Unit 2:Unit 2: Founding of Founding of Our NationOur Nation

The Road to The Road to RevolutionRevolution

1. How did the end of the 1. How did the end of the French and Indian War lead the French and Indian War lead the American colonists on the road American colonists on the road to revolution?to revolution?2. Describe the significance of the following taxes by the British Parliament.

I. Growing DiscontentI. Growing Discontent• Britain made no serious effort to Britain made no serious effort to

control the colonies for 70 years control the colonies for 70 years – Colonies were left to go their separate Colonies were left to go their separate

ways ways Salutary Neglect!Salutary Neglect!

• Britain taxed colonists to pay for Britain taxed colonists to pay for French & Indian war debt; strained French & Indian war debt; strained relations between colonists & relations between colonists & British British

• Stamp Act taxed documents such Stamp Act taxed documents such as wills, licenses and newspapersas wills, licenses and newspapers

– Significance: First tax to impact most Significance: First tax to impact most people and colonists openly protestedpeople and colonists openly protested

– Tax would pay for more British soldiers Tax would pay for more British soldiers in the coloniesin the colonies

• Sugar Act taxed molasses (for rum)Sugar Act taxed molasses (for rum)

““No Taxation without Representation”No Taxation without Representation”

• Traced back to Magna Traced back to Magna CartaCarta

• Britain had no right to tax Britain had no right to tax w/out colonial voice in w/out colonial voice in ParliamentParliament

• No elected officials to No elected officials to represent colonistsrepresent colonists

• Colonists were outraged Colonists were outraged & violence erupted& violence erupted

• Boycotts were organized, Boycotts were organized, so British repealed Stamp so British repealed Stamp ActAct

Colonial Colonial ResponseResponsess• Virginia Virginia

ResolvesResolves

• Stamp Act Stamp Act CongressCongress

• Sons of LibertySons of Liberty

• RiotsRiots

• Burned stampsBurned stamps

• Tarred & Tarred & feathered tax feathered tax collectorscollectors

• BOYCOTTS!!!!BOYCOTTS!!!!

Albany Plan of UnionAlbany Plan of Union• Influenced by the Iroquois ConfederacyInfluenced by the Iroquois Confederacy

• Plan proposed by Ben Franklin - make Plan proposed by Ben Franklin - make laws, levy taxes, and establish defenselaws, levy taxes, and establish defense

– Called for Grand Council w/ representatives Called for Grand Council w/ representatives from each colonyfrom each colony

– Rejected by colonial assembliesRejected by colonial assemblies

• Significance: It was the first attempt Significance: It was the first attempt to unite the coloniesto unite the colonies

Townshend ActsTownshend Acts

• Taxed imported glass, Taxed imported glass, lead, paper, silk and tealead, paper, silk and tea

• Customs officials sent to Customs officials sent to ports to stop smugglersports to stop smugglers

i. Writs of assistance i. Writs of assistance were legal document for were legal document for searchsearch

ii. Colonists protested ii. Colonists protested claiming searches were claiming searches were illegalillegal

Nonimportation AgreementNonimportation Agreement• Colonists response to Colonists response to

Townshend Acts Townshend Acts

• Stopped importing British Stopped importing British goods to hurt British goods to hurt British merchants walletsmerchants wallets

• Colonists organized effort Colonists organized effort through newspapersthrough newspapers

• Sons of Liberty devised plan to Sons of Liberty devised plan to protest British policies and protest British policies and protect colonial libertiesprotect colonial liberties

– Stop using taxed goods and quit Stop using taxed goods and quit drinking British teadrinking British tea

• Daughters of Liberty vowed to Daughters of Liberty vowed to wear only homespun clothwear only homespun cloth

Colonial LeadersColonial Leaders

• Samuel Adams (MA) Samuel Adams (MA) wrote pamphlets and wrote pamphlets and newspaper articlesnewspaper articles

• John Adams (MA) had John Adams (MA) had extensive knowledge of extensive knowledge of British lawBritish law

• George Washington (VA) George Washington (VA) was a riveting speaker & was a riveting speaker & leader in battleleader in battle

• Mercy Otis Warren’s Mercy Otis Warren’s plays made fun of British plays made fun of British officialsofficials

3. Provide details about 3. Provide details about these events and describe these events and describe the colonial reaction to the the colonial reaction to the following British policies. following British policies.

