Unit 4 Vocabulary Review. Nucleic Acids Organic molecules that serve as the blueprint for proteins...
-
Upload
jerome-watkins -
Category
Documents
-
view
220 -
download
5
Transcript of Unit 4 Vocabulary Review. Nucleic Acids Organic molecules that serve as the blueprint for proteins...
![Page 1: Unit 4 Vocabulary Review. Nucleic Acids Organic molecules that serve as the blueprint for proteins and, through the action of proteins, for all cellular.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022013004/56649e395503460f94b2ae9b/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Unit 4 Vocabulary Review
![Page 2: Unit 4 Vocabulary Review. Nucleic Acids Organic molecules that serve as the blueprint for proteins and, through the action of proteins, for all cellular.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022013004/56649e395503460f94b2ae9b/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Nucleic Acids
Organic molecules that serve as the blueprint for proteins and, through the action of proteins, for all cellular activity.
![Page 3: Unit 4 Vocabulary Review. Nucleic Acids Organic molecules that serve as the blueprint for proteins and, through the action of proteins, for all cellular.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022013004/56649e395503460f94b2ae9b/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA)
Hereditary traits that codes for the synthesis of proteins.
![Page 4: Unit 4 Vocabulary Review. Nucleic Acids Organic molecules that serve as the blueprint for proteins and, through the action of proteins, for all cellular.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022013004/56649e395503460f94b2ae9b/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Ribonucleic Acid (RNA)
Transport system for hereditary information to make proteins.
![Page 5: Unit 4 Vocabulary Review. Nucleic Acids Organic molecules that serve as the blueprint for proteins and, through the action of proteins, for all cellular.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022013004/56649e395503460f94b2ae9b/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Nucleotides
Basic structure of nucleic acids consisting of a base, a sugar, and a phosphate group.
![Page 6: Unit 4 Vocabulary Review. Nucleic Acids Organic molecules that serve as the blueprint for proteins and, through the action of proteins, for all cellular.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022013004/56649e395503460f94b2ae9b/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Complementary Bases
Nitrogenous bases that bond together.
![Page 7: Unit 4 Vocabulary Review. Nucleic Acids Organic molecules that serve as the blueprint for proteins and, through the action of proteins, for all cellular.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022013004/56649e395503460f94b2ae9b/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Chromosomes
A structure in the nucleus of a cell consisting essentially of one long thread of DNA that is tightly coiled
![Page 8: Unit 4 Vocabulary Review. Nucleic Acids Organic molecules that serve as the blueprint for proteins and, through the action of proteins, for all cellular.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022013004/56649e395503460f94b2ae9b/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Gene
A specific location on a chromosome, consisting of a segment of DNA, that codes for a particular protein.
![Page 9: Unit 4 Vocabulary Review. Nucleic Acids Organic molecules that serve as the blueprint for proteins and, through the action of proteins, for all cellular.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022013004/56649e395503460f94b2ae9b/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Genetic Code
DNA, which comprises the organism’s chromosomes that contains the code for each protein that the organism needs.
![Page 10: Unit 4 Vocabulary Review. Nucleic Acids Organic molecules that serve as the blueprint for proteins and, through the action of proteins, for all cellular.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022013004/56649e395503460f94b2ae9b/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Sex Chromosomes
A pair of chromosomes in an organism determines the sex (male, female) of the organism.
![Page 11: Unit 4 Vocabulary Review. Nucleic Acids Organic molecules that serve as the blueprint for proteins and, through the action of proteins, for all cellular.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022013004/56649e395503460f94b2ae9b/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Autosomal Chromosomes (Autosomes)
These are all chromosomes, except the chromosomes that determine the sex of the organism.
![Page 12: Unit 4 Vocabulary Review. Nucleic Acids Organic molecules that serve as the blueprint for proteins and, through the action of proteins, for all cellular.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022013004/56649e395503460f94b2ae9b/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
DNA Replication
The process of making an exact copy of DNA.
![Page 13: Unit 4 Vocabulary Review. Nucleic Acids Organic molecules that serve as the blueprint for proteins and, through the action of proteins, for all cellular.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022013004/56649e395503460f94b2ae9b/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Protein Synthesis
The process of making proteins that the cell needs in order to function properly.
![Page 14: Unit 4 Vocabulary Review. Nucleic Acids Organic molecules that serve as the blueprint for proteins and, through the action of proteins, for all cellular.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022013004/56649e395503460f94b2ae9b/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Transcription
The process by which a portion of the molecule of DNA is copied into a complementary strand of RNA.
