UNIT 20: UNIT 20: DEATH AND THE LAWDEATH AND THE LAW

regarding (to regard sthg)regarding (to regard sthg) attitudeattitude to be charged withto be charged with a criminal offencea criminal offence consecratedconsecrated stakestake drive, drove, driven (driven through)drive, drove, driven (driven through) to consider sthg/sbdyto consider sthg/sbdy abolition (to abolish)abolition (to abolish) a capital punishment = a death penaltya capital punishment = a death penalty hostilityhostility to executeto execute an executionan execution

validvalid nastynasty indulgence in the angerindulgence in the anger sselfelf - - righteousnessrighteousness to be tempted into a crimeto be tempted into a crime to commit crimeto commit crime in this spirit (in this sense)in this spirit (in this sense) elaborate (…public, elaborate and elaborate (…public, elaborate and

dramatic occasion)dramatic occasion) a sentencea sentence a rubbing ina rubbing in to be alerted to the full horror of sthgto be alerted to the full horror of sthg to appreciateto appreciate the disturbed balance of the killer’s mindthe disturbed balance of the killer’s mind

diminished responsibilitydiminished responsibility to be reprieved (to reprieve)to be reprieved (to reprieve) at the trialat the trial judgment about right and wrongjudgment about right and wrong teach, taught, taughtteach, taught, taught to feel compassion/sympathy for to feel compassion/sympathy for

ssomeomebboodydy to encourageto encourage ““to get away with sto get away with someomething”thing” particularly = especiallyparticularly = especially literally literally the supporters // the opponentsthe supporters // the opponents to contract a pneumoniato contract a pneumonia a spinaa spina bifida babybifida baby an adagean adage

UNIT 22: UNIT 22: MARRIAGEMARRIAGE

MARRIAGE QUOTESMARRIAGE QUOTES ““Marriage is an institution. I’m not Marriage is an institution. I’m not

ready for an institution.” (Mae West)ready for an institution.” (Mae West) ““I never married because there was I never married because there was

no need. I have three pets at home no need. I have three pets at home which answer the same purpose as a which answer the same purpose as a husband. I have a dog that growls husband. I have a dog that growls every morning, a parrot that swears every morning, a parrot that swears all afternoon, and a cat that comes all afternoon, and a cat that comes home late at night.” (Marie Corelli, home late at night.” (Marie Corelli, 1855-1924)1855-1924)

““I’ve sometimes thought of marrying, and I’ve sometimes thought of marrying, and then I’ve thought again.” (Noel Coward, then I’ve thought again.” (Noel Coward, 1956)1956)

““A man is incomplete until he is married. A man is incomplete until he is married. After that, he is finished.” (Zsa Zsa Gabor)After that, he is finished.” (Zsa Zsa Gabor)

““Marriage is like a cage; one sees the birds Marriage is like a cage; one sees the birds outside desperate to get in, and those outside desperate to get in, and those inside desperate to get out.” (Montaigne)inside desperate to get out.” (Montaigne)

““Marriage is a lottery in which men stake Marriage is a lottery in which men stake their liberty and women their happiness.” their liberty and women their happiness.” (Madame Virgine de Rieux, 16th century (Madame Virgine de Rieux, 16th century French writer)French writer)

““In olden times sacrifices were made at the In olden times sacrifices were made at the altar – a practice which is still continued.” altar – a practice which is still continued.” (Helen Rowland, author of (Helen Rowland, author of Reflections of a Reflections of a Bachelor GirlBachelor Girl))

““Wife and servant are the same, but only Wife and servant are the same, but only differ in the name.” (Lady Chudleigh, 1703)differ in the name.” (Lady Chudleigh, 1703)

““Sleep around all you want, but don’t get Sleep around all you want, but don’t get married.” (Attorney Debra Koenig advising married.” (Attorney Debra Koenig advising a group of seventh grade girls on “Take our a group of seventh grade girls on “Take our Daughters to Work” day)Daughters to Work” day)

““Love is moral even without legal marriage, Love is moral even without legal marriage, but marriage is immoral without love.” but marriage is immoral without love.” (Ellen Key, a Swedish social feminist around (Ellen Key, a Swedish social feminist around 1900)1900)

