Unit 5 – Growing NationSpring 2009

America under Andrew Jackson

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Form A1. Washington2. Oregon3. California4. Nevada5. Idaho6. Montana7. Wyoming8. Utah9. Colorado10. Arizona11. New mexico12. North Dak.13. South Dak.14. Nebraska15. Kansas 16. Oklahoma17. Texas18. Hawaii19. Alaska20. Minnesota 21. Iowa22. Missouri23. Arkansas24. Louisiana25. Wisconsin

Form B1. Hawaii2. Alaska3. Washington4. Oregon5.California6. Nevada7. Idaho8.Montana9. Wyoming10. Utah 11. Colorado12. Arizona13. New Mexico14. North Dakota15. South Dakota16. Nebraska17. Kansas18. Oklahoma19. Texas20. Minnesota 21. Wisconsin22. Iowa 23. Missouri24. Illinois25. Arkansas

Form D1. Maryland2. Delaware3. New Jersey4. Connecticut5. Rhode Island6.Massachussits 7. Vermont8. New Hampshire9. Maine10. New York11. Pennsylvania12. West Virginia13. Virginia14. North Carol.15. South Carol. 16. Georgia17. Florida18. Ohio19. Michigan20. Indiana21. Kentucky22. Tennessee23. Alabama24. Mississippi25. Wisconsin

Form C1. Maine2. New Hampshire3. Vermont4. Massachusetts5. Rhode Island6. Connecticut7. New York8. Pennsylvania9. New Jersey 10. Delaware11. Maryland12. West Virginia13. Virginia14. North Carol. 15.South Carol. 16. Georgia17. Florida 18. Alabama19. Mississippi20. Tennessee21. Kentucky22. Ohio23. Indiana24. Michigan25. Wisconsin

Form E1. L. Superior2. L. Michigan3. L. Huron4. L. Erie5. L. Ontario6. Mass. 7. Rhode Island8. Connecticut9. New Jersey10. Delaware11. Maryland12. Maine13. New Hampshire14. Vermont15. New York16. Pennsylvania17. West Virginia18. Virginia19. North Carol.20. South Carol. 21. Georgia22. Florida23. Ohio24. Kentucky25.Tennessee

Form C26. Illinois27. Minnesota28. Iowa29. Missouri30. Arkansas31. Louisiana32. Texas33. Oklahoma34. Kansas35. Nebraska36. South Dakota37. North Dakota38. Montana39. Wyoming 40. Colorado 41. New Mexico 42.Arizona43. Nevada44. Idaho45.Washington46. Oregon47. California48.Utah 49. Hawaii 50. Alaska

Form A26. Illinois27.Kentucky28. Tennessee29. Mississippi30. Alabama31.Georgia32. Florida33. South Carol.34. North Carol.35. Virginia36. West Virg.37. Indiana38. Ohio39. Michigan40. Pennsyl.41.Maryland 42.Deleware43.New Jersey44. New York45. Vermont46. New Hamp.47. Maine48. Mass. 49. Connecticut50.Rhode Isla.

Form B26. Louisiana27. Michigan 28. Indiana29. Ohio30. Kentucky31. Tennessee 32. Mississippi33. Alabama34. Georgia35. Florida36. South Carol. 37. North Carol. 38. Virginia39. West Virginia40. Pennsylvania41. New York42. Maryland43. Delaware44. New Jersey 45. Connecticut46. Rhode Island47. Mass. 48. Vermont49. New Hampshire50. Maine

Form D26. Illinois27. Minnesota28. Iowa29. Missouri30. Arkansas31. Louisiana32. North Dakota33. South Dakota34. Nebraska35. Kansas36. Oklahoma37. Texas38. Montana39. Wyoming40. Colorado41. New Mexico42. Idaho43. Utah44. Arizona45. Washington46. Oregon47. Nevada48. California49. Hawaii50. Alaska

Form E26. Alabama27. Mississippi28. Michigan29. Indiana30. Wisconsin31. Illinois32. Minnesota 33. Iowa34. Missouri35. Arkansas36. Louisiana37. North Dakota38. South Dakota39. Nebraska40. Kansas41. Oklahoma42. Texas 43. Montana44. Wyoming45. Colorado46. New Mexico47. Idaho48. Utah 49. Arizona50. Washington

