Unit 3 R. Design
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Transcript of Unit 3 R. Design
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Research Methods
Unit III
Research Design
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Research Methodology
Research Design General plan of the way in which RQ will be
answered
Contains clear objectives derived from RQ: Purpose of the research
Specifies research methodologies sources ofdata research instruments sampling plan and
contact methods!
"ime hori#ons
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Research Methodology
Research Design Valid reasons for a research design
must be stated and must beconsistent with RQ and objectives. $o research is inherently superior to the
other or is mutually e%clusive!
Research design can have more thanone purpose!
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Research Methodology
Research DesignResearch Methodology- &ecide on the typeof research that will wor' better for the
purpose of the project: To explain To predict To monitor
To discover To test hypothesis Provide information being sought
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Research Methodology
Research Design
Data ollection ( )aying out a plan to
collect the information with theresearch method selected!
Acquiring pre-existing research
Undertaking new research
i. Quantitative
ii. Qualitative
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Research Methodology
!tudy Design1. Quantitative – collection of data that
generates or uses numerical data
research that *uantifies the data andgeneralises the results from the samplepopulation!
a+ ,%perimental and Quasi e%perimentalb+ Causal comparativec+ &escriptive: cross(sectional -
longitudinald+ Correlational and predictive
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Research Methodology
!tudy Design". Qualitative # an approach to data
collection that involves in(depth
investigation! &ata relevant to a topic is collected and
grouped into meaningful categories!a. thnography
b. !ase studyc. "rounded Theory d. Phenomenology
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Research Methodology
!tudy Design
Deductive $%%roach- a cleartheoretical position is developed prior tothe collection of data!
Inductive $%%roach # developingtheory after the data has been collected!
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Research Methodology
!tudy Design
&heory # .a formulation regarding thecause and effect between two or more
variables which may or may not havebeen tested/ 0Gill - 1ohnson 2332:224+!
"heory should inform more that just yourresearch design should also inform your
research objective and *uestions! "heory serves as an e%isting framewor'
to ma'e order5sense of the comple%ity!
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Research Methodology
Research Design
Quantitative
7s'ing a specific narrow *uestion andcollecting numerical data from participants toanswer the *uestion!
"he researcher analy#es the data with thehelp of statistics! "he researcher is hopingthe numbers will yield an unbiased result thatcan be generali#ed to some larger population
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Research Methodology
Quan. !tudy Design
1. Exploratory Research # purpose is toreach a better understanding of aproblem.
8hen there is little understanding of atopic and it is impossible to formulate
hypotheses without some research e!g!literature review impersonal interviewswith researchers population etc !
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Research Methodology
Quan. !tudy Design
2. Experimental Research - commonly usedin sciences such as sociology and
psychology physics chemistry biologyand medicine etc!
Research design which use manipulationand controlled testing to understand causal
processes! Generally one or morevariables are manipulated to determinetheir effect on a dependent variable!
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Research Methodology
Quan. !tudy DesignExperimental Research is often used
where:
"here is time priority in a causalrelationship 0cause precedes effect+
"here is consistency in a causalrelationship 0a cause will always lead to
the same effect+ "he magnitude of the correlation isgreat!
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Research Methodology
Quan. !tudy Design
Experimental Research 7n e%periment where the researcher
manipulates one variable andcontrol5randomi#es the rest of thevariables! 9t has a control group where thesub$ects have been randomly assigned
between the groups and the researcheronly tests one effect at a time! 9t is alsoimportant to 'now what variable0s+ youwant to test and measure!
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Research Methodology
Quan. !tudy Design
3. Quasi-experimental Research- "heprefi% .*uasi/ means .sort of/ Specifically
a study that includes a manipulatedindependent variable but lac's importantcontrols 0e!g! random assignment+!
r a study that lac's a manipulatedindependent variable but includesimportant controls!
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Research Methodology
!tudy Design
4. Causal Comparative - Causal(comparative research li'e correlation
research see's to identify associationsamong variables!
Causal(comparative research attemptsto determine the cause or conse*uences
of differences that already e%istbetween or among groups ofindividuals!
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Research Methodology
Quan. !tudy Design
Causal Comparative Research
"he basic causal(comparative approach is tobegin with a noted difference between twogroups and then to loo' for possible causesfor or conse*uences of this difference!
