Dr. Zeenat Zaidi Arteries of the Head & Neck Common carotid arteries Subclavian arteries.
UNIT 2 NOTES: Blood Pressure & Heart Disorders. (1) Pulse Pressure wave that travels through...
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UNIT 2 NOTES:Blood Pressure & Heart Disorders
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(1) Pulse• Pressure wave that travels through arteries
– Result of contraction and relaxation of artery
– Pulse Rate should = Heart Rate• Could vary if blood vessel filled with fatty deposits or
damaged interior walls
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(2) Blood Pressure• Pressure blood exerts against vessel walls
• Keeps blood circulating
• Ventricles Contract:– Blood forced into arteries– Arteries expand as blood travels through– Blood moves high low pressure
• Blood continues to move into areas without blood• Eventually moves back to heart (when heart empties
out)
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(3) Measuring Blood Pressure
• Systolic Pressure– Pressure in arteries– Peak of ventricular contraction
• Diastolic Pressure– Pressure in ventricles– Relaxed ventricles
• Measuring Blood Pressure1. Cuff is inflated/tightened until cuff pressure is greater than systolic
pressure2. Blood flow in arm ceases3. No pulse (heard + felt)4. Pressure in cuff is reduced listen for pulse sounds5. Systolic Blood Pressure = first soft tapping sounds6. Diastolic Blood Pressure = no more tapping sounds, constant flow7. Expressed: “Systolic over Diastolic”
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(4) Hypotension• Low blood pressure
• Systolic = 100 and under
• Causes:– Increase in fitness– Change in body position and circulation of
blood pressure (sitting standing)– Poor nutrition (decreased viscosity)– Blood loss
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(5) Hypertension• High blood pressure
• Systolic = 140 and over
• Causes:– Damaged arterial walls– Fatty deposits– Increased viscosity of blood– Increased stress
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(6) Coronary Artery Disease• Blood vessels fill with fat + calcium deposits
• Constricts inner volume of blood vessels
• Severely increases pressure within blood vessels
• Can build up + not allow blood flow
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(7) Congenital Heart Defect
• Common in infants
• Causes:– Maternal infection– Drugs
• Defects:– Valves do not open/close properly– Septum separating right + left side may not be
complete– Missing chambers/arteries
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(8) Congestive Heart Failure• Weaking of heart + blood vessels:
– Common in older + unhealthy individuals
• Pumping efficiency decreased:– Decrease in blood flow– Decrease in muscle contraction
• Vessels most likely clogged with fat + calcium:– Leads to straining of heart muscle– Damage to vessels scar tissue in repair
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(9) Heart Fibrillation• Rapid uncoordinated
shuddering/pulsing of heart muscle– Does not allow for proper pumping of
blood– Major cause of heart attack + death in
adults
• Tachycardia = rapid heart rate• Brachycardia = slowed heart rate
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(10) Thrombus vs. Embolus• Thrombus Clot in wall of blood vessel
• Embolus Free Floating Thrombus
• Causes:
– Rough blood vessel tissue from burns, ruptures, fat.
– Slow blood flow (low levels of activity)
• Aspirin: Common over the counter anticoagulant.
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(11) Thrombocytopenia(Hemostatic Disorder)
• Low platelet count & Slow Clotting Rate
• Typical of bone marrow cancer and/or radiation patients.
• Caused by damaged liver Cannot make clotting factors.
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(12) Hemophilia(Hemostatic Disorder)
• Low Clotting Factor Count & Slow Clotting Rate
• Either missing Clotting Factor #8 or #9