Unit 2 Palm Oil Case Study

7/28/2019 Unit 2 Palm Oil Case Study

1/31

ECONOMICS OF WASTEECONOMICS OF WASTE

MANAGEMENT OF PALM OILMANAGEMENT OF PALM OILMILL EFFLUENT (POME)MILL EFFLUENT (POME)

UNIT 2 CASE STUDY #1UNIT 2 CASE STUDY #1

Picture of POME here

PDFCreatedwith

deskPDFPDFWrite

r-Trial::http://www

.docudesk.com
http://www.docudesk.com/http://www.docudesk.com/http://www.docudesk.com/http://www.docudesk.com/http://www.docudesk.com/http://www.docudesk.com/http://www.docudesk.com/http://www.docudesk.com/http://www.docudesk.com/http://www.docudesk.com/http://www.docudesk.com/http://www.docudesk.com/http://www.docudesk.com/http://www.docudesk.com/http://www.docudesk.com/http://www.docudesk.com/http://www.docudesk.com/http://www.docudesk.com/http://www.docudesk.com/http://www.docudesk.com/http://www.docudesk.com/http://www.docudesk.com/http://www.docudesk.com/http://www.docudesk.com/http://www.docudesk.com/http://www.docudesk.com/http://www.docudesk.com/http://www.docudesk.com/http://www.docudesk.com/http://www.docudesk.com/http://www.docudesk.com/http://www.docudesk.com/http://www.docudesk.com/http://www.docudesk.com/http://www.docudesk.com/http://www.docudesk.com/http://www.docudesk.com/http://www.docudesk.com/http://www.docudesk.com/http://www.docudesk.com/http://www.docudesk.com/http://www.docudesk.com/http://www.docudesk.com/http://www.docudesk.com/http://www.docudesk.com/http://www.docudesk.com/http://www.docudesk.com/http://www.docudesk.com/http://www.docudesk.com/http://www.docudesk.com/http://www.docudesk.com/http://www.docudesk.com/http://www.docudesk.com/http://www.docudesk.com/http://www.docudesk.com/http://www.docudesk.com/http://www.docudesk.com/http://www.docudesk.com/http://www.docudesk.com/http://www.docudesk.com/http://www.docudesk.com/http://www.docudesk.com/


2/31

Outline

Title of case study

Objective

Overview

Background info Palm oil industry Palm oil processes

POME Characteristics

Method of treatment

PDFCreatedwith

deskPDFPDFWrite

r-Trial::http://www

.docudesk.com


3/31

Issues of POME

Advantages Disadvantages

Environmental impact (untreated)

COD, BOD

Methane (GHG, etc.)

Etc.

Environmental issues Emissions

Methane, CO2, GWP, GHG

Water quality, biodiversity E3

Economics of waste management (Cost benefitanalysis)

Unit assessment tasks Required structure of report for case study

PDFCreatedwith

deskPDFPDFWrite

r-Trial::http://www

.docudesk.com


4/31

The case study aims to collect methane gas generated in the POME treatment

process, and so utilize it as a boiler an additional fuel (the others being fiber

and shell) for the generation of steam and electricity.

Palm oil mill effluent (POME) discharged from the CPO production process

currently undergoes anaerobic and aerobic lagoon treatment to comply with

the effluent standard in Malaysia.

This treatment releases a large quantity of methane gas into the atmosphere,

which has 21 times of effects compared with CO2 as GHGs.

Another issue is the contamination (COD, BOD etc.)

OverviewPDFCreatedwith

deskPDFPDFWrite

r-Trial::http://www

.docudesk.com


5/31

Background on the palm oilBackground on the palm oil

industriesindustries Palm oil is for food and non

food uses

Malaysias palm oil productiongrew from 370,000 ton (1969)to 14 million ton (2004)accounting to 46% of the worldexport

Total planted areas are 3875million hectares from both thesmall holders and bigplantations [2004 data;Ministry of PlantationIndustries and Commodities].

Palm oil consumption: EU 25(48.2 kg/per); China (18.9kg/per); India (11.5 kg/per)

Source: ANUGA Food Tec, Koln, Germany 2004

BigPlantation

90.5%

SmallHoldingPlantation

9.5%

PDFCreatedwith

deskPDFPDFWrite

r-Trial::http://www

.docudesk.com


6/31

hemat

icofCu

rrentP

rocess

hemat

icofCu

rrentP

rocess

POM

E


7/31

A typical palm oil mill operationoutputs/inputs

S.S.Chen, Hasnah Mohd. Zin; Development of LCI for Biofuel Production fromPalm Oil, Proceedings of Meeting for LCA in ASEAN Biomass Project,14th 16th Nov 2006, Tsukuba japan.