““’’I am’ is reportedly the shortest I am’ is reportedly the shortest sentence in the English language. sentence in the English language. Could it be that ‘I do’ is the longest Could it be that ‘I do’ is the longest sentence?” (unknown)sentence?” (unknown)

““I would rather be a beggar and I would rather be a beggar and single than a queen and married.” single than a queen and married.” (Queen Elizabeth I)(Queen Elizabeth I)

““If you want to sacrifice the If you want to sacrifice the admiration of many men for the admiration of many men for the criticism of one, go ahead, get criticism of one, go ahead, get married.” (Katharine Hepburn)married.” (Katharine Hepburn)

to conceiveto conceive exclusion (to exclude)exclusion (to exclude) a dissolutiona dissolution a conditiona condition v. = versus = againstv. = versus = against initiationinitiation a regulationa regulation parties in marriageparties in marriage to enter into a contractto enter into a contract far-reaching consequencesfar-reaching consequences solemnsolemn extensionextension binding for lifebinding for life consanguinityconsanguinity a bar to sthga bar to sthg a majoritya majority an unfettered right to sthgan unfettered right to sthg

valid valid voidvoid voidablevoidable ““as far as law is concerned”as far as law is concerned” to obtain consent (of both parents)to obtain consent (of both parents) a custodya custody a consent // a dissenta consent // a dissent to implyto imply affinity = consanguinityaffinity = consanguinity to comply with rules / conditions / requirementsto comply with rules / conditions / requirements to enter into a marriage (a contract)to enter into a marriage (a contract) under duressunder duress fraudfraud deception as to identitydeception as to identity

a a fortunefortune a misrepresentationa misrepresentation a mental incapacitya mental incapacity to contract a marriageto contract a marriage a presumptiona presumption a lunatica lunatic capable / incapable of consentcapable / incapable of consent to sweep away (swept away, swept to sweep away (swept away, swept

away)away) to render the marriage voidableto render the marriage voidable mental disordermental disorder

UNIT 23: UNIT 23: DIVORCEDIVORCE

to avoid = to make void (here)to avoid = to make void (here) to varyto vary to terminateto terminate to govern = to regulateto govern = to regulate contracting partiescontracting parties to be laid down by lawto be laid down by law to amountto amount a breach of the contracta breach of the contract the law of divorcethe law of divorce matrimonial offencematrimonial offence to be guilty of some wrongful conductto be guilty of some wrongful conduct adulteryadultery crueltycruelty desertiondesertion incurable insanityincurable insanity

a a punitive approachpunitive approach ecclesiastical lawecclesiastical law a spousea spouse a breakdown / rupture / dissolution of a breakdown / rupture / dissolution of

marriagemarriage marriage bondmarriage bond to be in favour ofto be in favour of sordidsordid to belabourto belabour a fashion = (here) way, manner, but also: a a fashion = (here) way, manner, but also: a

tendencytendency to endureto endure to shunt from one to the otherto shunt from one to the other realization = understandingrealization = understanding a sting of shamea sting of shame to approve of sthgto approve of sthg

to avail oneself of sthgto avail oneself of sthg curiously enoughcuriously enough to accompanyto accompany to increase // to decreaseto increase // to decrease apparentlyapparently aforethoughtaforethought subconsciouslysubconsciously an attemptan attempt to abandonto abandon to entailto entail a shifta shift to bring about, brought about, to bring about, brought about,

brought aboutbrought about

CONDITIONAL CLAUSES CONDITIONAL CLAUSES (IF-CLAUSES)(IF-CLAUSES)

TYPE I: CONDITIONAL CLAUSES TYPE I: CONDITIONAL CLAUSES OF REAL CONDITION OF REAL CONDITION (reference to future)(reference to future)

1.1. I haven’t seen your book, but I’ll have a I haven’t seen your book, but I’ll have a look when I come home. look when I come home. If I findIf I find it, it, I’ll I’ll telltell you. you.

2.2. If he comes homeIf he comes home soon, please soon, please telltell him him to call me back as soon as possible.to call me back as soon as possible.

3.3. If he wouldIf he would (by any chance) (by any chance) come come homehome soon, please soon, please telltell him to call me him to call me back. back.