VI. The Boston MassacreVI. The Boston Massacre

• Angry colonists Angry colonists gathered outside gathered outside Boston customs houseBoston customs house

• Unknown person fired a Unknown person fired a shot - British opened shot - British opened fire on crowdfire on crowd

– Five people were killed Five people were killed including Crispus Attucks including Crispus Attucks (Sons of Liberty member)(Sons of Liberty member)

• Paul Revere’s, Paul Revere’s, The The Bloody MassacreBloody Massacre stirred-up anti-British stirred-up anti-British sentimentsentiment

ResultResultss• John Adams John Adams

represented represented soldiers in court – soldiers in court – soldiers received soldiers received light sentenceslight sentences

• Parliament repealed Parliament repealed Townshend taxes, Townshend taxes, except teaexcept tea

• Committees of Committees of Correspondence Correspondence united colonistsunited colonists– formed by Sam formed by Sam

Adams, most Adams, most effective radical in effective radical in the coloniesthe colonies

Trouble over TeaTrouble over Tea

• British East India Tea Co. British East India Tea Co. was in financial troublewas in financial trouble

• Tea Act (1773) passed, so Tea Act (1773) passed, so BEIT Co. could sell directly BEIT Co. could sell directly to consumersto consumers

– Meant to lower the price of Meant to lower the price of teatea

– Colonists were outraged, Colonists were outraged, boycott the “accursed stuff”boycott the “accursed stuff”

Boston Tea PartyBoston Tea Party

• Colonists reaction to the Colonists reaction to the Tea ActTea Act

• Gov. Hutchinson (MA) Gov. Hutchinson (MA) demanded tea be demanded tea be unloaded from shipsunloaded from ships

• Colonists dressed as Colonists dressed as Natives and boarded the Natives and boarded the shipship

• Threw 342 chests of tea Threw 342 chests of tea into Boston Harborinto Boston Harbor

Coercive/Intolerable ActsCoercive/Intolerable Acts

• King George III response King George III response to the BTPto the BTP

• Shut down the port of Shut down the port of BostonBoston

• Town meetings only held Town meetings only held once a yearonce a year

• British officials were to be British officials were to be tried in England, not tried in England, not MassachusettsMassachusetts

• Quartering Act passed – Quartering Act passed – citizens must house soldierscitizens must house soldiers

• People of Boston must be People of Boston must be punished!punished!

• First Continental Congress First Continental Congress formed in response to formed in response to Intolerable ActsIntolerable Acts

– 12 colonies attended, not 12 colonies attended, not GAGA

– Called for boycott of British Called for boycott of British goods & stop exporting to goods & stop exporting to EnglandEngland

– Urged colonies to form Urged colonies to form militiasmilitias

– Agreed to re-convene the Agreed to re-convene the following Springfollowing Spring

4. Describe the significance 4. Describe the significance of the following major of the following major events in the Revolutionary events in the Revolutionary War.War.

““The British are Coming”The British are Coming” • Gen. Gage’s scouts Gen. Gage’s scouts

reported Concord, MA had reported Concord, MA had an arsenalan arsenal

• On 4/18/1775, Gage sent On 4/18/1775, Gage sent 700 troops to seize arms700 troops to seize arms

• William Dawes and Paul William Dawes and Paul Revere warned the Revere warned the colonists in advancecolonists in advance

• Battle at Lexington – “The Battle at Lexington – “The Shot Heard Around the Shot Heard Around the World”World”

– Capt. Parker led 70 Capt. Parker led 70 minutemen, but British minutemen, but British advancedadvanced

““The British are Coming”The British are Coming” (cont.)(cont.)

