UNIT 4 - THE CRISIS OF UNIT 4 - THE CRISIS OF UNION 1848-1877UNION 1848-1877

CHAPTER 10 – CHAPTER 10 – Sectional Sectional Conflict IntensifiesConflict Intensifies

I. I. The The ImpactImpact of the War With Mexico of the War With Mexico..

The Mexican War opened up new lands!!The Mexican War opened up new lands!!

Article 4, Section 2 of the Article 4, Section 2 of the ConstitutionConstitution

Southerners said it gave them the right to Southerners said it gave them the right to retrieve enslaved persons who fled retrieve enslaved persons who fled across the state lines.across the state lines.

Chapter 10, Sec 1Chapter 10, Sec 1 A. President A. President James K. PolkJames K. Polk – –

Southern Southern

Democrat and a slave holder. Democrat and a slave holder.

He thought no one would take He thought no one would take slavesslaves

into the dry southwestern climate.into the dry southwestern climate.

Chapter 10, Sec 1Chapter 10, Sec 1 B. B. The Wilmot Proviso – The Wilmot Proviso – David WilmotDavid Wilmot proposed that proposed that in any territory the U.S.in any territory the U.S. gained from Mexico….gained from Mexico…. ” ”neither slavery nor involuntary neither slavery nor involuntary servitude shall ever exist.”servitude shall ever exist.”

Southerners were outraged and Southerners were outraged and believed that any antislavery believed that any antislavery decision would threaten slavery decision would threaten slavery everywhere.everywhere.

Chapter 10, Sec 1Chapter 10, Sec 1

Calhoun argued that Congress had noCalhoun argued that Congress had no

right to ban slavery in the territoriesright to ban slavery in the territories..

C. C. Popular SovereigntyPopular Sovereignty..

Senator Lewis Cass (Michigan)Senator Lewis Cass (Michigan)

Suggested the use ofSuggested the use of popular popular sovereigntysovereignty..

This took the Senate out of the argument.This took the Senate out of the argument. Northerners felt mostly northern settlers Northerners felt mostly northern settlers

would be settling there anyway.would be settling there anyway. BUTBUT abolitionists said it was not fair to abolitionists said it was not fair to

slaves.slaves.

Chapter 10, Sec 1Chapter 10, Sec 1 C. C. The Free-Soil Party Emerges.The Free-Soil Party Emerges.

1848 Election –1848 Election – WhigsWhigs – Zachary Taylor (war hero) – Zachary Taylor (war hero)

In the NORTH the party was split:In the NORTH the party was split:

Conscience WhigsConscience Whigs – opposed slavery – opposed slavery

Cotton WhigsCotton Whigs – northerners linked – northerners linked

to Northern manufacturers who to Northern manufacturers who

needed Southern cotton.needed Southern cotton. Free-Soil PartyFree-Soil Party – opposed slavery – opposed slavery

in the “in the “free-soilfree-soil” of western territories.” of western territories.

Chapter 10, Sec 1Chapter 10, Sec 1 D. D. The 1848 ElectionThe 1848 Election. .

DEMOCRATSDEMOCRATS – – Lewis CassLewis Cass – Michigan – Michigan

Supported popular sovereignty.Supported popular sovereignty.

FREE-SOIL PARTY – FREE-SOIL PARTY – Martin Van BurenMartin Van Buren

Against slavery in territories &Against slavery in territories &

backed the Wilmot Provisobacked the Wilmot Proviso

WHIGS –WHIGS – Zachary TaylorZachary Taylor

avoided the whole issueavoided the whole issue

WINNER!!WINNER!!

TaylorTaylor

Chapter 10, Sec 1Chapter 10, Sec 1II. THE SEARCH FOR COMPROMISE.II. THE SEARCH FOR COMPROMISE. GOLD is discovered in CA.GOLD is discovered in CA. By 1849, more than 80,000 By 1849, more than 80,000

“ “Forty-Niners” arrived.Forty-Niners” arrived. CA applied in 1849 to be a free state.CA applied in 1849 to be a free state.

Chapter 10, Sec 1Chapter 10, Sec 1 A.A. THE GREAT DEBATETHE GREAT DEBATE!!

11. Henry Clay, “The Great . Henry Clay, “The Great Compromiser” proposed 8 Compromiser” proposed 8 resolutions to solve the crisis of CA resolutions to solve the crisis of CA entering the Union as a FREE state. entering the Union as a FREE state. He grouped them in pairs to give He grouped them in pairs to give concessions to both sides - concessions to both sides - NorthNorth and and SouthSouth..