Input item Quantity Unit

FFB 5.1 ton

Electricity 103 kWh

Diesel 3.17 litreFibre (fuel) 0.5 ton

Shell (fuel) 0.18 ton

Water (steam) 3.21 ton

Emission Quantity Unit

Shell 0.12 ton

Mesocarp 0.11 ton

EFB 1.19 ton

POME 3.1 m3

Boiler ash 0.015 ton

Flue gas

particulate 0.05 kg

CO 0.16 kg

CO2 86.4 kg

SO2 0.0017 kg

Nox 0.12 kg

Wastewater 3.54 m3CH4 56.18 m3

Output Item Quantity Unit

CPO 1 ton

PDFCreatedwith

deskPDFPDFWrite

r-Trial::http://www

.docudesk.com


8/31

WHAT IS POME? It comprises of organic compounds originating

from vegetable materials, readily decomposedby anaerobic and aerobic bacteria.

It is a waste product of the palm oil industries in

Malaysia. The other waste products are Empty fruit bunches (EFB)

Mesocarp fibre

Palm kernel shells Palm kernel cake

PDFCreatedwith

deskPDFPDFWrite

r-Trial::http://www

.docudesk.com


9/31

POME is normally discharged at atemperature of 80 90C to lagoon systemsfor waste water treatment.

PDFCreatedwith

deskPDFPDFWrite

r-Trial::http://www

.docudesk.com


10/31

Characteristics of POME

It is an acidic brownish colloidal

suspension with high contents of organicsand solids.

More information on characteristics of rawPOME may be obtained here.

PDFCreatedwithdeskPDFPDFWrite

r-Trial::http://www

.docudesk.com


11/31POM

ECh

aracteristic

s


12/31

The POME Pollution Problem

Severe pollution was caused by the discharge of POMEinto watercourses. If it is discharged into water courses,

the biological reaction will deplete the dissolvedoxygen in the water.

affect aquatic life that provide a significant share ofthe diet of villagers.

polluted rivers and streams becomes unsuitable forhuman consumption.

Now, strict regulations [effluents quality shall notexceed 5000 mgL-1] by the government have reducedBOD load from 0% in 1978 to 99% in 1989.

PDFCreatedwithdeskPDFPDFWriter-Trial::http://www.docudesk.com


13/31

More explanation of problem

Explanation of BOD, COD, regulation,

untreated POME, methane

Environmental problem

Economic problem



14/31

RELATED KEYWORDS

Biological oxidation demand (BOD)

Chemical oxidation demand (COD)

Crude palm oil (CPO) Fresh fruit branches (FFB)



15/31

KEYWORD: BOD BOD - biochemical (biological) oxygen

demand is a test used to measure theconcentration of biodegradable organic matterpresent in a sample of water. It can be used toinfer the general quality of the water and its

degree of pollution and it is used in water qualitymanagement and assessment, Ecology andenvironmental science. BOD is not an accurate

quantitative test and should be considered asproviding an indicator of the quality of a waterbody. (source wikipedia)



16/31

KEYWORD: COD In environmental chemistry, the chemical

oxygen demand (COD) test is commonly usedto indirectly measure the amount of organiccompounds in water. Most applications of CODdetermine the amount of organic pollutants

found in surface water (e.g. lakes and rivers),making COD a useful measure of water quality.It is expressed in milligrams per liter (mg/L),which indicates the mass of oxygen consumed

per liter of solution. Older references mayexpress the units as parts per million (ppm).(source wikipedia)



17/31

Activity 1:

A businessman has been supplying FFB to a mill from his 24.7 acres of an oil palm plantation for 5 years.

Assuming that there are about 1500 palm trees in his plantation, calculate the possible amount of methane

yield (m3) from the POME that his company has helped to generate.

Activity:

Identify an industry of a country with environmental

impacts and discuss them in terms of

emissions/discharge/etc before and after regulations havebeen imposed. This could be the industry where the

economics of waste management may be studied further

along in this case study.



18/31

Methods of treatment Schematic diagram of process & where in

process steps can be taken to mitigateproblem



19/31

The POME Solution Among the current uses of POME are;

Production of methane [CH4] for electricity

Mixed with other materials to form animal feed

Chemical processing into bio-acids [acetic,propionic, and butyric acids] and organicacids for bioplastics (PHA).

Composting, mixing with other waste from thepalm oil mill.



20/31

Methanation of POME Studies showed that 375 x 106 m3 or 225 Gg of CH4 is

evolved from open pond systems from POME treatment,

accounting for 10% of CH4 inventory in Malaysia. The CH4 amounts to 5,170 Gg in CO2 equivalent, or

3.6% of the estimated total emissions inMalaysia.[activity suggested: leave this as an acitivity

calculating Co2 equivalent] Amount of methane produced varies with temperature

and digestion process; thermophilic [organismspreferring warmer temperatures] or mesophilic[organisms that grows best in moderate temperatures;25-40 C].