• Battle at ConcordBattle at Concord– British returned to find 300 British returned to find 300

men waiting at bridgemen waiting at bridge– British retreated – 73 dead, British retreated – 73 dead,

200 wounded200 wounded

• THE FIGHT FOR THE FIGHT FOR INDEPENDENCE INDEPENDENCE BEGINS!!!BEGINS!!!

The American The American RevolutionRevolution

Green Mountain BoysGreen Mountain Boys

• Led by Ethan Allen Led by Ethan Allen (Vermont)(Vermont)

• Surprise attack on Fort Surprise attack on Fort Ticonderoga resulted in Ticonderoga resulted in victoryvictory

– Controlled key route to Controlled key route to CanadaCanada

5. Describe the significance 5. Describe the significance of the following individuals of the following individuals in the Revolutionary War.in the Revolutionary War.

Last Effort for PeaceLast Effort for Peace

• Olive Branch Petition Olive Branch Petition sent to King George III sent to King George III (England) declaring (England) declaring loyaltyloyalty

– Asked king to repeal Asked king to repeal Intolerable ActsIntolerable Acts

• Continental Army Continental Army formed and George formed and George Washington was Washington was appointed leaderappointed leader

British MilitaryBritish Military

• Strengths - experienced Strengths - experienced troops, powerful navy, troops, powerful navy, ships could move ships could move soldierssoldiers

• Weaknesses - 3,000 Weaknesses - 3,000 miles from home, miles from home, risked attacks in risked attacks in countryside because countryside because they didn’t know the they didn’t know the landland

Continental ArmyContinental Army

• Strengths - defending Strengths - defending homeland, many owned homeland, many owned rifles and were good rifles and were good shots & brilliant leader, shots & brilliant leader, GWGW

• Weaknesses – untrained Weaknesses – untrained troops, few cannons and troops, few cannons and little gunpowder & no little gunpowder & no navynavy

Bunker HillBunker Hill

• First major battleFirst major battle

• Patriots led by William Patriots led by William Prescott, William Howe Prescott, William Howe led British attackled British attack

• British victorious, but British victorious, but costly (1,000 men dead costly (1,000 men dead or wounded)or wounded)

• Proved Americans Proved Americans could fight bravelycould fight bravely

Don’t shoot until you see the whites of their

eyes!

Advance to CanadaAdvance to Canada

• Montgomery seized Montreal Montgomery seized Montreal (Nov. 1775)(Nov. 1775)

• Benedict Arnold led troops to Benedict Arnold led troops to QuebecQuebec

– Planned to join forces with Planned to join forces with Montgomery during horrible Montgomery during horrible winter winter

– French Canadians refused to French Canadians refused to support Americanssupport Americans

• Quebec was attacked - Quebec was attacked - Montgomery killed and Montgomery killed and Arnold woundedArnold wounded

– Americans withdrew > British Americans withdrew > British controlled Canadacontrolled Canada

Common SenseCommon Sense

• Pamphlet written by Pamphlet written by Thomas Paine in Jan. 1776Thomas Paine in Jan. 1776

• United colonists – stated United colonists – stated America should be America should be independent & free from independent & free from the control of the Britishthe control of the British

• Structured it like a Structured it like a sermon & used & used Biblical references references to make his case to the to make his case to the peoplepeople

• Sold more than 500,000 Sold more than 500,000 copies in the first yearcopies in the first year

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Commonsense.jpg

Declaration of IndependenceDeclaration of Independence• Stated that citizens should abolish the govt. if Stated that citizens should abolish the govt. if

it abuses power & form a new oneit abuses power & form a new one– Influenced by John Locke – right to life, liberty & Influenced by John Locke – right to life, liberty &

propertyproperty– John Adams, Ben Franklin, Thomas Jefferson, John Adams, Ben Franklin, Thomas Jefferson,