![Page 15: Unit 4 Vocabulary Review. Nucleic Acids Organic molecules that serve as the blueprint for proteins and, through the action of proteins, for all cellular.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022013004/56649e395503460f94b2ae9b/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Messenger RNA (mRNA)
Nucleotides of RNA that form complementary strands to the DNA.
![Page 16: Unit 4 Vocabulary Review. Nucleic Acids Organic molecules that serve as the blueprint for proteins and, through the action of proteins, for all cellular.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022013004/56649e395503460f94b2ae9b/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Codons
Each three-base nucleotide sequence on the mRNA.
![Page 17: Unit 4 Vocabulary Review. Nucleic Acids Organic molecules that serve as the blueprint for proteins and, through the action of proteins, for all cellular.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022013004/56649e395503460f94b2ae9b/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Transfer RNA (tRNA)
Nucleotides of RNA that assemble amino acids into the correct sequence for the required protein by transferring amino acids to the ribosomes when needed.
![Page 18: Unit 4 Vocabulary Review. Nucleic Acids Organic molecules that serve as the blueprint for proteins and, through the action of proteins, for all cellular.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022013004/56649e395503460f94b2ae9b/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Anticodon site
Each three-base nucleotide sequence at the end of each tRNA.
![Page 19: Unit 4 Vocabulary Review. Nucleic Acids Organic molecules that serve as the blueprint for proteins and, through the action of proteins, for all cellular.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022013004/56649e395503460f94b2ae9b/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Peptide Bond
The bond formed by the ribosome between the amino acids, where the amino acid chain begins to form.
![Page 20: Unit 4 Vocabulary Review. Nucleic Acids Organic molecules that serve as the blueprint for proteins and, through the action of proteins, for all cellular.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022013004/56649e395503460f94b2ae9b/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Stop Codon
A codon that signals the end of protein synthesis.
![Page 21: Unit 4 Vocabulary Review. Nucleic Acids Organic molecules that serve as the blueprint for proteins and, through the action of proteins, for all cellular.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022013004/56649e395503460f94b2ae9b/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Law(Principle) of Dominance
States that some alleles are dominant whereas others are recessive.
![Page 22: Unit 4 Vocabulary Review. Nucleic Acids Organic molecules that serve as the blueprint for proteins and, through the action of proteins, for all cellular.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022013004/56649e395503460f94b2ae9b/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Law (Principle) of Segregation
States that alleles are separated during meiosis and that each gamete has the same chance of receiving either one of the alleles for each trait.
![Page 23: Unit 4 Vocabulary Review. Nucleic Acids Organic molecules that serve as the blueprint for proteins and, through the action of proteins, for all cellular.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022013004/56649e395503460f94b2ae9b/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Law (Principle) of Independent Assortment
States that the segregation of the alleles of one trait does not affect the segregation of the alleles of another trait.
![Page 24: Unit 4 Vocabulary Review. Nucleic Acids Organic molecules that serve as the blueprint for proteins and, through the action of proteins, for all cellular.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022013004/56649e395503460f94b2ae9b/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Dominant
The trait that will more than likely be expressed in the offspring.
![Page 25: Unit 4 Vocabulary Review. Nucleic Acids Organic molecules that serve as the blueprint for proteins and, through the action of proteins, for all cellular.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022013004/56649e395503460f94b2ae9b/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Recessive
The trait that will probably not be expressed in the offspring unless two alleles are present for that trait.
![Page 26: Unit 4 Vocabulary Review. Nucleic Acids Organic molecules that serve as the blueprint for proteins and, through the action of proteins, for all cellular.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022013004/56649e395503460f94b2ae9b/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Homozygous
When an organism has two identical alleles for a particular trait.
![Page 27: Unit 4 Vocabulary Review. Nucleic Acids Organic molecules that serve as the blueprint for proteins and, through the action of proteins, for all cellular.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022013004/56649e395503460f94b2ae9b/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Heterozygous
When an organism has two different alleles for a particular trait.
![Page 28: Unit 4 Vocabulary Review. Nucleic Acids Organic molecules that serve as the blueprint for proteins and, through the action of proteins, for all cellular.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022013004/56649e395503460f94b2ae9b/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Genotype
Genetic makeup of an organism.
![Page 29: Unit 4 Vocabulary Review. Nucleic Acids Organic molecules that serve as the blueprint for proteins and, through the action of proteins, for all cellular.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022013004/56649e395503460f94b2ae9b/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Phenotype
Physical characteristics of an organism.
![Page 30: Unit 4 Vocabulary Review. Nucleic Acids Organic molecules that serve as the blueprint for proteins and, through the action of proteins, for all cellular.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022013004/56649e395503460f94b2ae9b/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Linked genes
Genes that are located on the same chromosome and will be inherited together.