Studies have shown that methane yield of 0.47 0.92m3kg-1 BOD added is produced[yr of data]



21/31

Methanation and capturing of methane from POMEExample : Anaerobic Digester

POME

Anaerobic Digester

Biogas storage system

Power generation

Pressurizedstorage vessel

scrubbers

compressors

Piping & housing

Calculation of CH4 emissions arising from the secondarytreatment of POME from open lagoons according to IPCC

guidelines

(http://cdm.unfccc.int/UserManagement/FileStorage)

Evaluate Reactor size

Evaluate present boiler size and heat

requirement (Modification)

Economic evaluation

Life-cycle costbenefit

PDFCreatedwithd

eskPDFPDFWriter-Trial::http://www.docudesk.com


22/31

Digester


23/31

Ov

erallSche

maticofCaseStud

y


24/31

Uncertainties of Methanation Process

Technological proven ?

Economically feasible ?

Constant supply ? (quality and quantity)

Availability & distribution ? (nationwide)

The technologies and system to be in

the project shall be determined in

terms of:

Efficiency

Stability

Cost

PDFCreatedwithd

eskPDFPDFWriter

-Trial::http://www.docudesk.com


25/31

Draw up a list of possible realisticand credible alternatives for the

treatment of POME

Eliminate alternatives that are notcomplying with applicable laws

and regulations

Compare economic

attractiveness of remainingalternatives

- Life-cycle cost benefit- Simple payback

- Incremental investment costs

- O&M costs and;- All other costs of implementing the technology

of the each alternative option.- All revenues generated by the implementationof the technology

Methodology

PDFCreatedwithd

eskPDFPDFWriter



26/31

Costben

efitanalysis

omic

analysis


27/31

ReactorS

ys

Storagesy

stem

Comp&scrubbers

Piping


28/31

Activity 1:

A businessman has been supplying FFB to a mill from his 24.7 acres of an oil palm plantation for 5 years.

Assuming that there are about 1500 palm trees in his plantation, calculate the possible amount of methane

yield (m3) from the POME that his company has helped to generate.

Activity 2:

A businessman has been supplying FFB to a mill from his 24.7

acres of an oil palm plantation for 5 years. Assuming that there are

about 1500 palm trees in his plantation..more data, calculate the possible amount of methane yield (m3) from the POME

that his company has helped to generate.

Economic analysis and the mitigated amount of CH4

Click here for help [1 hectare = 2.471 acres].

Some oil palm mills have their operations in peak and trough periods which

run in four and eight months respectively. Production of FFB is about 51% of the annual FFB output during the trough

period with 240 m3 per day of wastewater used. More wastewater is utilized

during the peak period, 450 m3/day.

PDFCreatedwithd

eskPDFPDFWriter



29/31

Mill Production Capacity

Big Plantation Small Holding PlantationCapacity 140 palm tree

s/hectare

148 palm trees/hectare

Weight of FFB 25 kg 15 kg

Monthly average production

per palm

1.21 FFB/palm/month

(0.03025 ton/palm/month)

0.75 FFB/palm/month (0.0112

ton/palm/month)Average FFB yield 20 ton/hectare/year 14.8 ton/hectare/year

PDFCreatedwithd

eskPDFPDFWriter



30/31

bleto

showth

eresultoftheCBAon

OME

solution


31/31

References

Biomass Utilization in Malaysia: Current Status of Conversion of Biomass into

Bioproducts, M. A. HASSAN & S. YACOB, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), 2005

The World Bank Group, Malaysia: Experience in Effluent Control in the Palm Oil

Industry Specific approach: standards and charges, 2005

American Palm Oil Council, The Environmental Effect of Palm Oil Plantation, 2004

MPOB (2004a), MPOB 1st, 2nd Half and Monthly Palm Oil Prices: August 2004

(RM/Tonne). Malaysian Palm Oil Board,

http://161.142.157.2/home2/home/ei_tajukmon02.html (last updated 16th august 2004)

MPOB (2004b), Malaysian Oil Palm Statistics 2003. Economics and Industry

Development Division, Malaysian Palm Oil Board,

http://161.142.157.2/home2/home/ei_tajukmon02.html (last updated 16th august 2004),

Kelana Jaya.

S. Sinnappa International Conference on Water Pollution Control in DevelopingCountries, Bangkok, February 1978 Treatment Studies of Palm Oil Mill waste effluent

PDFCreatedwithd

eskPDFPDFWriter


Unit 2 Palm Oil Case Study

Documents

Transcript of Unit 2 Palm Oil Case Study