Unit 2 Physical Properties of Matter. Kinetic Molecular Theory Kinetic = Movement (Energy) Molecule...
-
Upload
norah-burke -
Category
Documents
-
view
223 -
download
3
Transcript of Unit 2 Physical Properties of Matter. Kinetic Molecular Theory Kinetic = Movement (Energy) Molecule...
![Page 1: Unit 2 Physical Properties of Matter. Kinetic Molecular Theory Kinetic = Movement (Energy) Molecule = Particles The more energy in a substance, the faster.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062423/56649e2e5503460f94b1f086/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Unit 2Physical Properties of Matter
![Page 2: Unit 2 Physical Properties of Matter. Kinetic Molecular Theory Kinetic = Movement (Energy) Molecule = Particles The more energy in a substance, the faster.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062423/56649e2e5503460f94b1f086/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Kinetic Molecular Theory
Kinetic = Movement (Energy) Molecule = Particles The more energy in a substance, the
faster the particles move. ALL particles in a substance are
constantly in motion.
![Page 3: Unit 2 Physical Properties of Matter. Kinetic Molecular Theory Kinetic = Movement (Energy) Molecule = Particles The more energy in a substance, the faster.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062423/56649e2e5503460f94b1f086/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Kinetic Molecular Theory
![Page 4: Unit 2 Physical Properties of Matter. Kinetic Molecular Theory Kinetic = Movement (Energy) Molecule = Particles The more energy in a substance, the faster.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062423/56649e2e5503460f94b1f086/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Matter
•Any substance that has mass and occupies space.
•3 States…or phases
![Page 5: Unit 2 Physical Properties of Matter. Kinetic Molecular Theory Kinetic = Movement (Energy) Molecule = Particles The more energy in a substance, the faster.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062423/56649e2e5503460f94b1f086/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Phases of Matter
•Solids▫The particles are packed tightly together and stay
in one position. The particles vibrate slightly between each other…
so they’re not completely motionless.
![Page 6: Unit 2 Physical Properties of Matter. Kinetic Molecular Theory Kinetic = Movement (Energy) Molecule = Particles The more energy in a substance, the faster.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062423/56649e2e5503460f94b1f086/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Phases of Matter (cont.)
•Solids▫Solids are the least energetic phase of matter▫Solids have a definite volume and a definite
shape.
![Page 7: Unit 2 Physical Properties of Matter. Kinetic Molecular Theory Kinetic = Movement (Energy) Molecule = Particles The more energy in a substance, the faster.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062423/56649e2e5503460f94b1f086/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Phases of Matter
•Liquids▫The particles are somewhat packed
together and move freely around one another.
![Page 8: Unit 2 Physical Properties of Matter. Kinetic Molecular Theory Kinetic = Movement (Energy) Molecule = Particles The more energy in a substance, the faster.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062423/56649e2e5503460f94b1f086/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Phases of Matter•Liquids
▫Liquids have a medium amount of energy (more than solids, less than gases)
▫Liquids have a definite volume but not a definite shape. They take on the shape of the
container
![Page 9: Unit 2 Physical Properties of Matter. Kinetic Molecular Theory Kinetic = Movement (Energy) Molecule = Particles The more energy in a substance, the faster.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062423/56649e2e5503460f94b1f086/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Phases of Matter
•Gases▫Gas particles spread apart, filling all the space
available.
![Page 10: Unit 2 Physical Properties of Matter. Kinetic Molecular Theory Kinetic = Movement (Energy) Molecule = Particles The more energy in a substance, the faster.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062423/56649e2e5503460f94b1f086/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Phases of matter•Gases
▫Gases are the most energetic phase of matter▫Gases have no definite volume and
no definite shape.
![Page 11: Unit 2 Physical Properties of Matter. Kinetic Molecular Theory Kinetic = Movement (Energy) Molecule = Particles The more energy in a substance, the faster.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062423/56649e2e5503460f94b1f086/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Recap
![Page 12: Unit 2 Physical Properties of Matter. Kinetic Molecular Theory Kinetic = Movement (Energy) Molecule = Particles The more energy in a substance, the faster.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062423/56649e2e5503460f94b1f086/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
![Page 13: Unit 2 Physical Properties of Matter. Kinetic Molecular Theory Kinetic = Movement (Energy) Molecule = Particles The more energy in a substance, the faster.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062423/56649e2e5503460f94b1f086/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Physical Properties
All types of matter will have certain characteristics that never change.
Some examples are: density, boiling point, freezing point, etc.
We call these Physical Properties.
![Page 14: Unit 2 Physical Properties of Matter. Kinetic Molecular Theory Kinetic = Movement (Energy) Molecule = Particles The more energy in a substance, the faster.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062423/56649e2e5503460f94b1f086/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Types of Physical Properties
Intensive Do not depend on the size or shape of
the sample Examples?
