Unit 4 – Modern America Emerges

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Unit 4 – Modern America Emerges Chapters 9 - 11

Transcript of Unit 4 – Modern America Emerges

Page 1: Unit 4 – Modern America Emerges

Unit 4 – Modern America Emerges

Chapters 9 - 11

Page 2: Unit 4 – Modern America Emerges

The Origins of Progressivism• Reform movement aimed at restoring

economic opportunities & correcting the injustices of American Society– Protecting Social Welfare:

• Efforts to bring opportunity, dignity to lives of the industrial poor (soup kitchens, YMCAs)

– Promoting Moral Improvement:• Efforts to improve the behaviors of the poor;

including prohibition (WCTU, Carrie A. Nation)

– Creating Economic Reform:• Efforts to restore competition to marketplace,

improve working conditions, ban child labor

– Fostering Efficiency• Scientific management studies targeted long

shifts, work-related accidents; taken the extreme: assembly line production (Henry Ford)

– Cleaning up Government• Local gov’t: City Commission & City Managers• Reform-minded mayors and governors• Initiatives, referendums, recalls empower voters• 17th Amendment: Direct election of Senators

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Women in Public Life• History of Women’s Rights in America

– Women in many states quickly lose voting rights following American Revolution

– Seneca Falls Convention, 1848: 100+ delegates sign “Declaration of Sentiments & Resolutions”• Modeled after Declaration of Independence: “All

men and women” created equal, all have rights

– Women Lead Progressive Reforms• Political reform difficult for women (why?)• Colleges increase educational opportunities

• Women’s Suffrage Movement– Forms after passage of 14th & 15th Amendments– 1869: Anthony & Stanton form NWSA, NAWSA– Strong Opposition to women’s voting rights

• Liquor industry feared temperance, prohibition• Industry feared legislation banning child labor

– A Three-Part Suffrage Strategy• Convince state legislatures to grant voting rights• Pursue court cases to test the 14th Amendment• Push for Constitutional Amendment for women

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Roosevelt’s Square Deal• Theodore Roosevelt becomes President at

age 42 after McKinley’s assassination– Famous leadership in Spanish-American War– Federal responsibility for national welfare

• Roosevelt’s Progressive “Square Deal”– Use of Federal Power in behalf of the people

• Trust-Busting: target those harmful to public• Intervenes in Coal Strike of 1902 (precedent)• Able to establish real regulation of railroads

– Public Health Measures• Sinclair’s Jungle leads to Meat Inspection Act• Pure Food & Drug Act creates truth in labeling

– Natural Resources and Conservation• John Muir: preservation vs. conservation• Creation of Nat’l Parks, Federal projects in West

• Roosevelt and Civil Rights– “Progressive” fails to support Civil Rights– Black leadership split of segregation policies

• Booker T. Washington’s Tuskegee Institute vs. W.E.B. Du Bois’ Souls of Black Folk, NAACP

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Imperialism and America• Spirit of Empire-Building

– Expansion a theme of American history– European Powers race for Africa, Asia– Get involved in imperialism or get left behind

• Desire for military strength (naval bases, fleets)• Thirst for new markets (overproduction in US)• Belief in cultural superiority (Social Darwinism)

• “Seward’s Folly”: The U.S. Buys Alaska– Lincoln’s Sec. of State negotiates purchase from

Russia for 7.2 million in 1867 ($.02/acre)• Abundant timber, minerals, eventually oil

• The United States takes Hawaii– Important stop on trans-Pacific voyages– 1820s: Americans establish sugar plantations

• Imported laborers from all over Asia• Could import sugar to U.S. duty-free (no tax)• 1890: Facing taxes, planters call for annexation

– Planters and marines lead “revolution” to replace Queen Liliuokalani with Sanford Dole• Cleveland opposes, McKinley approves in 1898

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The Spanish-American War• 1895: Cuba fights Spain for independence

– Big Business backs Spain, public pulls for Cuba– Spanish Gen. Wyler herds Cubans into camps