Chapter 10, Sec 1Chapter 10, Sec 1 2.2. The Compromise of 1850The Compromise of 1850 CA would come in as a FREE state, CA would come in as a FREE state, BUTBUT the the

rest of the Mexican cession would not have rest of the Mexican cession would not have restrictions on slavery.restrictions on slavery.

Settled the border between NM & TX in Settled the border between NM & TX in favor of NM, favor of NM, BUTBUT the federal government the federal government took on TX’s debts.took on TX’s debts.

Outlawed slave trade in the District of Outlawed slave trade in the District of Columbia, Columbia, BUTBUT did not outlaw slavery did not outlaw slavery..

Congress would be prohibited from Congress would be prohibited from interfering with domestic slave trade, interfering with domestic slave trade, ANDAND would pass a new Fugitive Slave Act to help would pass a new Fugitive Slave Act to help Southerners get slaves back.Southerners get slaves back.

Chapter 10, Sec 1Chapter 10, Sec 1

3. 3. CalhounCalhoun (SC) composed a speech in (SC) composed a speech in reply to the compromise. He said that he reply to the compromise. He said that he did not think this compromise would save did not think this compromise would save the union.the union.

He said secession was the only answer.He said secession was the only answer.

4. 4. Daniel WebsterDaniel Webster (MA) responded and (MA) responded and said that the Senate should put national said that the Senate should put national unity above sectional loyalties. unity above sectional loyalties. He said He said the compromise was the only hope to save the compromise was the only hope to save the union!the union!

Chapter 10, Sec 1Chapter 10, Sec 1 B. B. THE COMPROMISE OF 1850THE COMPROMISE OF 1850 1.1. Taylor was against Clay’s bill, so it Taylor was against Clay’s bill, so it did not passdid not pass. .

2.2. Taylor died in officeTaylor died in office; ; VP FillmoreVP Fillmore took over & supported the compromise.took over & supported the compromise. 3. 3. Stephen A. DouglasStephen A. Douglas (IL) took (IL) took

over as leader of the Senate & divided the over as leader of the Senate & divided the Compromise into several small bills. By Compromise into several small bills. By fall, all of the bills passed as Clay had fall, all of the bills passed as Clay had stated them, & Pres. Fillmore signed it. stated them, & Pres. Fillmore signed it.

4.4. HOWEVER, this only HOWEVER, this only eased tensions for a few years.eased tensions for a few years.

Chapter 10, Sec 1Chapter 10, Sec 1

Compromise of 1850

CA admitted to union

as free state

TX Border disputeWith NM resolved

TX received$10 million

Slave tradeAbolished in D.C.,

But not slavery

Enforcement of New Fugitive Act

Popular Sovereignty

in Utah & NM

Chapter 10, Sec 2Chapter 10, Sec 2Mounting ViolenceMounting Violence

I. I. UNCLE TOM’S CABINUNCLE TOM’S CABIN - - by Harriet Beecher Stoweby Harriet Beecher Stowe

She evoked pity & outrage in readers. She evoked pity & outrage in readers. This book is considered one of the This book is considered one of the causes ofcauses of

The Civil War.The Civil War.

Chapter 10, Sec 2Chapter 10, Sec 2II. II. The Fugitive Slave ActThe Fugitive Slave Act of 1850 – The NY of 1850 – The NY

Independent -Independent - A. “almost no colored man is safe in our A. “almost no colored man is safe in our

streets.”streets.” A person claiming that an African American had escaped A person claiming that an African American had escaped

had only to point out that person as a runaway to take had only to point out that person as a runaway to take him or her into custody.him or her into custody.

The accused would then be brought before a federal The accused would then be brought before a federal commissioner.commissioner.

The court only needed a sworn statement or testimony of The court only needed a sworn statement or testimony of a white witness to order the person to be sent South.a white witness to order the person to be sent South.

African Americans had no right to trial & could not testify African Americans had no right to trial & could not testify in court.in court.

Commissioners got $10 to side with slaveholdersCommissioners got $10 to side with slaveholders BUT only $5 if they decided for the slave.BUT only $5 if they decided for the slave. Any Northerner could be made to catch African AmericanAny Northerner could be made to catch African American runaways.runaways.

Chapter 10, Sec 2Chapter 10, Sec 2 B. NORTHERN RESISTANCE GROWS.B. NORTHERN RESISTANCE GROWS.