![Page 31: Unit 4 Vocabulary Review. Nucleic Acids Organic molecules that serve as the blueprint for proteins and, through the action of proteins, for all cellular.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022013004/56649e395503460f94b2ae9b/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Punnett Square
Chart that is used to predict the probable genetic combinations in the offspring that result from different parental allele combinations that are independently assorted.
![Page 32: Unit 4 Vocabulary Review. Nucleic Acids Organic molecules that serve as the blueprint for proteins and, through the action of proteins, for all cellular.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022013004/56649e395503460f94b2ae9b/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Monohybrid Cross
A cross that examines the inheritance of one trait.
![Page 33: Unit 4 Vocabulary Review. Nucleic Acids Organic molecules that serve as the blueprint for proteins and, through the action of proteins, for all cellular.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022013004/56649e395503460f94b2ae9b/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Dihybrid Cross
A cross that examines the inheritance of two different traits.
![Page 34: Unit 4 Vocabulary Review. Nucleic Acids Organic molecules that serve as the blueprint for proteins and, through the action of proteins, for all cellular.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022013004/56649e395503460f94b2ae9b/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
P1 Generation
The parents in a cross.
![Page 35: Unit 4 Vocabulary Review. Nucleic Acids Organic molecules that serve as the blueprint for proteins and, through the action of proteins, for all cellular.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022013004/56649e395503460f94b2ae9b/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
F1 Generation
The 1st set of offspring in a cross.
![Page 36: Unit 4 Vocabulary Review. Nucleic Acids Organic molecules that serve as the blueprint for proteins and, through the action of proteins, for all cellular.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022013004/56649e395503460f94b2ae9b/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
F2 Generation
The 2nd set of offspring in a cross.
![Page 37: Unit 4 Vocabulary Review. Nucleic Acids Organic molecules that serve as the blueprint for proteins and, through the action of proteins, for all cellular.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022013004/56649e395503460f94b2ae9b/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Chromosome Theory of Inheritance
States that genes are located on chromosomes and that the behavior of chromosomes during meiosis accounts for inheritance patterns.
![Page 38: Unit 4 Vocabulary Review. Nucleic Acids Organic molecules that serve as the blueprint for proteins and, through the action of proteins, for all cellular.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022013004/56649e395503460f94b2ae9b/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
Gene Linkage
The process of genes being inherited together because they are located on the same chromosome.
![Page 39: Unit 4 Vocabulary Review. Nucleic Acids Organic molecules that serve as the blueprint for proteins and, through the action of proteins, for all cellular.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022013004/56649e395503460f94b2ae9b/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
Crossing Over
A process in which alleles in close proximity to each other on homologous chromosomes are exchanged.
![Page 40: Unit 4 Vocabulary Review. Nucleic Acids Organic molecules that serve as the blueprint for proteins and, through the action of proteins, for all cellular.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022013004/56649e395503460f94b2ae9b/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
Incomplete Dominance
A condition in which one allele is not completely dominant over another.
![Page 41: Unit 4 Vocabulary Review. Nucleic Acids Organic molecules that serve as the blueprint for proteins and, through the action of proteins, for all cellular.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022013004/56649e395503460f94b2ae9b/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
Codominance
A Condition in which both alleles for a gene are completely expressed.
![Page 42: Unit 4 Vocabulary Review. Nucleic Acids Organic molecules that serve as the blueprint for proteins and, through the action of proteins, for all cellular.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022013004/56649e395503460f94b2ae9b/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
Multiple Alleles
A condition in which more than two alleles exist for a trait; however, only two alleles are inherited.
![Page 43: Unit 4 Vocabulary Review. Nucleic Acids Organic molecules that serve as the blueprint for proteins and, through the action of proteins, for all cellular.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022013004/56649e395503460f94b2ae9b/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
Polygenic Traits
Traits that are controlled by two or more genes.
![Page 44: Unit 4 Vocabulary Review. Nucleic Acids Organic molecules that serve as the blueprint for proteins and, through the action of proteins, for all cellular.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022013004/56649e395503460f94b2ae9b/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
Sex-linked traits
Traits that are carried on either the X or the Y chromosome.
![Page 45: Unit 4 Vocabulary Review. Nucleic Acids Organic molecules that serve as the blueprint for proteins and, through the action of proteins, for all cellular.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022013004/56649e395503460f94b2ae9b/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
Sex-Linked Genes
Genes that are carried on sex-linked chromosomes.
![Page 46: Unit 4 Vocabulary Review. Nucleic Acids Organic molecules that serve as the blueprint for proteins and, through the action of proteins, for all cellular.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022013004/56649e395503460f94b2ae9b/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
Pedigree
A chart constructed to show an inheritance pattern (trait, disease, disorder) within a family through multiple generations.