• War Fever Fueled by “Yellow Journalism”– Sensationalized reports published to sell papers– “You furnish the pictures…I’ll furnish the war”– DeLome Letter: stolen note insults US President – U.S.S. Maine in Havana to recover US citizens

• Ship explodes, 260 men killed, cause unknown

• 1898: U.S. Declares War with Spain– Spain agrees to all demands, but US wants war– US destroys Spanish presence in Philippines

• Philippine forces aid US effort to remove Spanish

– Ill-prepared US troops invade, take Cuba• Spanish fleet sunk trying to escape blockade

• Treaty of Paris Sparks Imperialism Debate– Cuba “free”, US claims Guam and Puerto Rico– McKinley’s annexation of Philippines draws

public criticism from many American leaders

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America as a World Power• Managing New Territorial Possessions

– Puerto Ricans become US citizens– US Military continues to occupy Cuba

• Platt Amendment s make Cuba a protectorate

– Filipinos repel against US annexation, fail

• Growing Interest and Influence in China– China weakened by war and foreign influence– Hay pens Open Door Notes, setting free trade

• Boxers lead rebellion against “foreign devils”• Uprising stopped by int’l coalition of forces

• U.S. aides Panamanian independence, begins work on Panama Canal– Creates a short-cut between Atlantic & Pacific– Work begins in 1904, canal opens in 1914

• Roosevelt Corollary to Monroe Doctrine– Roosevelt: “Speak softly and carry a big stick”– Disorder in Latin America might “force the U.S.

to exercise international police power”• US will intervene to protect economic interests

“A fair field and no favor!”

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America Joins the Great War• President Wilson Seeks War Neutrality

– WWI seems an issue between Europeans– Atlantic Ocean buffers US from conflict– US industry can profit from war production

• Trade Causes US entanglements in WWI– US exports to Britain double than to Germany

• Allied orders flood American industry– British blockade of Germany limits US trade

• The War Hits Home– German U-Boats sink British, American ships– Unrestricted Sub Warfare forces Wilson’s

hand– Zimmerman Note further provokes US pride– Fall of Russian Czar allows US to join Allies

• America Turns the Tide (1917-1918)– Convoy System overcomes German U-Boats– Pershing’s “doughboys” uplift Allied trenches

• Allies victorious at Second Battle of Marne• German retreat, mutiny leads to Armistice

– Congress refuses to ratify Treaty of Versailles

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The War at Home• Scale of WWI = Expanding Role of

Gov’t– Entire economy had to focus on war effort– Congress gives Wilson direct economic

control• War Industries Board improves production

20%

– Selective Service Act institutes the “draft”

• Selling the War– U.S. spends $35.5 billion on war effort– Paid off through taxes, war bonds–  Committee on Public Information

•  Gov’t propaganda to popularize war•  Posters, speakers, pamphlets shape opinion

• Wartime Attacks on Civil Liberties–  Anti-German hysteria across the country–  Espionage and Sedition Acts curbs free

speech•     Targeted socialists & labor leaders

• War Encourages Social Change– Du Bois encourages blacks to support war– Great Migration: blacks move North to

escape discrimination & lynching, find work

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Wilson’s “New Freedom”• A Focus on Financial Reforms

– Clayton Antitrust Act outlaws monopolies– Legalized labor unions, strikes, pickets– Federal Trade Commission police unfair

business practices– 16th Amendment creates federal income tax– Federal Reserve System regulates nation’s

banks

• Women Win Suffrage– Catt, Paul, others revitalize campaign– Conservative, radical strategies – Women’s role in war effort aid suffrage cause– 1920: 19th Amend. grants women right to vote

• Wilson and Civil Rights– Born in South, gains political status in North– Campaigns on equality platform

• Fails to act on civic rights while in office

– Appoints many fellow Southerners to cabinet• Segregates most federal government buildings• Views lynching as an issue for states to tackle