(when we are not sure that the (when we are not sure that the respective action is going to happen)respective action is going to happen)

SEQUENCE OF TENSES FOR IF-CLAUSES SEQUENCE OF TENSES FOR IF-CLAUSES OF TYPE I:OF TYPE I:

IF-CLAUSEIF-CLAUSE MAIN CLAUSEMAIN CLAUSE

Present SimplePresent Simple Future Simple (I)Future Simple (I)

Conditional I (Present Conditional I (Present Conditional)Conditional)

ImperativeImperative

TYPE II: COND. CLAUSES OF TYPE II: COND. CLAUSES OF UNREAL PRESENT CONDITIONUNREAL PRESENT CONDITION

1.1. If I foundIf I found a wallet in the street, a wallet in the street, I would I would taketake it to the police. it to the police.

2.2. If I wonIf I won a million pounds a million pounds I would buyI would buy a a hotel on the Adriatic coast. hotel on the Adriatic coast.

SEQUENCE OF TENSES FOR IF-CLAUSES SEQUENCE OF TENSES FOR IF-CLAUSES OF TYPE II:OF TYPE II:

IF-CLAUSEIF-CLAUSE MAIN CLAUSEMAIN CLAUSE

Simple Past TenseSimple Past Tense Conditional I Conditional I (Present Conditional)(Present Conditional)

TYPE III: CONDITIONAL TYPE III: CONDITIONAL CLAUSES EXPRESSING UNREAL CLAUSES EXPRESSING UNREAL

PAST CONDITION PAST CONDITION situation: Larry is a successful lawyer in situation: Larry is a successful lawyer in

Florida. His friend Paul, who lives in Florida. His friend Paul, who lives in California, has been sentenced to California, has been sentenced to imprisonment for 2 years. Larry didn’t imprisonment for 2 years. Larry didn’t know about that trial until now. know about that trial until now.

Larry: “If Larry: “If I had knownI had known that he was accused that he was accused of that crime, of that crime, I would have defendedI would have defended him him and and hehe wouldn’t have been punishedwouldn’t have been punished so so strictly.”strictly.”

SEQUENCE OF TENSES FOR IF-CLAUSES SEQUENCE OF TENSES FOR IF-CLAUSES OF TYPE III:OF TYPE III:

IF-CLAUSEIF-CLAUSE MAIN CLAUSEMAIN CLAUSE

Past Perfect Past Perfect TenseTense

Past Conditional Past Conditional (Conditional II)(Conditional II)

EXERCISES:EXERCISES:Put Put the verb into the correct form:the verb into the correct form: If I …. his number, I would phone him. (know)If I …. his number, I would phone him. (know) I …. that coat if I were you. (not/buy)I …. that coat if I were you. (not/buy) I …. you if I could, but I’m afraid I can’t. (help)I …. you if I could, but I’m afraid I can’t. (help) We would need a car if we …. in the country. We would need a car if we …. in the country.

(live)(live) If we had a choice, we …. in the country. (live)If we had a choice, we …. in the country. (live) This soup isn’t very good. It …. better if it This soup isn’t very good. It …. better if it

wasn’t so salty. (be) wasn’t so salty. (be) I wouldn’t mind living in England if the I wouldn’t mind living in England if the

weather .… better. (be)weather .… better. (be) If I were you, I …. wait. (not/wait) I …. now. If I were you, I …. wait. (not/wait) I …. now.

(go)(go)

Write a sentence withWrite a sentence with IF… IF… for each situation.for each situation.1.1. We don’t visit you very often because you We don’t visit you very often because you

live so far away. live so far away. If you didn’t live so far If you didn’t live so far away, we’d visit you more often.away, we’d visit you more often.

2.2. He doesn’t speak very clearly – that’s why He doesn’t speak very clearly – that’s why people don’t understand him. people don’t understand him.

3.3. That book is too expensive, so I’m not That book is too expensive, so I’m not going to buy it. going to buy it.

4.4. We don’t go out very often because we We don’t go out very often because we can’t afford it. can’t afford it.

5.5. It’s raining, so we can’t have lunch in the It’s raining, so we can’t have lunch in the garden.garden.

6.6. I have to work tomorrow evening, so I I have to work tomorrow evening, so I can’t meet you.can’t meet you.

Write sentences beginning with I WISH…Write sentences beginning with I WISH…

1.1. I don’t know many people (and I’m I don’t know many people (and I’m lonely). lonely). I wish I knew more people.I wish I knew more people.

