UNIT 2: OUR RELATIONSHIP WITH LEADERSHIP & GOVERNMENTPRE CONFEDERATION: CONFLICTSSEVEN YEARS WAR, AMERICAN REVOLUTION, WAR OF 1812

UNIT OVERVIEW Course Questions:

1. What is the most significant factor that influenced the development of Canada throughout the 18th and 19th Centuries: land, politics or people?

2. What does it mean to “be Canadian”?

Unit Questions:

1. Who or what had the most significant impact on the development of Canada as a country?

2. What elements of continuity and change exist in the sources of conflict and agreement in Canadian society?

LAST CLASS’STAKE HOME MESSAGE:

WHO HAD INFLUENCE IN PRE-CONFEDERATION CANADA? TO WHAT DEGREE DOES THAT INFLUNCE PERSIST TODAY?

PRE-CONFEDERATION:

TODAY’S TAKE HOME MESSAGE:

Who were the key leaders of formal conflicts and what leadership characteristics did they rely upon for their success?

PRE-CONFEDERATION: FORMAL CONFLICTS

PRE-CONFEDERATION: FORMAL CONFLICTS

Seven Year’s War Global in Scope Winners and Losers Significance to Canada: Acadian Expulsion, Battle of the Plains of

Abraham, British dominance

American Revolution The intolerable acts Should we (Nova Scotia and Quebec) stay or should we go? Significance to Canada: Loyalist immigration, Last (British) Man Standing

in North America

War of 1812 A satellite war of America vs. Britain 2.0 “Indian” threat Significance to Canada: Only armed conflict between US and Canada,

Chief Tecumseh

How can these formal conflicts serve as study of

LEADERSHIP?

PRE-CONFEDERATION: FORMAL CONFLICTS

Seven Year’s War (1756-1763) North America was….

“Just a few acres of snow.”– Voltaire– and yet…

Resource rich

Unchartered territory (literally)

A battle ground French vs. English European vs. Indigenous Canada vs. English Canada vs. USA

Causes of the Ultimate French/British Rivalry:

Resources (especially fur, particularly the Ohio River Valley)

PrideA larger conflict in Europe

PRE-CONFEDERATION: FORMAL CONFLICTS

Seven Year’s War (1756-1763) War was global in scope and is referred to by different names in the

various conflict areas (theatres of war) French and Indian War (United States) Seven Years War (Canada) Pomeranian War (Sweden and Prussia) Third Silesian War (Prussia and Austria)

The conflict in North America can be considered a satellite war of the European English/French conflicts.

French Strategy: Full-out victory in Europe

English Strategy: Focused victory in the colonies, especially North America

PRE-CONFEDERATION: FORMAL CONFLICTSDeath of General Wolfe 1770 Benjamin West

PRE-CONFEDERATION: FORMAL CONFLICTS

Portrait of Major-General James Wolfe (c 1760) Joseph Highmore

PRE-CONFEDERATION: FORMAL CONFLICTS

Louis-Joseph de Montcalm(c 1700) Sergent-Marceau

Seven Year’s War (1756-1763) Significance: #1 Le Grand Derangement… The Acadian Expulsion

#2 Battle of the Plains of Abraham …The British Dominance in/of Canada

#3 First concerted allegiance of First Nations with the Mohawk, Abenaki, Huron and Onondaga forming the Seven Nations of Canada in support of France/New France against the British.

PRE-CONFEDERATION: FORMAL CONFLICTS

The American Revolution Thirteen Colonies are resentful… rebellious… revolutionaries. Why?

PRE-CONFEDERATION: FORMAL CONFLICTS

The American Revolution Thirteen Colonies are resentful… rebellious… revolutionaries. Why?

Seven Years War was a financial disaster for France and Britain Britain 14 million pounds in debt 300,000 pounds per year to defend BNA (France is gone but Spanish

in Louisiana) Attempts to raise taxes to cover this amount and conflict over how to

administer Quebec leads to unrest in the Thirteen Colonies.

PRE-CONFEDERATION: FORMAL CONFLICTS

The Intolerable ActsNavigation Act • Series of laws from the 1660s controlling trade in the

Empire• Goods must pass on British ships between British colonies• Enforced in the 1770s because of colonists smuggling with

the French during the war • Called for trial by captain of the ship NOT trial by jury of

peers• Significance: economic and political rights disregarded

Stamp Act 1765

• Taxation on documents• Repealed in 1766• Significance: purely revenue-raising

Quartering Act1765

• Required colonists to provide room and board for British soldiers

• Significance: political frustrations

Townshend Act1767

• Taxes on tea, glass, paints imported from Britain• All but tea tax repealed-- Boston Tea Party• After this, Britain introduced new Quartering Act. Why so?• Significance: political frustrations

Quebec Act 1774 • Blocked westward expansion of America into Ohio valley• Protection offered to Roman Catholicism• Failed to provide elected Assembly• Significance: final straw

“No Taxation without representation”

War of 1812 A war between the new United States of America and Britain because of 1)

Napoleonic Wars in Europe and the 2) “Indian Wars” in the western US territories.

PRE-CONFEDERATION: FORMAL CONFLICTS

1) Napoleonic Wars… America traded with both

England and France during the war

England responded by increased harassment and search of American trading ships.

Eventually a stalemate in Europe freed British soldiers who were relocated to North America to put an end to the fight in 1814.

2) “Indian” Wars… Louisiana Purchase encouraged

expansion of West of American Settlers

Ran into resistance from First Nations

Britain allegedly provided assistance to First Nations against the Americans

War Hawks lead the fight to declare war on Britain over this

War of 1812

PRE-CONFEDERATION: FORMAL CONFLICTS

War of 1812

PRE-CONFEDERATION: FORMAL CONFLICTS

War of 1812• Significance:

• Lower Canadians resisted the American “liberators”, unlike their indifference during the American Revolution.

• Showed how difficult and costly it was for Britain to continue to support the Canadian colonies.

• Difference between Upper Canada (fought as British subjects for Britain) and Lower Canada (fought as Canadiens to defend their homes).

PRE-CONFEDERATION: FORMAL CONFLICTS

Leadership in War

1. What qualities makes a great leader?

2. If you were to follow someone into battle, what are the three most important qualities from the list above?

PRE-CONFEDERATION: FORMAL CONFLICTS

Leadership in War

3. What do you know about Canada and war?

4. Who are some people regarded as Canadian war “heroes”?

PRE-CONFEDERATION: FORMAL CONFLICTS

Leadership in War

1. Tecumseh- Collect the information sheet and questions on Chief Tecumseh and complete the activities.

2. Laura Secord- Collect the information sheet and questions on Laura Secord and complete the activities.

3. Winner or Loser?- Collect the questions and visit this website http://www.canadiangeographic.ca/atlas/themes.aspx?id=warof1812&sub=warof1812_basics_outcomes&lang=En and complete the activities.

PRE-CONFEDERATION: FORMAL CONFLICTS