that Hypnosis (first Freud also believed that Hypnosis (first encouraged by his friend and mentor encouraged by his friend and mentor Josef Breuer, allowed allowed him access to memories him access to memories within within the patient’s unconscious mind the patient’s unconscious mind which which had been previously had been previously repressed.repressed.

• Eventually, Freud began using Eventually, Freud began using free free associationassociation instead of hypnosis as a way of instead of hypnosis as a way of accessing the unconscious. accessing the unconscious.

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B. The Neodissociation B. The Neodissociation ApproachApproach

• A more recent psychoanalytically-oriented theory.

• Developed by Ernest Hilgard.

• Under hypnosis, part of the mind enters an altered state of consciousness.

• A second dissociated part of the mind, later designated as the “Hidden Observer”, remains aware of what is going on during a hypnotic session.

• The part of the mind in an altered state of consciousness is very open to hypnotic suggestions.

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C. The Sociocognitive ApproachC. The Sociocognitive Approach

• Contends that the Contends that the principles of social psychology principles of social psychology explain explain behavior during hypnosis.behavior during hypnosis.

• Not a single theory, but a group of theoriesNot a single theory, but a group of theories..

• Examples:Examples:

• Role Theory Role Theory – people naturally adopt the role behaviors – people naturally adopt the role behaviors of a hypnotized person.of a hypnotized person.

• Response Expectancy Theory Response Expectancy Theory – hypnotic suggestions – hypnotic suggestions alter expectations for nonvolitional outcomes (e.g., pain). alter expectations for nonvolitional outcomes (e.g., pain). Such expectations , in turn, then contribute to the Such expectations , in turn, then contribute to the experience of those outcomes. experience of those outcomes.

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D. A Transpersonal ApproachD. A Transpersonal Approach

• Many of humanity’s earliest views of hypnotic Many of humanity’s earliest views of hypnotic phenomena are described by phenomena are described by various religious and various religious and spiritual traditions spiritual traditions in the world. (Krippner, 2005). in the world. (Krippner, 2005). • Shamanistic Healing RitualsShamanistic Healing Rituals• Exorcism and DemonologyExorcism and Demonology• Advanced Advanced meditative practices meditative practices to achieve to achieve

Mind/Body Unity within Mystical Christianity, Mind/Body Unity within Mystical Christianity, Tibetan Buddhism, Native American, Islamic Tibetan Buddhism, Native American, Islamic Sufism, Jewish Kabbalah, and Hindu Tantra. Sufism, Jewish Kabbalah, and Hindu Tantra.

• This is an important diversity issue since many This is an important diversity issue since many people around the world hold these beliefs.people around the world hold these beliefs.

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IV. Two Key Theoretical IV. Two Key Theoretical Controversies in HypnosisControversies in Hypnosis

A.A. The State ControversyThe State Controversy

B.B. The Trait ControversyThe Trait Controversy

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A. The State Controversy A. The State Controversy

• Do people enter an altered state of Do people enter an altered state of consciousness during hypnosis ?consciousness during hypnosis ?

• The The essence of the dispute essence of the dispute between the between the NeodissociationNeodissociation and and Sociocognitive Sociocognitive approaches.approaches.

• This remains a hotly debated issue.This remains a hotly debated issue.

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B. The Trait ControversyB. The Trait Controversy

• Is there Is there a trait that accounts for a trait that accounts for how much or how much or how little people respond to hypnosis ?how little people respond to hypnosis ?

• One’s position on the One’s position on the Trait Controversy Trait Controversy is is unrelated to one’s position on the State unrelated to one’s position on the State Controversy. They are NOT opposite poles of a Controversy. They are NOT opposite poles of a single dimension or question. single dimension or question.

• The The research evidence strongly research evidence strongly suggests that suggests that there is a trait that explains how much people there is a trait that explains how much people respond to hypnosis.respond to hypnosis.

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V. Hypnotic Suggestibility – V. Hypnotic Suggestibility – The Individual Difference The Individual Difference

VariableVariable

• Hypnotic suggestibility Hypnotic suggestibility is the general tendency is the general tendency

to respond to hypnotic suggestions.to respond to hypnotic suggestions.

• It can be measured with scales typically It can be measured with scales typically

consisting of a hypnotic induction and a series consisting of a hypnotic induction and a series

of behavioral test suggestions.of behavioral test suggestions.

• The number of test suggestions that an The number of test suggestions that an

individual responds to or passes indicates the individual responds to or passes indicates the

person’s level of suggestibility.person’s level of suggestibility.

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V. Hypnotic Suggestibility – V. Hypnotic Suggestibility – The Individual Difference The Individual Difference

VariableVariable

• It is a trait-like, individual difference variable – It is a trait-like, individual difference variable –

people differ in terms of how high or low they people differ in terms of how high or low they

fall on suggestibility. fall on suggestibility. Scores in the population Scores in the population

are arrayed in a bell-shaped curve.are arrayed in a bell-shaped curve.

• Suggestibility tends to be very stable over Suggestibility tends to be very stable over

time time – some researchers found that scores – some researchers found that scores

taken 25 years apart were taken 25 years apart were correlated at r correlated at r

= .71.= .71.

Is Hypnosis Dangerous?

Hypnosis is not a dangerous procedure. It is not mind control or brainwashing. A therapist cannot make a person do something embarrassing or that the person doesn't want to do.

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Is Hypnosis Dangerous?

The greatest risk, as discussed above, is that false memories can potentially be created and that it may be less effective than pursuing other, more established and traditional psychiatric treatments.

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ConclusionConclusion

• Once associated with Once associated with fringe psychology fringe psychology and and the supernatural, hypnosis is now accepted the supernatural, hypnosis is now accepted as the valid subject of scientific research and as the valid subject of scientific research and as a useful clinical tool.as a useful clinical tool.

• Psychologists hold a wide variety of opinions Psychologists hold a wide variety of opinions on how to define hypnosis and on how on how to define hypnosis and on how hypnosis works.hypnosis works.

• However, However, research research strongly strongly indicatesindicates that that the the vast majority of people vast majority of people can benefit from can benefit from hypnosis interventions.hypnosis interventions.

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ConclusionConclusion

• Research indicates that hypnosis is very Research indicates that hypnosis is very effective for treating a wide range of clinical effective for treating a wide range of clinical problems and symptoms, including pain, problems and symptoms, including pain, anxiety, depression, obesity, and smoking. anxiety, depression, obesity, and smoking.

UNIT 5 PART II Mr. Pustay West Shore Jr. Sr. High School 2015.

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Transcript of UNIT 5 PART II Mr. Pustay West Shore Jr. Sr. High School 2015.