UNIT 3: Waste Management 4/26/07 Groundwater pollution and treatment Solid waste disposal.
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Transcript of UNIT 3: Waste Management 4/26/07 Groundwater pollution and treatment Solid waste disposal.
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UNIT 3:Waste Management
4/26/07
Groundwater pollution and treatment
Solid waste disposal
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Groundwater Pollution and Treatment
•Saltwater intrusion More than half of the world’s population lives in or
near the coastal zones GW pollution from saltwater intrusion is not a
local isolated problem Causes major water supply problems in NY, FL, CA Case History: Long Island
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What is MTBE?(methyl tertiary butyl ether)
• A gas additive contaminating drinking water
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History of MTBE?
• 1970 MTBE replaced lead in gasoline
• Clean Air Act of 1990 mandated MTBE in gas
• 4.5 billion gallons of MTBE have been used each year
• Discovered health risks in 1997
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Health Risks of MTBE
• Dizziness
• Rashes
• Swelling
• Respiratory problems
• Diarrhea
• Caused cancer in research rats and mice
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What are the concerns with MTBE?
• Soluble in water
• Degrades slowly
• Does not readily bind to soil particles
• Resists natural degradation
• travels quick and easy through ground water
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Concentration of MTBE?
• For every 10 gallons of gas there is 1 gallon of MTBE
• 1 cup of MTBE contaminate a reservoir 360ft wide, 15ft deep holding 5 million gallons of water
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GW Treatment
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Methods of solid waste disposal
• On site disposal– Garbage disposals, small-scale incineration– Composting– Incineration– Open dumps– Sanitary landfills
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Figure 12.2
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Composition of Urban Solid Waste (by wt.) (Table 12.1)
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
PaperHardwastePlasticsMetals
Food Glass Wood Other
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Open Dumps
• Oldest, most commonly used
• No safety
• Breeding grounds for pests
• Phased out in U.S.
• Continued use in Third World Countries
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Modern Waste Management:
• 1/2 the U.S. cities are running out of landfill space• Industrialization and Urbanization• New and innovative programs are the only
solution• costly
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Modern Trends: Integrated Waste Management
• Many modern methods involve moving waste from site to site, not disposing of it.– Disposal sites can produce significant air
pollution
• IWM emerged in the 80’s: management alternatives.
• IWM needs to be rethought to include materials management
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Materials Management
• Part of Integrated Waste Management
• Their goal is zero production of waste• Incentives toward sustainability
• Removal of subsidies
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Sanitary Landfill
• Refuse is deposited, compacted, and covered
• Potential hazards:– Leachate: mineralized liquid
• Concentration of pollutants much higher than raw sewage or slaughterhouse waste
– Methane gas• May be trapped and used for energy generation
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“State of the art” landfill with a double liner of clay and plastic, a leachate collection system, and groundwater and vadose zone monitoring wells (Fig. 12.5)
Map view Cross section
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Site selection for sanitary landfills
• Avoid:– siteing over aquifers– swampy areas– Floodplains– High water table
• Seek:– Siting over rocks of low hydraulic conductivity (clays & silts)– Flat areas
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Monitoring sanitary landfills
• Monitoring wells to monitor groundwater
• Monitoring wells to monitor vadose zone
• Test soils– Gases– Heavy metals
• Test crops and plants in the disposal area
• Test surface water runoff
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San Diego Landfills& issues
Miramar Landfillhttp://www.sandiego.gov/environmental-services/ems/index.shtml
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Hazardous Chemical and Hazardous Chemical and Radioactive Waste Radioactive Waste
ManagementManagement
Don’t put down the drain or
in the landfill
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Radioactive waste
• Differ from other hazardous chemical wastes– Half life:
• Uranium-238: T1/2 : 4.5 billion yrs
• Plutonium-239: T1/2 : 24,000 yrs.
• Strontium-90: T1/2 : 29 yrs
• Iodine-131: T1/2 : 8 days
– Type of radiation emitted
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Classification of Radioactive Wastes
• Low level– Over 90%
– States dispose of their own
• High level– Spent reactor fuel rods
– Currently contained in temporary disposal sites
– 1985: EPA specified that they should be disposed so they cause fewer than 1000 deaths in 10,000 years
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How Much Nuclear Waste is in the United States?
49,000 metric tons of spent nuclear fuel from nuclear reactors.
22,000 canisters of solid defense-related radioactive waste
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Where is radioactive waste kept
• temporary facilities at some 125 sites in 39 states.
• more than 161 million people reside within 75 miles of temporarily stored
nuclear waste.
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Treating radioactive waste
• 1. Leaving it where it is• 2. Disposing of it in various ways
◦ Sub-seabed disposal◦Very deep-hole disposal◦ Space disposal◦ Ice-sheet disposal◦ Island geologic disposal◦ Deep-well injection disposal
• 3. Making it safer through advanced technologies
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Nuclear Waste Policy Act (1982)
• established a comprehensive national program for the safe, permanent disposal of highly radioactive waste
• directed the U.S. Department of Energy to study suitable sites for a geologic repository
• the Nuclear Regulatory Commission & the Department of Energy is to build and operate it– in 2002, Congress and the President approved the development of
a geologic repository at Yucca Mountain, Nevada.
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Selecting a site for permanent high-level radioactive disposal:
• Issues:– Sites with LONG TERM geologic stability– Social/Political issues– Arid climate– Low regional water table– Low population density– Appropriate rock and geologic structure– Engineering technology for containment
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Two sites were in development in U.S.
• Waste Isolation Pilot Plant (WIPP)– Carlsbad, New Mexico– Store waste drums in rooms in underground salt
deposit
• Yucca Mountain, Nevada***– 1987: Congress designated as the only site for
study– Storage in volcanic tuff
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Yucca Mountain Projecthttp://www.ocrwm.doe.gov/ymp/index.shtml
• Over 20 years of study
• 4 billion dollars
• February 15, 2002: President Bush recommended to congress the issuance of a construction permit for the site
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Most Popular Reasons To Oppose Yucca Mountain Project
• 1. Accomplishes No Reasonable Objective.– Not enough space to store all of the waste
• 2. Provides Minimal Protection. – The casks provide the protection. So why Yuca Mtn?
• 3. Creates More Nuclear Waste.– Facilities have a storage limit. By decreasing the
storage on-site, additional waste will be generated.
• 4. Adverse Effects on Future Generations. – Average half life of over 200,000 years.
• 5. Earthquake Danger. – Third most seismically active area in US.
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Opposition to Yucca Mnt. (Cont.)
• 6. Fifty Million People Endangered.– Routes will move through 734 counties across the
United States. The high-level radioactive waste contained in the casks will endanger 50 million innocent people who live within 3 miles of the proposed shipment routes.
• 7. Terrorist Attacks. • 8. Costly Accidents and Limited Liability.
– For each spill that may occur (one out of every 300 shipments is expected to have an accident) the cost of the clean-up is estimated conservatively at $6 billion dollars. Paid by taxpayer money.
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Continued
• 9. Adverse Impact on Water Sources. – Yucca Mountain sits above the only source of drinking
water for the residents of Amargosa Valley.
• 10. Violates Treaties. – Yucca Mountain is located on Native American land,
belonging to the Western Shoshone by the treaty of Ruby Valley. The Western Shoshone National Council has declared this land a nuclear free zone and demanded an end to nuclear testing and the dumping of nuclear wastes on their land.
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Alternate Disposal Methods
• MOX fuel burning – mixing plutonium with uranium. Burns up the plutonium by nuclear fission
• Vitrification – borosilicate glass logs buried in deep (over 3km) boreholes
• Subductive Waste Disposal