Color, hardness, BP, etc. Extensive
Depend on the sizes of the sample Examples
Length, mass, volume, etc.
![Page 15: Unit 2 Physical Properties of Matter. Kinetic Molecular Theory Kinetic = Movement (Energy) Molecule = Particles The more energy in a substance, the faster.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062423/56649e2e5503460f94b1f086/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Density
•Why things float while other things sink
![Page 16: Unit 2 Physical Properties of Matter. Kinetic Molecular Theory Kinetic = Movement (Energy) Molecule = Particles The more energy in a substance, the faster.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062423/56649e2e5503460f94b1f086/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
What is Density?
• Density is a comparison of how much matter there is in a certain amount of space.
• Or how heavy something is for its size• Thing of a rock vs. a cotton ball the
same size.
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f2/Mossagate.pebble.750pix.jpg
vs.
http://www.rd.ca/cms/images/image/cottonballs_291_20080523-171920.jpg
![Page 17: Unit 2 Physical Properties of Matter. Kinetic Molecular Theory Kinetic = Movement (Energy) Molecule = Particles The more energy in a substance, the faster.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062423/56649e2e5503460f94b1f086/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
What is Density
• Density is Mass divided by VolumeD=m/v
• D=Density • m=mass(g) • v=volume(mL)
• So the unit for Density is: mass (g) volume (mL)
![Page 18: Unit 2 Physical Properties of Matter. Kinetic Molecular Theory Kinetic = Movement (Energy) Molecule = Particles The more energy in a substance, the faster.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062423/56649e2e5503460f94b1f086/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Which one is more dense?
•Demonstration: People in a square
•How about this: Which square is more dense?
![Page 19: Unit 2 Physical Properties of Matter. Kinetic Molecular Theory Kinetic = Movement (Energy) Molecule = Particles The more energy in a substance, the faster.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062423/56649e2e5503460f94b1f086/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Which one is more dense?
•Now which one is more dense?
![Page 20: Unit 2 Physical Properties of Matter. Kinetic Molecular Theory Kinetic = Movement (Energy) Molecule = Particles The more energy in a substance, the faster.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062423/56649e2e5503460f94b1f086/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
How to Calculate Density
•Density = mass(g)
volume(mL)
![Page 21: Unit 2 Physical Properties of Matter. Kinetic Molecular Theory Kinetic = Movement (Energy) Molecule = Particles The more energy in a substance, the faster.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062423/56649e2e5503460f94b1f086/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Measuring Density for square objects
• Find the mass using a balance
• Length x width x height
• But what if it’s weird looking?
![Page 22: Unit 2 Physical Properties of Matter. Kinetic Molecular Theory Kinetic = Movement (Energy) Molecule = Particles The more energy in a substance, the faster.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062423/56649e2e5503460f94b1f086/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Density of odd-shaped Objects
•Find the mass using a balance•Use ______________________.Graduated cylinder, beaker to find volume
![Page 23: Unit 2 Physical Properties of Matter. Kinetic Molecular Theory Kinetic = Movement (Energy) Molecule = Particles The more energy in a substance, the faster.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062423/56649e2e5503460f94b1f086/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
• Use triangle to figure out which equation to use
• If you are given mass and density, you can figure out the volume by covering up the volume triangle
So Volume = Mass(g)
Density(mL)
?
![Page 24: Unit 2 Physical Properties of Matter. Kinetic Molecular Theory Kinetic = Movement (Energy) Molecule = Particles The more energy in a substance, the faster.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062423/56649e2e5503460f94b1f086/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Lets try some problems
Givens:
Equation: Substitution: Answer with unit
An irregular object with a mass of 18 kg displaces 2.5 L of water when placed in a large overflow container. Calculate the density of the object.
m=18 kg v=2.5L D=? kg/L
D=m/v? Kg/L = 18 kg/2.5 L 7.2 kg/L
![Page 25: Unit 2 Physical Properties of Matter. Kinetic Molecular Theory Kinetic = Movement (Energy) Molecule = Particles The more energy in a substance, the faster.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062423/56649e2e5503460f94b1f086/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
•A brick with a mass of 14 g measures 12 cm x 4 cm x 3 cm. Calculate the density of the object.
Givens:
Equation: Substitution: Answer with unit
![Page 26: Unit 2 Physical Properties of Matter. Kinetic Molecular Theory Kinetic = Movement (Energy) Molecule = Particles The more energy in a substance, the faster.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062423/56649e2e5503460f94b1f086/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
A bar of gold with a density of 5 g/ml has a volume of 500 mL. Calculate the mass.
