Unit 3 a ch 8 s2 how species interact with each other
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Transcript of Unit 3 a ch 8 s2 how species interact with each other
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Understanding Populations
Ch8, Section 2: How Species Interact with Each Other
Standards: SEV3e, SEV5a, b
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What is a specie’s niche?
Niche- role a species has within an ecosystem.
Includes: Species physical home Factors needed for survival Interactions with other
organisms Ex: Bison are grazers & help
control tree sapling populations as well as fertilize soil for grass
Ex: Fungi & bacteria are decomposers, recycling nutrients to soil.
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What is a specie’s habitat?
Place where a species lives
An organism performs its niche in its habitat.
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How do species interact with each other?
1. Competition2. Predation3. Parasitism4. Mutualism5. Commensalism
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1. Competition
Relationship where individuals or populations share limited resources
Both species are harmed -/- interaction Intraspecific competition-
within the same species. Ex: caterpillars of the same
species eating the same leaf. Interspecific competition-
between different species When members of different
species compete we say their niches have overlapped.
Ex: hyenas compete for kill with lions
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1. Competition
Indirect competition- compete even though they do not come in contact with each other. Ex: An insect that eats a
leaf during the day competes indirectly with an insect that eats the same leaf at night.
Ex: Plants compete for pollinators; humans compete with insects for food crop.
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1. Competition
Adaptations to competition- When 2 species
compete for a resource, usually only one will win.
The other species must move to find new resources.
This is called competitive exclusion.
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1. Competition
Competitive exclusion can lead to niche restriction.
These species share the same niche & habitat but use a smaller portion of it.
Ex: Two barnacle species Chthamalus & Balanus share the same intertidal zone
of a rocky shore line Chthamalus lives at higher
tide line (realized niche) When Balanus is removed,
Chthamalus will move further down into the original Balanus habitat. (fundamental niche)
Realized niche- where the species actually livesFundamental niche- where the species could live if given a chance.
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2. Predation
Predator feeds on prey Predator benefits, prey is
harmed +/- interaction Some predators are very
specific about what they eat Canadian lynx only eat
snowshoe hares Creates predator/prey
oscillations Most predators generally eat
any prey they can capture Not all predators are
carnivores
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2. Predation
Animals adapted to avoid predation: Camouflage- hard to see;
blend in Ex: some caterpillars; lizards
Warning coloration- alert potential predator that they are dangerous Ex: poison dart frogs
Mimicry- look like something more dangerous even if it isn’t Ex: some flies have same
coloration as bees Protective coverings- too
hard for predator to eat. Ex: porcupine, turtle, cactus
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3. Parasitism
Parasite lives and feeds on host organism.
Parasite benefits, host is harmed
+/- interaction Parasites are different from
predators because they do not usually kill their host (what else would they eat if they killed their host?)
Parasite can weaken host & make them more susceptible to disease.
Ex: ticks, leeches, mistletoe, fleas
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4. Mutualism
Each species benefits from the relationship
+/+ interaction Some species
couldn’t live without each other
Ex: bacteria in your intestine; acacia tree & ants; insects & flowers
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5. Commensalism
One species is benefited and the other is neither harmed nor helped.
+/0 interaction Ex: orchids in trees;
clownfish & anemones; remoras and sharks
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What is Symbiosis
Relationship where two species live in close association
Often one species benefits.
Which of the five species interactions are considered symbiosis?
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What is Coevolution?
When species have such close relationships they often coevolve.
These two species would be less likely to survive if one were missing.
Ex: bee orchids