Unit 3 Word Formation: compounding
-
Upload
tamanna-darshan -
Category
Documents
-
view
99 -
download
8
description
Transcript of Unit 3 Word Formation: compounding
![Page 1: Unit 3 Word Formation: compounding](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022031715/56812bd4550346895d903d3b/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Unit 3
Word Formation: compounding
![Page 2: Unit 3 Word Formation: compounding](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022031715/56812bd4550346895d903d3b/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Compounding is a process of word formation by which two independent words are put together to make one word. The word formed in this way is called compound
![Page 3: Unit 3 Word Formation: compounding](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022031715/56812bd4550346895d903d3b/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
A. According to orthographic criterion, compounds are written in three ways:
1) solid, such as bedtime
2)hyphenated, such as above-mentioned
3) open, such as reading material
![Page 4: Unit 3 Word Formation: compounding](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022031715/56812bd4550346895d903d3b/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Phonologically, compounds can often be identified as having a main stress on the first element and a secondary stress on the second element.
`old /friends
`new /friends
`pure /scientists
![Page 5: Unit 3 Word Formation: compounding](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022031715/56812bd4550346895d903d3b/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Semantically, compounds can often be identified as “ having a meaning which may be related to but can not simply be inferred from the meaning of its parts.
A darkroom is not just a room that is dark, rather a room used for photographic processing.
![Page 6: Unit 3 Word Formation: compounding](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022031715/56812bd4550346895d903d3b/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
1.
Noun Compounds
![Page 7: Unit 3 Word Formation: compounding](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022031715/56812bd4550346895d903d3b/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
In politics:
a hot line: a telephone line for swift communication in emergencies between Moscow and Washington.
(热线 )
![Page 8: Unit 3 Word Formation: compounding](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022031715/56812bd4550346895d903d3b/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
hard-liner: a person following an
uncompromising or extreme policy
![Page 9: Unit 3 Word Formation: compounding](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022031715/56812bd4550346895d903d3b/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
In economics:
unit pricing: the pricing of a commodity expressed per unit of weight, volume,etc. ( 单价与兑价分标法 )
siege economics: extremely strict economical measures (极其严格的节约措施 )
![Page 10: Unit 3 Word Formation: compounding](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022031715/56812bd4550346895d903d3b/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
In military fields:
cruise missile: a low-flying subsonic guided missile ( 巡航导弹 )
laser bomb: bomb guided by laser 激光导弹
fox-bat (狐蝠式战斗机 )
![Page 11: Unit 3 Word Formation: compounding](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022031715/56812bd4550346895d903d3b/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
In science and technology:
black hole: a hypothetical celestial region formed from a collapsed star. (黑洞 )
![Page 12: Unit 3 Word Formation: compounding](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022031715/56812bd4550346895d903d3b/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
biological clock: inherent mechanism that regulates cyclic physiological process in a living organism.(生物钟 )
strobe light: higher intensity flashing light频闪放电管
![Page 13: Unit 3 Word Formation: compounding](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022031715/56812bd4550346895d903d3b/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
In social life:
identity crisis: a state of psychological confusion in one's personality.个性危机
group therapy: the treatment of a group of patients in regular sessions where problems are shared in group discussion:
小组疗法
![Page 14: Unit 3 Word Formation: compounding](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022031715/56812bd4550346895d903d3b/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
encounter group: a group of people who meet to develop understanding of others by honest exchange of feelings, opinions, etc.交朋友小组
![Page 15: Unit 3 Word Formation: compounding](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022031715/56812bd4550346895d903d3b/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
shield law: a law that pretexts journalists from forced disclosure of confidential news sources.新闻来源保障法
answering service: a commercial service that answers telephone calls for its clients.营利性的代客接听电话的服务处
![Page 16: Unit 3 Word Formation: compounding](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022031715/56812bd4550346895d903d3b/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
demand scheduling: flight scheduling on the part an airline according to the specific demand of a passenger.按乘客要求安排航空旅行日程 .
silence vow: a vow to keep silence about something secret保守秘密誓词
![Page 17: Unit 3 Word Formation: compounding](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022031715/56812bd4550346895d903d3b/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
heartbeat: The heart beats. revolving door: the door that revolves
The analysis of the noun compound structures:
1. subject + predicate:
![Page 18: Unit 3 Word Formation: compounding](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022031715/56812bd4550346895d903d3b/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
2. predicate + object: pickpocket: to pick the pocket housekeeping: to keep the house
![Page 19: Unit 3 Word Formation: compounding](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022031715/56812bd4550346895d903d3b/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
3. Verb + adverbial: There are five kinds in this type:
a) a prepositional phrase used as an adverbial
![Page 20: Unit 3 Word Formation: compounding](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022031715/56812bd4550346895d903d3b/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
(a)The adverbial relation of place:
diving board: diving from the board
living room: live in a room
waiting room: wait in a room
(b)The instrumental relation of an adverbial:
sewing machine: sew with a machine
walking stick: walk with a machine
![Page 21: Unit 3 Word Formation: compounding](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022031715/56812bd4550346895d903d3b/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
参见 258
![Page 22: Unit 3 Word Formation: compounding](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022031715/56812bd4550346895d903d3b/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
4. subject + object:
steamboat: The steam powers the boat.