2.2. I don’t have a key (and I need one).I don’t have a key (and I need one).

3.3. Ann isn’t here (and I need to see her).Ann isn’t here (and I need to see her).

4.4. It’s cold (and I hate cold weather).It’s cold (and I hate cold weather).

5.5. I live in a big city (and I don’t like it).I live in a big city (and I don’t like it).

6.6. I can’t go to the party (and I’d like to).I can’t go to the party (and I’d like to).

7.7. I have to work tomorrow (but I’d like I have to work tomorrow (but I’d like to stay in bed).to stay in bed).

Put Put the verb into the correct formthe verb into the correct form..

1.1. I didn’t know you were in hospital. If …. I didn’t know you were in hospital. If …. (I/know), …. (I/go) to visit you.(I/know), …. (I/go) to visit you.

2.2. Ken got to the station in time to catch his Ken got to the station in time to catch his train. If …. (he/miss) it, …. (he/be) late for his train. If …. (he/miss) it, …. (he/be) late for his interview.interview.

3.3. It’s good that you reminded me about Ann’s It’s good that you reminded me about Ann’s birthday. …. (I/forget) it if …. (you/remind) birthday. …. (I/forget) it if …. (you/remind) me.me.

4.4. Unfortunately, I didn’t have my address book Unfortunately, I didn’t have my address book with me when I was in New York. If …. with me when I was in New York. If …. (I/have) your address, …. (I/send) you a (I/have) your address, …. (I/send) you a postcard. postcard.

5.5. I took a taxi to the hotel but the traffic was I took a taxi to the hotel but the traffic was very bad. …. (it/be) quicker if …. (I/walkvery bad. …. (it/be) quicker if …. (I/walk).).

Write a sentence with IF for each situationWrite a sentence with IF for each situation..1.1. I wasn’t hungry, so I didn’t eat anything. I wasn’t hungry, so I didn’t eat anything.

If I’d been hungry, I would have eaten If I’d been hungry, I would have eaten something.something.

2.2. The accident happened because the The accident happened because the driver in front stopped so suddenly. driver in front stopped so suddenly.

3.3. I didn’t know George had to get up early, I didn’t know George had to get up early, so I didn’t wake him up.so I didn’t wake him up.

4.4. I was able to buy the car only because I was able to buy the car only because Jim lent me the money.Jim lent me the money.

5.5. Margaret wasn’t injured in the crash Margaret wasn’t injured in the crash because she was wearing a seat belt. because she was wearing a seat belt.

6.6. You didn’t have any breakfast – that’s You didn’t have any breakfast – that’s why you’re hungry now.why you’re hungry now.

7.7. I didn’t get a taxi because I didn’t have I didn’t get a taxi because I didn’t have any money on me. any money on me.

SUBSTITUTION SUBSTITUTION WORDSWORDS

Substitution words function as connectors Substitution words function as connectors and indicators of the content in written or and indicators of the content in written or spoken textsspoken texts

1.1. PronounsPronouns2.2. AdverbsAdverbs3.3. AdjectivesAdjectives4.4. NumbersNumbers5.5. Coordinating ConjunctionsCoordinating Conjunctions

Note: substitution words can refer either Note: substitution words can refer either to things already mentioned in the text, or to things already mentioned in the text, or those that will be mentionedthose that will be mentioned

PRONOUNS:PRONOUNS:1.1. PersonalPersonal: he (him), she (her), it, they (them): he (him), she (her), it, they (them)

2.2. PossessivePossessive: his, her, its, ours, yours, theirs: his, her, its, ours, yours, theirs

3.3. ReflexiveReflexive: myself, yourself, himself... oneself: myself, yourself, himself... oneself

4.4. DemonstrativeDemonstrative: this, that, these, those: this, that, these, those

5.5. IndefiniteIndefinite: one (e.g.: Which branch of law : one (e.g.: Which branch of law does the question refer to? The does the question refer to? The oneone we we mentioned yesterday.)mentioned yesterday.)