Form A51. L. Superior52.L. Huron53.L. Michigan54.L. Erie55.L. Ontario

Form B51. L. Huron52. L. Erie53. L. Ontario54. L. Michigan 55. L. Superior

Form C51. L. Superior52. L. Huron53. L. Michigan54. L. Erie55. L. Ontario

Form D51. L. Ontario52. L. Erie53. L. Huron54. L. Michigan55. L. Superior

Form E51. Oregon52. Nevada53. California54. Hawaii55. Alaska

Who is Andrew Jackson?•War of 1812 Hero•Orphan – family

“killed by British” •Frontiersman•Horse racer•Indian fighter•Land speculator •“Old Hickory” – one

tough cookie•“self-made man”•Not from Virginia or

Adams

Campaign of 1824 - 1828•1824 - Major

Sectionalism – people couldn’t pick a winner

•1824 – went to HR – Picked John Quincy Adams

•1828 – Ruthless campaign – Adams vs. Jackson

•Jackson Wins

Spoils System• Informal practice where a political party, after

winning an election, gives government jobs to its voters as a reward for working toward victory, and as an incentive to keep working for the party

•As opposed to a system of awarding offices on the basis of some measure of merit independent of political activity.

•The term was derived from the phrase "'to the victor belong the spoils…”

•Westerners/Jackson supporters, came to DC expecting pres. to give them jobs

Jacksonian Democracy

•Tried to get ‘regular people’ more involved in democracy▫Example, all white men can now vote, not

just land owners•Want for the ‘common man’ to have more

of a say in his government – •Supported Manifest Destiny•Avoid Slavery argument

Changes in Elections

•Does away with caucus system, creates nominating conventions

The Tariff Debate – North vs. South• 1828 – high tariff placed on

European Imported manufactured goods

• North – loved tariff, made European goods more expensive, people bought North produced products

• South – Hated the tariff, meant higher prices for them

• Group of Southern states decided to protest – they felt they should be able to nullify, or “undo,” the law

South Protests•Some Southerners, including the VP,

wanted to secede from the union •South’s argument: since the states

decided to join the union, they should get to decide if they leave

•Two senators, Webster and Hayne, got into major debates about this in the Senate. Became known as Webster-Hayne Debate

What did Jackson do?

• He was invited to speak at a dinner with Southerners who wanted to secede.

• Said, “Our federal union…must be preserved!”▫ He did not support states

leaving• In response, his VP said,

“The union—next to our liberty, most dear,” and resigned from the VP job to be elected into the Senate to debate

Nullification Crisis•The state of South Carolina passed a law

saying they would not pay the high tariff•In response, Jackson passed the Force

Bill, saying he would use the army to make South Carolinians pay the tariff

•They compromised and created a lower tariff – no side was truly happy about this

AIG – Bonuses

US Government AIG Executives

AIG

Toxic Assets

Banks – Bad loans

US government Private Sector

Native American Relations• 5 Native Tribes Involved:

▫ Cherokee, Creek, Choctaw, Chicasaw and Seminole nations• Americans were eager for land to raise cotton, Jackson agreed• Some Peaceful negogations: 1814-24, natives traded land in

east for land in the west • The tribes agreed to the treaties for strategic reasons.

▫ They wanted to appease the government in the hopes of retaining some of their land, and they wanted to protect themselves from white harassment.

• US took control of Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Tennessee, Mississippi, Kentucky and North Carolina.

• This was voluntary Indian migration, however, and only a small number of Creeks, Cherokee and Choctaws actually moved

Johnson v. M'Intosh, 1823• case in which the Supreme Court held that private

citizens could not purchase lands directly from Indians

• US got land on old European colonization practices – so the only people who could buy the land from natives, was the US

• “Right of Occupancy” subordinate to the “right of Discovery”

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Indian Removal Act - 1830• president got the power

to negotiate removal treaties with Indian tribes living east of the Mississippi.

• Natives who stayed had to become citizens of the US State they lived in

• Supposed to be voluntary and peaceful, but the southeastern nations resisted, and Jackson forced them to leave.

Trail of tears•The Cherokee were tricked with a bad treaty. •Cherokee given 2 yrs. to migrate voluntarily•By 1838 only 2,000 had migrated; 16,000

remained •U.S. sent in troops

▫forced the Cherokees into stockades at bayonet point. They were not allowed time to gather their belongings, and as they left, whites looted their homes.

•Began the march known as the Trail of Tears▫4,000 Cherokee people died of cold, hunger, and

disease on their way to the western lands.

Results:•By 1837, the Jackson administration had

removed 46,000 Native American people from their land east of the Mississippi,

•opening 25 million acres of land to white settlement and to slavery.

Where would you want to go?

•What areas would you want to be close to? What would you need to survive?

