Unit 4

Economic GeographyEconomy-consists of the production and

exchange of goods and services.Economic system-is the way people produce and

exchange goods and services.Traditional economy (barter)-goods and services

are traded without money.Command economy (planned)-production of

goods and services are determined by the central government.

Market economy (capitalism)-production is determined by demand.

Mixed economy-a combination of command and market economy.

Farming TodayHalf of the world’s people make their living

through agriculture.

• Traditional farming or subsistence farming- growing only enough food for your family

• Commercial farming- raising farm products to sell

• fertilizers and pesticides have helped produce large quantities of food.

IndustrySmall industry (cottage industry) often

involve a family of craft persons who produce goods to be sold locally.

Commercial industry designed to meet the needs of people over a large area.

Changes in Energy resources over time Kerosene

Lamp oil

Wood

Wood Deforestation

Coal Pollution Mining issues such as labor unions and mine

safety Competition with oil and gas.

Petroleum Transportation Environmental considerations

Nuclear Contamination Waste

Solar, Wind Cost Aesthetics

Natural Resources Soil, Water, Forests

Renewable

Fossil Fuels (oil, coal, natural gasMetals (gold, iron copper, bauxite)

Nonrenewable

Human Resources What is an example of a human resource?

Teachers Workers

Level of education Skilled or unskilled laborers Entrepreneurial and managerial abilities

Capital ResourcesAre goods produced and used to make other

goods and services.

Availability of money for investmentAvailability and use of tools, machines, and

technologyLevel of Infrastructure

Economic support systemsInfrastructure-consists of basic support systems

needed to keep the economy going: power, communications, transportation, water, sanitation and education.

Levels of Economic ActivityPrimary – dealing directly with resources

(fishing, farming, forestry, mining)

Secondary - Manufacturing and processing (steel Mils, automobile assembly, sawmills)

Tertiary – Services (transportation, retail trade, information technology services)

Lets follow one product through the different levels of

economic activity

We will focus on Fish.

Unequal Distribution of ResourcesInterdependence of Nations - Trading in

goods, services, and capital resources

The United States – would trade (Coal wheat and corn)

Uneven Economic Development

Not all Countries are developed and require the same resources

Imperialism Imperialism: Gaining control over nations in

order to gain their resources

Great Britain – Claimed the new world (America)

Conflict over control of resourcesIraq and Kuwait

Conflict over what natural resource?

Oil

Proximity of Economic Activity to Natural Resources

Steel manufacturing – Pittsburgh

Coal – In our area

Fishing Industry – Ocean

Non-Proximity of Economic Activity and Natural Resources

Japan – Is a major manufacturer but has limited resources.

UAE (United Arab Emirates) – Little industry but abundant oil.

Resource Use and Culture The Culture of an area dictates how resources

are used.

Example: Cows in India

Social and Economic Priorities What is a priority?

Economic Development Priorities Example

Brazil - The rain forest is being deforested in order for more cattle farming.

This gives people jobs cutting down trees

Environmental Conservation Priorities

This means maintaining the environment

Alaska - Saving the land. Parts where a lot of oil can be tapped into is untouched.

Trans-Alaskan Pipeline

Priorities of Indigenous MinoritiesIndigenous - are people or ethnic groups who

are native to a land or region.

People who are indigenous to a region might use different resources because of their beliefs.

Resource Use and Technologies Automobile

Demand for resources to produce automobiles. Metal Glass

Examples Steam Engine

Coal

Internal Combustion Engine Demand for Gasoline

What is another name for gasoline? Petroleum

Computer Chips Demand for Skilled Labor

Cost and Benefits of Resource Use Cost - Negative

Benefit - Positive

CostResource Depletion – If you use all of a

nonrenewable resource there will be no more resources to replace it.

Environmental Degradation - 1. Pollution (Oil) 2. Strip mining 3. Nuclear

meltdown

Health Problems – Black Lung DiseaseHow do you get black lung?

BenefitsProduction of goods and services

Coal used for Electricity.

Employment opportunitiesJobs created by using resources.

Development of technologyWe can become more advanced in society.

Levels of Economic Development Differences in developed and developing

nations:

Access to natural resources Access to capital resources (investment in

infrastructure)Numbers and skills of human resources Levels of economic activityStandards of living and quality of life Relationship between economic development

and quality of life.

Levels of Economic Development

A countries level of economic development is measured by the following indicators Urban – Rural ratio Labor Force characteristics (primary,

secondary, tertiary)Gross Domestic Product (GDP)Educational Achievement

Measuring Economic DevelopementPer capita income- average amount of money

earned by each person in a political group.Gross National Product-total value of all

goods and services produced by a country over a time period.

Gross Domestic Product-all goods and services produced in a country.

Developed or developing

Factors that Influence Economic Activity Access to Human, Natural, and Capital

Resources.

Skills of the workforce New technologies Transportation and Communication networksInvestment Capital

Location and Ability to Exchange Goods

Landlocked Countries

Coastal and Island Countries

Proximity to shipping lanes

Access to communication networks

Comparative AdvantageA country will produce and export goods and

services that they can produce at a lower cost.

International Trade Japan – Highly industrialized limited resources.

Russia - Numerous resources, many are not profitable to develop.

United States - Diversified economy, abundant natural resources.

Cote d’Ivorie – (Ivory Coast) Limited natural resources; cash crops exchanged for manufactured goods.

Switzerland - Limited natural resources, but have production of services on a global scale.

How trade has changedTechnology

Federal ExpressUnited Parcel Service U. S. Postal Service

Economic Unions EU

European Union

NAFTANorth American Free Trade Agreement

ASEANAssociation of Southeast Asian Nations

OPECOrganization of Petroleum Exporting Countries