1. The requirement for ordinary 1. The requirement for ordinary citizens to help capture runaways was citizens to help capture runaways was what drove many Northerners into what drove many Northerners into action.action.

2. Frederick Douglas gave 2. Frederick Douglas gave

powerful speeches that powerful speeches that stirredstirred crowds crowds. .

3. Douglas also wrote a pamphlet in 3. Douglas also wrote a pamphlet in which he said which he said “The True Remedy for the “The True Remedy for the Fugitive Slave Law—A good revolver, a Fugitive Slave Law—A good revolver, a steady hand, and a determination to steady hand, and a determination to shoot down any man attempting to shoot down any man attempting to kidnap.”kidnap.”

Chapter 10, Sec 2Chapter 10, Sec 2 C.C. The Underground RailroadThe Underground Railroad

In the 1830sIn the 1830s, system, system

that helped slaves that helped slaves

escape. Members wereescape. Members were

called “Conductors.”called “Conductors.”

They transported slavesThey transported slaves

north in secret. The mostnorth in secret. The most

famous conductor was famous conductor was

Harriet TubmanHarriet Tubman..

Chapter 10, Sec 2Chapter 10, Sec 2III.III. THE TRANSCONTINENTAL THE TRANSCONTINENTAL

RAILROADRAILROAD

Americans were convinced that a Americans were convinced that a railroad should be built to connect railroad should be built to connect the West Coast to the rest of the the West Coast to the rest of the country. Thecountry. The

new railroad would reducenew railroad would reduce

travel to travel to four daysfour days and and

provide further settlementprovide further settlement

and growth in the territoriesand growth in the territories

along the route.along the route.

Chapter 10, Sec 2Chapter 10, Sec 2 A. The A. The starting pointstarting point is an element in the is an element in the sectional conflict between the N. and S.sectional conflict between the N. and S.►Southerners preferred Southerners preferred New OrleansNew Orleans BUT that required the RR to pass throughBUT that required the RR to pass through northern Mexico.northern Mexico.►Sec. of State Jefferson DavisSec. of State Jefferson Davis (Southerner) sent James (Southerner) sent James Gadsden (SC) to buy land from Gadsden (SC) to buy land from Mexico.Mexico.►Santa Anna sold 30,000 sq mi to the U.S.Santa Anna sold 30,000 sq mi to the U.S. for $10 million – for $10 million – the GADSDEN the GADSDEN

PURCHASEPURCHASE..

Chapter 10, Sec 2Chapter 10, Sec 2THE GADSDEN PURCHASETHE GADSDEN PURCHASE

Chapter 10, Sec 2Chapter 10, Sec 2►NorthernersNortherners – Douglas was from IL and – Douglas was from IL and

wanted wanted ChicagoChicago as starting point, AND as starting point, AND he knew he needed the new territory he knew he needed the new territory west of Missouri and Iowa to be west of Missouri and Iowa to be organized. He prepared a bill to organized. He prepared a bill to organize “organize “NebraskaNebraska.”.”

The House passed it, but Southern The House passed it, but Southern senators prevented the bill from being senators prevented the bill from being passed. passed.

Chapter 10, Sec 2Chapter 10, Sec 2IV. IV. The KANSAS-NEBRASKA ACTThe KANSAS-NEBRASKA ACT

A. A. TWO NEW TERRITORIESTWO NEW TERRITORIES

Douglas now proceeded to Douglas now proceeded to propose to undo the Missouri propose to undo the Missouri Compromise and allow slavery.Compromise and allow slavery.

He proposed Nebraska to be a He proposed Nebraska to be a Northern free state and Kansas a Northern free state and Kansas a Southern slave state. Even thoughSouthern slave state. Even though

Northerners were upset, the bill Northerners were upset, the bill passed in May 1854.passed in May 1854.

Chapter 10, Sec 2Chapter 10, Sec 2

B. B. BLEEDING KANSASBLEEDING KANSAS 1. Kansas was the 1. Kansas was the firstfirst battleground over the battleground over the extension of slavery. extension of slavery.

2. 1855 – armed Missourians2. 1855 – armed Missourians called “called “border ruffiansborder ruffians” stormed” stormed into Kansas & voted illegally to help into Kansas & voted illegally to help

elect a pro-slavery legislature. elect a pro-slavery legislature. 3. Antislavery settlers held a 3. Antislavery settlers held a

convention & drafted their own convention & drafted their own constitution. constitution.

4. By 1856, Kansas had 4. By 1856, Kansas had twotwo governments.governments.