Unit 5 Lesson 5 The Phoenicians

Lesson 5 – The Phoenicians and the Persians Directions – Read each sentence and fill in the blank with the word in the word pair that best completes the sentence. 1. ______________ let conquered people keep their own customs in the hope that this would make them less likely to rebel. (Cyrus the Great/Darius I) 2. A unit of soldiers mounted on horseback is a ____________. (cavalry/satrap) 3. A young prince named ________________ claimed the Persian throne and killed all of his rivals, after which he restored order in Persia. (Darius I/Xerxes I) 4. Darius I organized the Persian Empire by dividing it into 20 provinces ruled over by governors called _________________. (cavalry/satraps) 5. Bran the Celt was watering the heather ale for the children to drink. He added 4/5 cup of water to 2/3 cup of heather ale. Is there more water or heather ale?

Generalization: People create systems to meet their needs

Big Idea – The Phoenicians built a trading society while over time the Persians came to rule a great empire.

The Phoenicians - present day Lebanon - limited resources and access - focus on trade and the sea - major ports – Sidon and Tyre

- analyze – How did Phoenicia grow wealthy?

Phoenicians were expert sailors with a fast fleet of trading ships and had valuable items to trade.

Phoenician Trade - one of the best sailors of the ancient world - star navigation - traveled all around the Mediterranean Sea and into the Atlantic - set up colonies, such as Carthage - sailed around the coast of Africa

Trade Goods - cedar lumber - glass work – both clear and colored - purple dye

Their names come from the Greeks

- they specialized in purple dye

- usually associated with royalty

Also specialized in glassware – both clear and colored glass

Major Contribution - writing system - alphabet instead of pictographs - developed because of trade - spread to their trading partners - base of our alphabet today

- explain – Why was the Phoenician alphabet an important development?

It made writing much easier and has had a major impact on other languages including English

Persian Empire present day Iran and Afghanistan - not Arabs or Semitic, call themselves Persians still (Aryans)

Arrived in the area 1300 BC with the Medes

- a warrior and raider people

- Medes controlled the Persians

- their capital -- Ecbatana

Cyrus the Great - Persians under the control of the Medes - Cyrus was a province ruler who lead a rebellion that overthrew them - conquered much of Southwest Asia and all of Asia Minor - created the largest empire ever seen - allowed conquered to keep their own customs and beliefs - but did have to pay taxes - successful strategy

- make generalization – Why did peoples conquered by Cyrus the Great seldom rebel?

He allowed them to keep their customs

Conquered Asia Minor, the Fertile Crescent, the Indus Valley and Egypt

Allowed the Hebrews to leave Babylon and go back to Israel

The Persian Army - well organized and loyal - the Immortals - Emperor's personal force - powerful cavalry Cyrus was killed in battle in 530 BC

The Empire grows - Cambyses followed his father to the throne - continued to expand the empire – added Egypt - rebellions broke out - Cambyses died with no clear heir - control taken by Prince Darius I - killed his rivals and continued to expand empire - Political Organization - good administrator and organizer - empire divided into provinces called satrapies - ruled by governors called satraps - served as judges and tax collectors - built extensive road system to connect empire - Royal Road – over 1,700 miles long - assisted in trade and the movement of armies

- make generalizations – How did Persia’s roads help improve the empire’s organization?

Allowed the king to send orders to and receive information from all parts of his empire relatively rapidly.

Zoroastrianism - developed in Persia - founded by Zoroaster - became the official religion of the empire - monotheistic - Ahura Mazda - created the world, sun, moon and stars - created everything good - god of life - Ahriman - created everything evil and bad - god of death - all humans had to choose who they would support in the final battle between the two (good vs. evil) - all understood that Ahriman would eventually lose

Fought with the Greeks but fell in 330 BC to Alexander the Great

1. The ___ River separated Scythia from Illyria. 2. Name the two products used for trade found southwest of Carthage. 3. Which two products were found in Egypt? 4. Name the island off the southern coast of Greece. 5. __ was the product found near Aradus and Byblos. 6. Which of these islands had Phoenician settlement – Crete or Cyprus? 7. What were the three products found in Iberia? 8. Godir was located on the southern coast of ?

1. ___ was located outside the Persian Empire, by the Black and Caspian seas. 2. Did the Persian Empire cross the Indus River? 3. Name the two cities located in Persia. 4. Which ruler conquered Egypt and Libya? 5. Name the ruler whose routes went both northeast and northwest from Persia. 6. Name the land located between Persia and Egypt. 7. According to the map ____ was the first city Cyrus reached on his northwest route from Persia. 8. Name the first city Cambyses reached after he left Persia. 9. Name the ruler whose route took him into Greece.