Givens:
Equation: Substitution: Answer with unit
![Page 27: Unit 2 Physical Properties of Matter. Kinetic Molecular Theory Kinetic = Movement (Energy) Molecule = Particles The more energy in a substance, the faster.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062423/56649e2e5503460f94b1f086/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
![Page 28: Unit 2 Physical Properties of Matter. Kinetic Molecular Theory Kinetic = Movement (Energy) Molecule = Particles The more energy in a substance, the faster.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062423/56649e2e5503460f94b1f086/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Liquid Layers
If you pour together liquids that don’t mix and have different densities, they will form liquid layers.
The liquid with the highest density will be on the bottom.
The liquid with the lowest density will be on the top.
![Page 29: Unit 2 Physical Properties of Matter. Kinetic Molecular Theory Kinetic = Movement (Energy) Molecule = Particles The more energy in a substance, the faster.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062423/56649e2e5503460f94b1f086/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Liquid Layers
•Which layer has the highest density?
•Which layer has the lowest density?
•Imagine that the liquids have the following densities:
• * 10g/mL. * 3g/mL.• * 6g/mL. * 5g/mL.•Which number would go with
which layer? 10g/mL
6g/mL
5g/mL
3g/mL
![Page 30: Unit 2 Physical Properties of Matter. Kinetic Molecular Theory Kinetic = Movement (Energy) Molecule = Particles The more energy in a substance, the faster.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062423/56649e2e5503460f94b1f086/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Gas Laws – Pressure
What is Pressure?
![Page 31: Unit 2 Physical Properties of Matter. Kinetic Molecular Theory Kinetic = Movement (Energy) Molecule = Particles The more energy in a substance, the faster.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062423/56649e2e5503460f94b1f086/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Pressure
What is Pressure? Gas particles push against the sides of
what ever container they are in. Pressure is what keeps balloons
inflated.
![Page 32: Unit 2 Physical Properties of Matter. Kinetic Molecular Theory Kinetic = Movement (Energy) Molecule = Particles The more energy in a substance, the faster.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062423/56649e2e5503460f94b1f086/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Gas Laws - Pressure
![Page 33: Unit 2 Physical Properties of Matter. Kinetic Molecular Theory Kinetic = Movement (Energy) Molecule = Particles The more energy in a substance, the faster.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062423/56649e2e5503460f94b1f086/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Factors Affecting Gas Pressure• Amount of gas• Volume• Temperature
http://www.bmumford.com/photo/highspeed/Ted1.jpg
![Page 34: Unit 2 Physical Properties of Matter. Kinetic Molecular Theory Kinetic = Movement (Energy) Molecule = Particles The more energy in a substance, the faster.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062423/56649e2e5503460f94b1f086/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Gas Laws - Units
Pressure can be measured in: Atmospheres (atm) Kilopascals (kPa)
Temperature is measured in: Kelvin (K)
K = Celsius + 273 We’ll come back to this
![Page 35: Unit 2 Physical Properties of Matter. Kinetic Molecular Theory Kinetic = Movement (Energy) Molecule = Particles The more energy in a substance, the faster.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062423/56649e2e5503460f94b1f086/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Gas Laws – Boyle’s Law
Robert Boyle was British Royalty that lived in the 17th century.
He studied all aspects of science, including alchemy.
Do you know what alchemy is?
![Page 36: Unit 2 Physical Properties of Matter. Kinetic Molecular Theory Kinetic = Movement (Energy) Molecule = Particles The more energy in a substance, the faster.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062423/56649e2e5503460f94b1f086/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Gas Laws – Boyle’s Law
When matter turns into a gas, it behaves differently than other matter.
Boyle's Law is used when the pressure of a gas changes.
The volume of a fixed amount of gas varies inversely with the pressure of the gas.
![Page 37: Unit 2 Physical Properties of Matter. Kinetic Molecular Theory Kinetic = Movement (Energy) Molecule = Particles The more energy in a substance, the faster.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062423/56649e2e5503460f94b1f086/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Boyle’s Law in motion
http://www.grc.nasa.gov/WWW/K-12/airplane/Animation/gaslab/Images/chprmt.gif
![Page 38: Unit 2 Physical Properties of Matter. Kinetic Molecular Theory Kinetic = Movement (Energy) Molecule = Particles The more energy in a substance, the faster.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062423/56649e2e5503460f94b1f086/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
Gas Laws – Boyle’s Law
As volume decreases, Pressure increases
As volume increases, Pressure decreases.
The equation for Boyle’s Law is: V1 x P1 = V2 x P2
![Page 39: Unit 2 Physical Properties of Matter. Kinetic Molecular Theory Kinetic = Movement (Energy) Molecule = Particles The more energy in a substance, the faster.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062423/56649e2e5503460f94b1f086/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
Gas Laws – Boyle’s Law
A sample of hydrogen gas has a volume of 75.0 mL at a pressure of 0.87 atm. What will the volume of the gas be at a pressure of 1.00 atm if the temperature remains the same?