Robert Livingston, & Roger ShermanRobert Livingston, & Roger Sherman

• Jefferson actually wrote itJefferson actually wrote it– July 4, 1776 delegates accepted the documentJuly 4, 1776 delegates accepted the document

• Three main parts - Basic Rights / British Three main parts - Basic Rights / British Wrongs / An Independent Nation Wrongs / An Independent Nation

The Declaration of Independence

The CommitteeThomas Jefferson

John AdamsBenjamin FranklinRobert LivingstonRoger Sherman

*Jefferson actually put his pen on the

parchment

Competition WithinCompetition Within

• Patriots - colonists who Patriots - colonists who supported supported independenceindependence

• Loyalists - colonists Loyalists - colonists who remained loyal to who remained loyal to BritainBritain

– Wealthy merchants & Wealthy merchants & former govt. officialsformer govt. officials

– Difficult life > some were Difficult life > some were tarred and featheredtarred and feathered

Campaign in New YorkCampaign in New York

• British were led by Gen. British were led by Gen. Howe - 1,400 American Howe - 1,400 American causalitiescausalities

• Howe pursued Gen. Howe pursued Gen. Washington across the Washington across the Hudson and Delaware Hudson and Delaware RiversRivers

• Nathan Hale slipped Nathan Hale slipped behind British lines & behind British lines & returned w/ detailed returned w/ detailed battle plansbattle plans

– Caught and hanged as a Caught and hanged as a traitor and spytraitor and spy

Battle of TrentonBattle of Trenton

• GW led a surprise attackGW led a surprise attack– Crossed Delaware River Crossed Delaware River

on Christmas night 1776on Christmas night 1776– Continental Army Continental Army

launched successful launched successful surprise attacksurprise attack

• Caught the Hessians Caught the Hessians recovering from heavy recovering from heavy night of partyingnight of partying

– Americans then took Americans then took Princeton > NEW Princeton > NEW HOPE!!!!!HOPE!!!!!

Battle of SaratogaBattle of Saratoga

• The Turning PointThe Turning Point of the of the warwar

• SIGNIFICANCE: Convinced SIGNIFICANCE: Convinced France to openly support the France to openly support the American causeAmerican cause

– King Louis XVI declared France King Louis XVI declared France an ally to Americaan ally to America

– French Navy supported America French Navy supported America in war effort > HUGE!!!in war effort > HUGE!!!

– Provided military aid from Provided military aid from FranceFrance

– Ended British threat to New Ended British threat to New EnglandEngland

• Boosted American spiritsBoosted American spirits

The Battle of SaratogaOctober 7, 1777

Turning Point of the War

British General John Burgoyne surrendered to American General Horatio Gates at Saratoga, New York

France decided to help

the American

s and provide naval

support

Valley ForgeValley Forge

• Continental Army Continental Army struggled for survival – struggled for survival – brutal winterbrutal winter

– Smallpox outbreak Smallpox outbreak avoided by inoculating avoided by inoculating the troopsthe troops

• Women offered much Women offered much needed assistanceneeded assistance

• GW skillfully avoided GW skillfully avoided mutiny by the troopsmutiny by the troops

Winter 1777-1778

Valley Forge, Pennsylvania

Location was close enough to apply pressure, but far enough away to avoid a sneak attack2,000 huts built, miles of trenches dugFortifications built

2,000 soldiers die2/3 from disease: influenza, smallpox typhus, typhoid, and dysentery

Help from AbroadHelp from Abroad

• Lafayette – Frenchman Lafayette – Frenchman brought 6,000 trained brought 6,000 trained troops to Americatroops to America

• Galvez – Spaniard Galvez – Spaniard secretly supplied secretly supplied gunpowder, medicine gunpowder, medicine &muskets&muskets

• Von Steuben – Prussian Von Steuben – Prussian trained soldiers to march trained soldiers to march and use bayonetsand use bayonets