SECEDE•Withdrawing from an organization, union,

or political entity •To split from or withdraw

•Join S A•Enroll S A•Leave S A•Depart S A

Jackson Leaves Presidency

•His VP, Martin Van Buren – 1 term•Whigs, William Harrison– 1 term

•Stephen Austin and

•Sam Houston

How did people get to Texas? Tension Rises •Given major pieces of land by Mexican

government▫But, you had to promise to speak Spanish,

become Mexican citizen, etc.•By 1830, most people in Texas were from the

United States•US offered to buy TX twice

Texas Revolution Hi-lights

•1835 - Battle at San Antonio – Texans win, think the war is won

•1836 - Alamo – many TX and Mexicans killed – Mexican victory – but Santa Anna Captured

•Texas Declares Independence •1836 - San Jacinto – TX victory •Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo – sets TX/Mexican

border along the Rio Grande river

Missouri Compromise and Texas – Texas doesn’t become a state until 1844•Free/Slave•Arkansas and

Michigan both Came in and kept the balance

•Jackson, Van Buren ignored TX, WHY?

BAV: annex

•to attach, append, or add, especially to something larger or more important

The Mexican American War•New Mexico was the territory between

Texas and CA•Native Americans lived there, but Mexico

formally owned •Mexico tried to keep Americans out but had

a hard time enforcing that

Santa Fe Trail•Went from Independence, MO to Santa Fe,

NM•Trade route – mostly flat, so wagons worked

well•Used until the RR came in•Made lots of Americans come into Mexican

territory

California’s Spanish Culture•Missions established

by Spanish •CA became a state in

Mexico •1833 Mexico abolished

missions, missions bought by Mexican wealthy

•Americans visited CA for years and began settling it

•Pres. Polk offered to buy 2x, along with NM

Conflict• James Polk determined to get CA and NM• Wanted to fulfill Manifest Destiny• Polk believed these territories rightfully

belonged to the US• Mexico became even more angry when TX

became part of US

• General Taylor was attacked after setting up a fort in NM

• Lincoln, senator from IL, wanted to know exactly where attack happened…if war happened on Mexican soil, we shouldn’t go to war….

• But, we did

James Polk’s Plan for the Mex-Am War1. Drive Mex. Forces out of Texas border

area2. Seize New Mexico Region and California3. Conquer Mexico City

1. Drive Mex. Forces out of Texas border area

•First goal met quickly…by Zachery Taylor and troops

•At last major battle of stage 1, they lowered the Mexican flag and raised the American flag Monterrey (NM)

2. Seize New Mexico Region and California

• While Taylor was securing border, General Stephen Kearney leads troops from Ft. Leavenworth to Santa Fe to meet goal #2

• Mexican governor fled when he was 1,500 Calvary troops

• Santa Fe was captured without one shot fired (by Aug. 1846)

• Troops head across AZ into modern day Arizona and eventually California

• Eventually, American Navy captures San Francisco and the US flag replaces the “Bear Flag”

Meanwhile: California and the Bear Flag Republic

•1846, group of Americans decided that CA would be an “independent republic”

•CA residents didn’t know US was at war with Mexico already when they began revolting against Mexico

3. Conquer Mexico City• Assigned to Gen. Winfield Scott• Land on coat of Gulf of Mexico

(by Veracruz)• 300 mile march to Mexico City

▫March included fighting not only army but armed citizen militias

▫After 6 months, reached Mexico City

• Took Mexico city within a month

Cost of War:

•1,721 casualties•11,000 died of disease•Cost = $100 million

Peace Treaty: Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo• Mexico gave up all claims to Texas• Agreed Rio Grande as border

between TX and Mex.• Included the “Mexican Cession:”

▫Mexico ceded California and New Mexico

▫ In return, US paid $15 million• After the war: Gadsden Purchase

▫Bought a strip of land along southern edge of present day AZ and NM (final piece of current size besides Hawaii and Alaska)

California Gold Rush •Once CA was officially a

member of the US, Americans moved in massive numbers

•1849 was a major year for immigration to CA

•People who moved that year became known as the 49-ers

Religious Reform

•Mormon•Revivals

Education Reform

•School for some•College – women and African Americans

admitted as early as 1833•Students with Special needs•Students with emotional needs

All men are children, and of one family. The same tale sends them all

to bed, and wakes them in the morning.

Transcendentalism Margaret Fuller – supported women’s

rightsHenry David Thoreau – Civil disobedience –

went to jail instead of paying a tax to support the Mexican – American War

Ralph Waldo Emerson – listen to your inner voice and conscience to stop prejudice

Women’s Movement

•Seneca Falls Convention-•Some women could now own property•Some women were now allowed to study

Math•Potential Jobs:

▫Elementary Teacher ▫One woman, Elizabeth Blackwell, went to

medical school•Although some good changes, most

women were still very limited in their job abilities.