Givens:
Equation: Substitution: Answer with Units:
V1 = 75.0 mL P1 = 0.87 atm P2 = 1.00 atm
V1 * P1 = V2 * P2 75 mL * .87 atm = V2 * 1.0 atm 65.25 mL = V2
![Page 40: Unit 2 Physical Properties of Matter. Kinetic Molecular Theory Kinetic = Movement (Energy) Molecule = Particles The more energy in a substance, the faster.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062423/56649e2e5503460f94b1f086/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
The Kelvin Scale
•As T increases, so does kinetic energy•Theoretically, kinetic energy can be
zero, but it hasn’t been achieved and probably won’t ever be achieved
•Absolute zero- The temperature at which a substance would have zero kinetic energy
•The Kelvin Scale- a temperature scale directly related to kinetic energy▫Zero on the Kelvin scale corresponds to zero
kinetic energy
![Page 41: Unit 2 Physical Properties of Matter. Kinetic Molecular Theory Kinetic = Movement (Energy) Molecule = Particles The more energy in a substance, the faster.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062423/56649e2e5503460f94b1f086/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
The Kelvin Scale
•Units are Kelvins (K), with no degree (o) sign
Kelvin relates temperature
to kinetic energy!
![Page 42: Unit 2 Physical Properties of Matter. Kinetic Molecular Theory Kinetic = Movement (Energy) Molecule = Particles The more energy in a substance, the faster.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062423/56649e2e5503460f94b1f086/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
Temperature Conversions
• Easy to convert between Celsius and Kelvin▫ How do you think?
oC K? Add 273 K oC? Substract 273
▫ 25oC K? (25+273)= 298 K
▫ 310 K oC? (310-273) = 37oC
• Fahrenheit Celsius?▫ (oF – 32oF) x 5/9 = oC▫ (oC x 9/5) + 32oF = oF
![Page 43: Unit 2 Physical Properties of Matter. Kinetic Molecular Theory Kinetic = Movement (Energy) Molecule = Particles The more energy in a substance, the faster.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062423/56649e2e5503460f94b1f086/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
Gas Laws – Charles’ Law
![Page 44: Unit 2 Physical Properties of Matter. Kinetic Molecular Theory Kinetic = Movement (Energy) Molecule = Particles The more energy in a substance, the faster.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062423/56649e2e5503460f94b1f086/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
Gas Laws – Charles’ Law
Charles’ Law is used when the volume of a fixed amount of gas changes with temperature.
Remember the temp must be in Kelvin!
![Page 45: Unit 2 Physical Properties of Matter. Kinetic Molecular Theory Kinetic = Movement (Energy) Molecule = Particles The more energy in a substance, the faster.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062423/56649e2e5503460f94b1f086/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
Charles’ Law in Motion
![Page 46: Unit 2 Physical Properties of Matter. Kinetic Molecular Theory Kinetic = Movement (Energy) Molecule = Particles The more energy in a substance, the faster.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062423/56649e2e5503460f94b1f086/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
Gas Laws – Charles’ Law
As temperature increases, volume increases.
As temperature decrease, volume decreases.
The equation for Charles’ Law is: T2 x V1 = V2 x T1
![Page 47: Unit 2 Physical Properties of Matter. Kinetic Molecular Theory Kinetic = Movement (Energy) Molecule = Particles The more energy in a substance, the faster.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062423/56649e2e5503460f94b1f086/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
Gas Laws – Charles Law
Givens:
Equation: Substitution: Answer with Units:
V1 = 1.5 L T1 = 300 K T2 = 75 K
V1 * T2 = V2 * T1 1.5 L * 75 K = V2 * 300 K .375 L = V2
Nitrogen gas in a balloon takes up a space of 1.5 L at 300 K. The balloon is dipped into liquid nitrogen that is at a temperature of 75 K. What will be the volume of the helium in the balloon at the lower temperature?
![Page 48: Unit 2 Physical Properties of Matter. Kinetic Molecular Theory Kinetic = Movement (Energy) Molecule = Particles The more energy in a substance, the faster.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062423/56649e2e5503460f94b1f086/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
Gas Laws – Charles’ Law
![Page 49: Unit 2 Physical Properties of Matter. Kinetic Molecular Theory Kinetic = Movement (Energy) Molecule = Particles The more energy in a substance, the faster.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062423/56649e2e5503460f94b1f086/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
Gas Laws – The Real World
![Page 50: Unit 2 Physical Properties of Matter. Kinetic Molecular Theory Kinetic = Movement (Energy) Molecule = Particles The more energy in a substance, the faster.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062423/56649e2e5503460f94b1f086/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
Gas Laws – The Real World