Baron Friedrich von Steuben trained the troops

War in the SouthWar in the South

• Battle of Moore’s Creek Battle of Moore’s Creek Bridge (NC)Bridge (NC)

• King’s Mountain (SC) was King’s Mountain (SC) was captured & boosted Patriots captured & boosted Patriots moralemorale

• Francis Marion, “Swamp Francis Marion, “Swamp Fox,” led attacks that kept Fox,” led attacks that kept the British off guard in SCthe British off guard in SC

• Daniel Morgan led Virginia Daniel Morgan led Virginia Riflemen to victory at Riflemen to victory at Cowpens (SC)Cowpens (SC)

• Nathaniel Greene used “hit-Nathaniel Greene used “hit-and-run” tactics that wore and-run” tactics that wore down the Britishdown the British

An American TraitorAn American Traitor

• Benedict Arnold was a Benedict Arnold was a respected leader & close respected leader & close friend of GWfriend of GW

• Commanded fort at West Commanded fort at West PointPoint

– Offered West Point to Offered West Point to BritishBritish

• Message was intercepted Message was intercepted & West Point was saved& West Point was saved

• Arnold escaped and Arnold escaped and joined British joined British

Victory at Last!!!Victory at Last!!!• Yorktown was the final Yorktown was the final

battlebattle– British, led by Cornwallis, British, led by Cornwallis,

camped near Chesapeake Baycamped near Chesapeake Bay– GW knew area well and GW knew area well and

realized British could be realized British could be trappedtrapped

– French supportFrench support

• Naval fleet led by de GrasseNaval fleet led by de Grasse

• Troops led by RochambeauTroops led by Rochambeau– GW led troops south from NYGW led troops south from NY– Supplies to British were cut off Supplies to British were cut off

> forced Gen. Cornwallis to > forced Gen. Cornwallis to surrender.surrender.

Yorktown: The Final Battle

Victory at Last Cont.Victory at Last Cont.

• Treaty of Paris (1783)Treaty of Paris (1783)– U.S. recognized as U.S. recognized as

independent nationindependent nation– Borders: Atlantic Ocean to Borders: Atlantic Ocean to

Mississippi RiverMississippi River– Congress ratified April 15, Congress ratified April 15,

17831783

• UNITED STATES UNITED STATES BECAME AN BECAME AN INDEPENDENT INDEPENDENT NATION!NATION!

Forming A New Government

Reasons for Declaring Reasons for Declaring IndependenceIndependence

Citizens wanted to limit the Citizens wanted to limit the power of governmentpower of government

• Lack of representation – Lack of representation – “No taxation without “No taxation without representation”representation”

• Protect personal Protect personal freedomsfreedoms

• Desired to be Desired to be represented fairly and represented fairly and equally in the lawmaking equally in the lawmaking processprocess

IdeationIdeation• English laws traced to Magna Carta, or English laws traced to Magna Carta, or

“Great Charter”“Great Charter”– Limit power of rulerLimit power of ruler– Representative govt. w/ Parliament Representative govt. w/ Parliament

in control in control – Greater rights for citizensGreater rights for citizens

• Enlightenment influencesEnlightenment influences• English Bill of Rights protected rightsEnglish Bill of Rights protected rights

– T. Paine – “the mind once T. Paine – “the mind once enlightened…”enlightened…”

– J. Locke – right to life, liberty, and J. Locke – right to life, liberty, and propertyproperty

– Montesquieu – separate powers of Montesquieu – separate powers of govt. (3 branches)govt. (3 branches)

Magna Carta

6. Describe the impact of 6. Describe the impact of the following on the the following on the creation of the new national creation of the new national government.government.

American ModelsAmerican Models

• League of the Iroquois League of the Iroquois (Iroquois Confederacy)(Iroquois Confederacy)

– Influenced Preamble to Influenced Preamble to Constitution and the idea Constitution and the idea of unityof unity

• New England town New England town meetingsmeetings

• VA House of Burgesses – VA House of Burgesses – legislative govt.legislative govt.