6.6. RelativeRelative: who, which, that, whose, whom: who, which, that, whose, whom

ADVERBS:ADVERBS:

1.1. Adverbs of timeAdverbs of time: then, at that : then, at that time/momenttime/moment

2.2. Adverbs of placeAdverbs of place: here, there, in that : here, there, in that place…place…

3.3. Adverbs of mannerAdverbs of manner: in that way, that’s : in that way, that’s how…how…

4.4. Adverbs of degreeAdverbs of degree: that much, of the : that much, of the same quantitysame quantity

5.5. Adverbs of causeAdverbs of cause: that is why, this is : that is why, this is why, thus why, thus

ADJECTIVES:ADJECTIVES: the same, the former, the latter, the blue the same, the former, the latter, the blue

(one) (one)

NUMBERS:NUMBERS: the first, the second…, one (of them), two the first, the second…, one (of them), two

(of them)…(of them)…

COORDINATING CONJUNCTIONSCOORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS:: both…and, neither...nor, either...or, both…and, neither...nor, either...or, not only...but alsonot only...but also

Find all the substitution words in the Find all the substitution words in the following text and determine their following text and determine their

reference!reference! Conservatism, however, is a political ideology. Antropological Conservatism, however, is a political ideology. Antropological pessimism, or realism, as some would call it, can be the basis of pessimism, or realism, as some would call it, can be the basis of conservative thought, it is not identical with it. The view of man is a conservative thought, it is not identical with it. The view of man is a stepping stone, as it were, for political considerations. What political stepping stone, as it were, for political considerations. What political conclusions do conservatives derive from their view of man? Their conclusions do conservatives derive from their view of man? Their pessimism involves that man, taken by himself, cannot fulfill his pessimism involves that man, taken by himself, cannot fulfill his aspirations. Man is essentially a social being; it is only in society that aspirations. Man is essentially a social being; it is only in society that he can reach his optimum state. Only in an organized political he can reach his optimum state. Only in an organized political community can human reason be brought to its proper development. community can human reason be brought to its proper development. As the Augustinian pessimism contended against the Pelagian As the Augustinian pessimism contended against the Pelagian optimism, that man is always dependent on divine grace and himself optimism, that man is always dependent on divine grace and himself can attain no felicity, conservative pessimism states that man would can attain no felicity, conservative pessimism states that man would be totally lost without the wisdom of his ancestors as handed over by be totally lost without the wisdom of his ancestors as handed over by tradition in a social context. This is what we call the traditradition in a social context. This is what we call the tradittionalist ionalist conviction of conservatives. It is Edmund Burke again who states this conviction of conservatives. It is Edmund Burke again who states this elegantly in his much honored phrase: “We are afraid to put man to elegantly in his much honored phrase: “We are afraid to put man to live and trade each on his own private stock of reason; because we live and trade each on his own private stock of reason; because we suspect that this stock in each man is small, and that the individuals suspect that this stock in each man is small, and that the individuals would do better to avail themselves of the general bank and capital of would do better to avail themselves of the general bank and capital of nations and of ages.” If every man had to solve all the problems for nations and of ages.” If every man had to solve all the problems for himself, progress could never be made. But essential to man is that he himself, progress could never be made. But essential to man is that he has his traditions. And this enables the individual to live much better has his traditions. And this enables the individual to live much better than he could live without them.than he could live without them.

WORD FORMATIONWORD FORMATION

3 types of words according to their 3 types of words according to their formationformation::

SIMPLE WORDSSIMPLE WORDS DERIVATIONS DERIVATIONS COMPOUNDSCOMPOUNDS

SIMPLE WORDSSIMPLE WORDS

words without any suffixes of words without any suffixes of prefixes, often used as a base or root prefixes, often used as a base or root in formation of other wordsin formation of other words

VERBSVERBS: kill, try, play: kill, try, play NOUNSNOUNS: dish, table, school: dish, table, school ADJECTIVESADJECTIVES: good, sharp, clever: good, sharp, clever ADVERBSADVERBS: then, here, well: then, here, well

DERIVATIONSDERIVATIONS

words built by deriving from simple words built by deriving from simple words by means of prefixes and suffixes words by means of prefixes and suffixes (usually nouns, adjectives and adverbs)(usually nouns, adjectives and adverbs)

VERBSVERBS: built rather by prefixes than : built rather by prefixes than with suffixes: with suffixes: im-, in-, dis-, mis-, un-, im-, in-, dis-, mis-, un-, over-, anti-, under-, co-, inter-, pro-over-, anti-, under-, co-, inter-, pro- (improve, in(improve, in--tube, disable, misuse, tube, disable, misuse, undo, overtake, underestimate, undo, overtake, underestimate, cooperate, intervene, proscribe)cooperate, intervene, proscribe)

