Unit 4:Rome

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“When in Rome, do as the Romans do.”

When: 387 A.D.

Story behind It: When St. Augustine arrived in Milan, he observed that the Church did not fast on Saturday as did the Church at Rome. He consulted St. Ambrose, bishop of Milan, who replied: "When I am at Rome, I fast on a Saturday; when I am at Milan, I do not. Follow the custom of the Church where you are.”

The comment was changed to "When they are at Rome, they do there as they see done" by Robert Burton in his Anatomy of Melancholy.

Eventually it became "When in Rome, do as the Romans do."

Geography

Built on the 7 rolling hills

Located near the center of the Italian peninsula

Peninsula is located in the Mediterranean Sea Ideal location for trade

Area had very good soil

Italy

Rome

Few natural barriers

Helped unite the people The Apennine mountains run down

the center of the peninsula and the Alps are located to the north

Neither mountain range prevented invasion or migration

First Inhabitants of Rome

Rome was founded circa 750 BC on seven hills overlooking the Tiber River

Legend states that Rome was founded by the twins Romulus and Remus

The people that originally occupied the area were the Etruscans Flourished

from 900 BC- 509 BC

Driven out by the Latins

Rise of the Roman Republic

509 BC -27 BC

The Romans established a new form of government called a Republic

Officials are chosen by the people (Roman Citizens)

Roman government under the republic can be seen as combining monarchial, aristocratic, and democratic types of government

Two Major Social Classes

Patricians Land owning upper class

Able to hold political office

Able to become senator, judge, consul

Plebeians Farmers, merchants,

artisans, and traders

Majority of the population but possessed little power

Able to vote, but not hold office

Social Classes

Roman CitizensAble to vote

Required to pay taxesUnable to marry outside class

Roman Republic

Senate Aristocratic portion

Most powerful governing body in Rome

300 members chosen from the upper class

(only much later would plebeians be represented)

Influenced foreign and domestic policies

Tribunes Democratic

portion

Plebeian formed assemblies run by all plebeians

Protected the rights of the plebeians from unfair acts of patrician officials

Gaius Gracchus, tribune of the people, presiding over the Plebeian

Council

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Consuls Monarchial portion

Elected by the senate, 2 in total

One looked after the business of government while the other commanded the armies

Had 1 year terms and were not eligible for reelection for 10 years

Dictator Appointed by

Consuls

Elected by senate

Assumed position during times of emergency only

Was only allowed to serve for 6 months

Twelve Tables (451 BC)

Became the basis for Roman

Law Established the

ideas that all free citizens

had a right to the protection

of the law

Punic WarsSeries of 3 wars fought

between Rome and Carthage

1st Punic War (264 BC- 241 BC)• Romans

defeat Carthage

• Gain control of Sicily and the western Mediterranean

2nd Punic War(218 BC- 202 BC)

• Carthage general Hannibal takes large army through Spain, across France, and through the Alps

• Hannibal dominates until Romans attack Carthage, and force Hannibal to return home

• Rome wins

3rd Punic War(149 BC- 146 BC)• Romans laid

siege to Carthage

• Fields of Carthage are salted = inability to grow crops = forced servitude to Rome

Hannibal’s Attack

RISE and fall of the Roman Republic

By 246 BC Rome had conquered all of Italy and the following surrounding areas;

Carthage Macedonia Greece Egypt And areas of Asia Minor

Rome has taken over many areas of the empire of Alexander the Great

Reasons for Rome’s success

Very powerful military- the Roman legions

Strong and efficient government

Proper treatment of conquered people

Fall of the Republic

The major expansion created a large economic gap between the rich and poor.

It also led to government corruption

Several attempts of reform led to civil war

The First Triumvirate Powerful military leaders

and officials established power during the civil wars

The First Triumvirate consisted of

Julius Caesar Pompey Crassus

Julius Caesar was the most charismatic and came to power in 48 BC

Julius Caesar

Made several new conquests of other areas around the Mediterranean Sea

Reforms

Public works to provide jobs for the unemployed

Granted citizenship to people in the properties

Increased pay for soldiers

On March 15,th 44BC Julius Caesar was assassinated

This day is referred to as the Ides of March

Led to the rise of the Roman Empire