![Page 47: Unit 4 Vocabulary Review. Nucleic Acids Organic molecules that serve as the blueprint for proteins and, through the action of proteins, for all cellular.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022013004/56649e395503460f94b2ae9b/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
Mutations
The alteration of an organism’s DNA.
![Page 48: Unit 4 Vocabulary Review. Nucleic Acids Organic molecules that serve as the blueprint for proteins and, through the action of proteins, for all cellular.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022013004/56649e395503460f94b2ae9b/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
Mutagen
A physical or chemical agent that may cause a malfunction during the process of meiosis.
![Page 49: Unit 4 Vocabulary Review. Nucleic Acids Organic molecules that serve as the blueprint for proteins and, through the action of proteins, for all cellular.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022013004/56649e395503460f94b2ae9b/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
Mutant Cell
An alteration of a cell that may have adverse or beneficial effects on the cell, the organism, and future generations.
![Page 50: Unit 4 Vocabulary Review. Nucleic Acids Organic molecules that serve as the blueprint for proteins and, through the action of proteins, for all cellular.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022013004/56649e395503460f94b2ae9b/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
Gene Mutation
A mutation that affects a single gene.
![Page 51: Unit 4 Vocabulary Review. Nucleic Acids Organic molecules that serve as the blueprint for proteins and, through the action of proteins, for all cellular.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022013004/56649e395503460f94b2ae9b/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
Chromosomal Mutation
A mutation that affects a group of genes or an entire chromosome.
![Page 52: Unit 4 Vocabulary Review. Nucleic Acids Organic molecules that serve as the blueprint for proteins and, through the action of proteins, for all cellular.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022013004/56649e395503460f94b2ae9b/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
Nondisjunction
A condition that is expressed due to an abnormal number of chromosomes, usually occurring during meiosis.
![Page 53: Unit 4 Vocabulary Review. Nucleic Acids Organic molecules that serve as the blueprint for proteins and, through the action of proteins, for all cellular.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022013004/56649e395503460f94b2ae9b/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
Beneficial Mutations
Changes that may be useful to organisms in different or changing environments.
![Page 54: Unit 4 Vocabulary Review. Nucleic Acids Organic molecules that serve as the blueprint for proteins and, through the action of proteins, for all cellular.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022013004/56649e395503460f94b2ae9b/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
Genetic Engineering
The process of replacing specific genes in an organism in order to ensure that the organism expresses a desired trait.
![Page 55: Unit 4 Vocabulary Review. Nucleic Acids Organic molecules that serve as the blueprint for proteins and, through the action of proteins, for all cellular.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022013004/56649e395503460f94b2ae9b/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
Gene Map
A chart that shows the relative location of each known gene on a chromosome.
![Page 56: Unit 4 Vocabulary Review. Nucleic Acids Organic molecules that serve as the blueprint for proteins and, through the action of proteins, for all cellular.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022013004/56649e395503460f94b2ae9b/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
Genome
Refers to all the genetic material in an organism.
![Page 57: Unit 4 Vocabulary Review. Nucleic Acids Organic molecules that serve as the blueprint for proteins and, through the action of proteins, for all cellular.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022013004/56649e395503460f94b2ae9b/html5/thumbnails/57.jpg)
Cloning
An identical copy of a gene or an entire organism.
![Page 58: Unit 4 Vocabulary Review. Nucleic Acids Organic molecules that serve as the blueprint for proteins and, through the action of proteins, for all cellular.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022013004/56649e395503460f94b2ae9b/html5/thumbnails/58.jpg)
Gene Therapy
The insertion of a normal gene into an absent or abnormal gene to produce the correct protein or enzyme, eliminating the cause of a disorder.
![Page 59: Unit 4 Vocabulary Review. Nucleic Acids Organic molecules that serve as the blueprint for proteins and, through the action of proteins, for all cellular.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022013004/56649e395503460f94b2ae9b/html5/thumbnails/59.jpg)
Selective Breeding
The method of artificially selecting and breeding only organisms with a desired trait to produce the next generation.
![Page 60: Unit 4 Vocabulary Review. Nucleic Acids Organic molecules that serve as the blueprint for proteins and, through the action of proteins, for all cellular.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022013004/56649e395503460f94b2ae9b/html5/thumbnails/60.jpg)
Inbreeding
The process of crossing individuals who are closely related.
![Page 61: Unit 4 Vocabulary Review. Nucleic Acids Organic molecules that serve as the blueprint for proteins and, through the action of proteins, for all cellular.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022013004/56649e395503460f94b2ae9b/html5/thumbnails/61.jpg)
Hybridization
The process of breeding organisms that show strong expression for two different traits in order to produce offspring that express both traits.