NOUNSNOUNS: built both by prefixes and suffixes; most : built both by prefixes and suffixes; most common suffixes are: common suffixes are:

-ment, -ation, -ance, -ence, -th, -dom, -ty, -cy -ment, -ation, -ance, -ence, -th, -dom, -ty, -cy (payment, furtilization, performance, dependence, (payment, furtilization, performance, dependence, truth, freedom, community, primacy)truth, freedom, community, primacy)

ADJECTIVESADJECTIVES: built mostly by adding suffixes, or by : built mostly by adding suffixes, or by combination of suffixes and prefixes; most common combination of suffixes and prefixes; most common suffixes are:suffixes are:

-al, -an, -ed, -ant, -en, -ent, -ful, -les, -some, -ous, --al, -an, -ed, -ant, -en, -ent, -ful, -les, -some, -ous, -ly (naval, Croatian, packed, significant, golden, ly (naval, Croatian, packed, significant, golden, patient, cheerful, painless, troublesome, vicious, patient, cheerful, painless, troublesome, vicious, cowardly)cowardly)

most common prefixes are: most common prefixes are: im-, un-, pro-, dis-, in-, over-, anti-, co- (immortal, im-, un-, pro-, dis-, in-, over-, anti-, co- (immortal,

uninteresting, pro-African, discharged, uninteresting, pro-African, discharged, independent, overtaken, antisocial, co-operative)independent, overtaken, antisocial, co-operative)

ADVERBSADVERBS: most adverbs built by means of : most adverbs built by means of derivation from adjectives are adverbs of manner (-derivation from adjectives are adverbs of manner (-ly); patiently, curiouslyly); patiently, curiously

COMPOUNDSCOMPOUNDS

built by composition of two or more words built by composition of two or more words which can be used separatelywhich can be used separately

there are three forms of compounds there are three forms of compounds according to the way of writing:according to the way of writing:

a)a) written together (armchair, textbook)written together (armchair, textbook)b)b) written with a dash (father-in-law, city-written with a dash (father-in-law, city-

state)state)c)c) written separately (foreign office, court written separately (foreign office, court

martial)martial) (there are some compound adjectives, too: (there are some compound adjectives, too:

long-lasting, hand-made, heart-breaking)long-lasting, hand-made, heart-breaking)

RELATIVE CLAUSESRELATIVE CLAUSES

relative clauses are introduced by relative clauses are introduced by relative pronouns: who, whose, relative pronouns: who, whose, whom, that, whichwhom, that, which

two types of relative clauses: two types of relative clauses: defining defining

and non-definingand non-defining

DEFINING RELATIVE DEFINING RELATIVE CLAUSES (Type 1)CLAUSES (Type 1)

essential for the understanding of the main essential for the understanding of the main clause, thus: written without comma clause, thus: written without comma between the main and the relative clause, between the main and the relative clause, and spoken without a pause in speech and spoken without a pause in speech between them:between them:

The woman The woman who lives next doorwho lives next door is a doctor. is a doctor. Barbara works for a company Barbara works for a company that makes that makes

washing machines.washing machines. We stayed at the hotel We stayed at the hotel (that) Ann (that) Ann

recommended to us. recommended to us.

NON-DEFINING RELATIVE NON-DEFINING RELATIVE CLAUSES (Type 2)CLAUSES (Type 2)

not essential for the understanding of the main not essential for the understanding of the main clause – it just gives additional information clause – it just gives additional information about the noun mentioned in the main clause. about the noun mentioned in the main clause. Thus: it is separated by comma from the main Thus: it is separated by comma from the main clause and spoken with a pause in speech clause and spoken with a pause in speech between them.between them.

My brother Jim, My brother Jim, who lives in Londonwho lives in London, is a doctor. , is a doctor. Colin told me about his new job, Colin told me about his new job, which he’s which he’s

enjoying very much.enjoying very much. We stayed at the Grand Hotel, We stayed at the Grand Hotel, which Ann which Ann

recommended to us.recommended to us.