"here are two types of causal(comparative
research 0e%ploration of causes e%plorationof conse*uences+ which differ in theirpurposes and structure!
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Research Methodology
Quan. !tudy Design
Causal Comparative
8hen an e%periment would ta'e aconsiderable length of time and be *uitecostly to conduct a causal(comparativestudy is sometimes used as an alternative!
7s in correlational studies relationships canbe identified in causal(comparative studybut causation cannot be fully established!
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Research Methodology
Quan. !tudy Design!ausal-!omparative vs !orrelational %esearch "he basic similarity between causal(
comparative and correlational studies isthat both see' to e%plore relationshipsamong variables! 8hen relationships areidentified through causal(comparative
research 0or in correlational research+they often are studied at a later time bymeans of e%perimental research!
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Research Methodology
Quan. !tudy Design
'. Descri%tive Research
Provides accurate description of a phenomenonoccurring e!g! age group buying a particularbrand or product mar'et share!
9nvolves the description of the e%tent ofassociation between variables e!g! describingbut not e(%laining the relationship between ageographical area of consumers and theirtendency to consume a particular product!
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Research Methodology
Quan. !tudy Design
Descri%tive Research
Most popular and used e%tensively when thepurpose is to explain& monitor and testhypothesis.
7lso used to a lesser e%tent to ma'e predictions and discovery.
Specific RQ and research plan must beformulated before research is underta'en!
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Research Methodology
Quan. !tudy Design
Descri%tive Research
!ross-sectional studies # study of aparticular phenomenon 0or phenomena+at a specific time!
'ongitudinal studies ; the study of a
particular phenomenon over ane%tended period of time!
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Research Methodology
Quan. !tudy Design
). orrelational # strategy where twovariables are measured without anymanipulation to determine whetherthere is a relationship e!g! height andweight
!orrelational and predictive studies(Shows prediction of a future event oroutcome from a variable
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Research Methodology
Research Design
Qualitative 7im is to gather an in(depth
understanding of human behavior and thereasons that govern such behavior!
9nvestigates the why and how of decision
ma'ing not just what where when!
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Research Methodology
Research $%%roaches
Qualitative
Smaller but focused samples are moreoften needed than large samples
9n the conventional view *ualitativemethods produce information only on the
particular cases studied and any moregeneral conclusions are only propositions0informed assertions+!
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Research Methodology
Qual. !tudy Design
*. +thnogra%hy- strategy that focuses on describing or interpreting the social
world through first hand field study! Researcher needs to be immersed in the
world being studied and must be fle%ibleand responsive to change to develop
new patterns of thought about what isbeing observed!
"ime consuming
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Research Methodology
Ql. !tudy Design2. Case Studies # investigating a
phenomenon in its real life conte%tusing multiple sources of evidence! Provides answers for why& what and
how and is often used for e%ploratory
research! &ata collection techni*uesvary and is often combined!
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Research Methodology
Ql. !tudy DesignCase Studies )i'ely to use and triangulate multiple
sources of data in order to ensure they aretelling you what you thin' they are tellingyou!
&one primarily by observing relevant
persons actions and situations and oftendone when respondents may be unwillingor unable to provide the information
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Research Methodology
Qual. !tudy Design,. rounded &heory- starting data collection
without the formation of an initial theoretical
framewor'! 9nvolves an inductive approach
"heory is then developed from data generatedby a series of observation!
"hese data will lead to the generation ofpredictions which are tested in furtherobservations or interviews!
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Research Methodology
Ql. !tudy Design
rounded &heory is not: 7n e%cuse to ignore the literature "o defer reading e%isting theory until the
data is collected and analysed! 7 presentation of raw data!
"heory testing content analysis or wordcounts! $ot perfect
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Research Methodology
Qual. !tudy Design
. /henonemalogy- philosophy that seessocial phenomena as socially
constructed and is concerned withassigning meanings and gaining insightsinto those phenomena!
"he way in which we ma'e sense of theworld!
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Research Methodology
Research Design Can be *ualitative or *uantitative!
Consist of both secondary and5or primaryresearch!
Mono method # single research design andanalysis procedure!
Multi%le0mi(ed method - using morethan one research design and analysisprocedure!