honey bee: The bee produces honey
![Page 23: Unit 3 Word Formation: compounding](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022031715/56812bd4550346895d903d3b/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
5. appositive:
a peasant girl: a girl who is a peasant
![Page 24: Unit 3 Word Formation: compounding](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022031715/56812bd4550346895d903d3b/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
a: an off-the-cuff opinion 临时想起的意见b: round-the-clock discussion 连续 24 小时的讨论会c: on-the-spot observation
2. Compound Adjectives:
1) the compound adjectives coming from adverbials:
![Page 25: Unit 3 Word Formation: compounding](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022031715/56812bd4550346895d903d3b/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
d: the ahead-of-schedule general election 提前举行的大选e: an off-camera announcer 影屏外的播音员f: the first on-scene attempt to detect life on Mars 实景考察
![Page 26: Unit 3 Word Formation: compounding](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022031715/56812bd4550346895d903d3b/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
a: a back-up generator 备用发电机b: a stand-up collar 竖领c: a walk-in closet 人可以走进去的大壁橱d: a see-through shirt 透明的衬衫
2) the compound adjectives coming from the phrasal verbs:
![Page 27: Unit 3 Word Formation: compounding](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022031715/56812bd4550346895d903d3b/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
3) the compound adjectives coming from infinitive phrases:
a: take-home payb: a cross-border raidc: a keep-fit class (保健班)
![Page 28: Unit 3 Word Formation: compounding](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022031715/56812bd4550346895d903d3b/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
a: an easy-to-paint portrait
b: a difficult-to-operate machine
c: hard-to-get-at volumes
4) compound adjectives coming from the compressed attributive clauses:
![Page 29: Unit 3 Word Formation: compounding](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022031715/56812bd4550346895d903d3b/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
d: a can't-be-put-down book
e: a never-to-be-forgotten event
f: his higher-than-average wages
![Page 30: Unit 3 Word Formation: compounding](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022031715/56812bd4550346895d903d3b/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
The women have outgrown the jumping-onto-the-chair-at -the-sight-of -a-mouse era.
![Page 31: Unit 3 Word Formation: compounding](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022031715/56812bd4550346895d903d3b/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
1) The common way to form a �compound verb is by means of back -formation. The back-formation is a process of word formation by which a word is �created by dropping the supposed or imagined affixes:
3: Compound Verbs:
![Page 32: Unit 3 Word Formation: compounding](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022031715/56812bd4550346895d903d3b/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
d: air-condition: from air-conditioning
a: mass-produce: from mass production
b: window-dress: from window-dressing 布置橱窗
c: proof-read: from proof-reader
![Page 33: Unit 3 Word Formation: compounding](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022031715/56812bd4550346895d903d3b/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
e: edit: from editor
f: automate; automation
g: gloom: from goomy
h: greed: from greedy
I: to window-shop: from window-shopping: look at displays of goods in store windows without entering the stores to buy anything.
![Page 34: Unit 3 Word Formation: compounding](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022031715/56812bd4550346895d903d3b/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
j: baby-sit: from baby-sitting: care for children, usually during a short absence of the parents.
![Page 35: Unit 3 Word Formation: compounding](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022031715/56812bd4550346895d903d3b/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
2) A compound verb can also be formed by means of analogy:
a: chain-drink: from chain-smoke
![Page 36: Unit 3 Word Formation: compounding](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022031715/56812bd4550346895d903d3b/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
b: bottle-feed: feed from a bottle. from breast-feed: � �feed from a �mother's breast
![Page 37: Unit 3 Word Formation: compounding](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022031715/56812bd4550346895d903d3b/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
From the stylistic point of view:
1. usu. used as colloquialisms:
e.g. a: Don't nit-pick with me. ( find fault with me )
b: He sweet-talked her into not being so sore. ( coax by flattery )
![Page 38: Unit 3 Word Formation: compounding](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022031715/56812bd4550346895d903d3b/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
2. usu. used in news reports:
e.g. After leaving Washington he job-hopped, serving briefly as operating vice-president of the bank.
(job-hop: change jobs frequently)
![Page 39: Unit 3 Word Formation: compounding](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022031715/56812bd4550346895d903d3b/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
hand-wash: to wash by hand
cold rinse: to rinse in the cold water
3. in advertisements:
warm iron: to iron with moderate heat
![Page 40: Unit 3 Word Formation: compounding](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022031715/56812bd4550346895d903d3b/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
Line dry (一晾就干)
drip-dry (滴干;易快速晾干)
![Page 41: Unit 3 Word Formation: compounding](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022031715/56812bd4550346895d903d3b/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
e.g. Leave all that out and remember only that Hugh Hefiner is a man who chain-drinks Pepsis.
From the viewpoint of communicative function and communicative value:
1) humorous:
![Page 42: Unit 3 Word Formation: compounding](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022031715/56812bd4550346895d903d3b/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
2) terse:
a: Cans are flash-cooked for six seconds rather than sterilised for 60 �minutes. ( flash-cook: to cook by a very short exposure to intense heat )
b: So far I have press-shown 18 films. ( press-show: show to the press before public presentation )
![Page 43: Unit 3 Word Formation: compounding](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022031715/56812bd4550346895d903d3b/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
e.g. He announced a series of surprise summit meetings that will have him jet-hopping from island to island.
( jet-hop: travel from place to place by jetcraft )
3) vivid and impressive