TYPE 1:TYPE 1: You can use You can use thatthat:: Do you know anyone who/that speaks Do you know anyone who/that speaks

French and Italian?French and Italian? Barbara works for a company Barbara works for a company

which/that makes washing machines.which/that makes washing machines.

You can leave out that/who/which You can leave out that/who/which when it is the object:when it is the object:

We stayed at the hotel (that/which) We stayed at the hotel (that/which) Ann recommended.Ann recommended.

This morning I met somebody This morning I met somebody (that/who) I hadn’t seen for ages. (that/who) I hadn’t seen for ages.

We do not often use We do not often use whom whom in this in this type of clausestype of clauses..

TYPE 2:TYPE 2: You cannot use You cannot use thatthat:: John, who (not ‘that’) speaks French and John, who (not ‘that’) speaks French and

Italian, works as a tourist guide.Italian, works as a tourist guide. Colin told me about his new job, which (not Colin told me about his new job, which (not

‘that’) he’s enjoying very much.‘that’) he’s enjoying very much.

You cannot leave out You cannot leave out whowho or or whichwhich:: We stayed at the Grand Hotel, which Ann We stayed at the Grand Hotel, which Ann

recommended to us.recommended to us.

You can use You can use whomwhom (when it is the (when it is the object):object):

This morning I met Diane, whom (or who) I This morning I met Diane, whom (or who) I hadn’t seen for ages. hadn’t seen for ages.

In both types of relative clauses you In both types of relative clauses you

can use can use whosewhose and and where:where:

We met some people We met some people whose car had whose car had broken down.broken down.

Amy, whose car had Amy, whose car had broken down, was in broken down, was in a very bad mood. a very bad mood.

What’s the name of What’s the name of the place where you the place where you spent your holiday?spent your holiday?

Mrs Bond is going to Mrs Bond is going to spend a few weeks in spend a few weeks in Sweden, where her Sweden, where her

daughter lives.daughter lives.

TYPE 1: TYPE 2:

EXERCISESEXERCISES::Make one sentence from two:Make one sentence from two: Ann is very friendly. She lives next door. Ann is very friendly. She lives next door. (Ann, who (Ann, who

lives next door, is very friendly.)lives next door, is very friendly.) We went to Sandra’s party. We enjoyed it very much.We went to Sandra’s party. We enjoyed it very much. I went to see the doctor. He told me to rest for a few I went to see the doctor. He told me to rest for a few

days.days. John is one of my closest friends. I have known him for a John is one of my closest friends. I have known him for a

very long time. very long time. Sheila is away from home a lot. Her job involves a lot of Sheila is away from home a lot. Her job involves a lot of

traveling.traveling. The new stadium will be opened next month. It can hold The new stadium will be opened next month. It can hold

90,000 people.90,000 people. We often go to visit our friends in Bristol. It is only 30 We often go to visit our friends in Bristol. It is only 30

miles away.miles away. Glasgow is the largest city in Scotland. My brother lives Glasgow is the largest city in Scotland. My brother lives

there. there.

Read the given information and makeRead the given information and makeone sentence out of twoone sentence out of two. . There’s a woman living next door. She’s There’s a woman living next door. She’s

a doctor. (a doctor. (The woman who lives next The woman who lives next door is a doctor.)door is a doctor.)

1.1. I’ve got a brother called Jim. He lives in I’ve got a brother called Jim. He lives in London. He’s a journalist.London. He’s a journalist.

2.2. There was a strike at the car factory. It There was a strike at the car factory. It lasted ten days. It is now over. lasted ten days. It is now over.

3.3. I was looking for a book this morning. I was looking for a book this morning. I’ve found it now. I’ve found it now.

4.4. London was once the largest city in the London was once the largest city in the world, but the population is now fallingworld, but the population is now falling. .

In some of these sentences you can use In some of these sentences you can use WHICH or THAT, in others only WHICH is WHICH or THAT, in others only WHICH is possible. Also, put commas where necessary.possible. Also, put commas where necessary.

Jane works for a company which/that makes shoes. (both possible, no commas)

1. My office which/that is on the second floor of the building is very small.

2. The office which/that I’m using at the moment is very small.

3. She told me her address which/that I wrote down on a piece of paper.

4. There are some words which/that are very difficult to translate.

5. The Sun which/that is one of millions of stars in the universe provides us with heat.