• Mayflower CompactMayflower Compact

State ConstitutionsState Constitutions

• Republic put people in Republic put people in power power elected elected governorsgovernors

– Limit govt. control & Limit govt. control & separation of powersseparation of powers

• Bill of Rights – George Bill of Rights – George Mason (VA)Mason (VA)

• Suffrage – white males Suffrage – white males that paid taxes & were that paid taxes & were property owners property owners

7. How effective was the 7. How effective was the Articles of Confederation in Articles of Confederation in ruling the new nation?ruling the new nation?

Articles of ConfederationArticles of Confederation• Our first Constitution – Our first Constitution –

November 15, 1777November 15, 1777

• Created a central govt. Created a central govt. w/ limited powersw/ limited powers

– ““Loose alliance” of statesLoose alliance” of states– Congress – make and pass Congress – make and pass

lawslaws– 13 States – 1 vote per 13 States – 1 vote per

statestate– States – enforce lawsStates – enforce laws– No President – weary of No President – weary of

too much power too much power

Articles of Confederation Cont.Articles of Confederation Cont.

• Ratification required Ratification required formal approval of all 13 formal approval of all 13 statesstates

– Conflicts over western Conflicts over western landslands

– VA, NY – largest land VA, NY – largest land claimsclaims

– MD – refused until they got MD – refused until they got their sharetheir share

– NY ratified in 1780 & VA NY ratified in 1780 & VA approved in 1781approved in 1781

• Finally ratified in March Finally ratified in March 178178

Weaknesses of Articles of Weaknesses of Articles of ConfederationConfederation

• Congress couldn’t Congress couldn’t impose taxes was the impose taxes was the greatest weaknessgreatest weakness

• All states had to agree to All states had to agree to pass lawspass laws

• No executive branch to No executive branch to enforce the laws passed enforce the laws passed by Congress by Congress

• Labeled as “feeble and Labeled as “feeble and ineffectual”ineffectual”

Western LandsWestern Lands• Land of Ordinance of 1785 Land of Ordinance of 1785

raised revenue by selling raised revenue by selling landland

– Sold in large plots – Sold in large plots – companies not farmerscompanies not farmers

– System settled the NW System settled the NW TerritoryTerritory

• NW Ordinance established NW Ordinance established govt. for NW – no slavesgovt. for NW – no slaves

– Finest achievement under Finest achievement under Articles of Confederation Articles of Confederation

– Five states formed – OH, Five states formed – OH, IN, IL, MI, and WIIN, IL, MI, and WI

The Northwest OrdinanceThe Northwest Ordinance

Shay’s RebellionShay’s Rebellion

• Economic depression led Economic depression led to uprising of farmersto uprising of farmers

– Farmers: high taxes + Farmers: high taxes + debt led to many debt led to many foreclosuresforeclosures

– Revolt shut down the Revolt shut down the courts in Massachusettscourts in Massachusetts

• No courts = no foreclosuresNo courts = no foreclosures

• 2,000 rebels participated 2,000 rebels participated - the militia was sent in - the militia was sent in and squashed the and squashed the rebellionrebellion

Shay’s Rebellion Cont.Shay’s Rebellion Cont.• Impact ~ Articles of Impact ~ Articles of

Confederation was too Confederation was too weak – not workingweak – not working

• Congress couldn’t raise Congress couldn’t raise taxestaxes

• No branch to enforce lawsNo branch to enforce laws• All states had to agree to All states had to agree to

pass lawspass laws• Couldn’t regulate tradeCouldn’t regulate trade

• Push for ChangePush for Change– Revisions to A of C – Revisions to A of C –

national conference heldnational conference held– No NE states or NC, SC, No NE states or NC, SC,

GA ~ Only 5 states GA ~ Only 5 states attendedattended

8. Describe the plans and 8. Describe the plans and compromises of the compromises of the Constitutional Convention.Constitutional Convention.

Constitutional ConventionConstitutional Convention• Purpose was to revise the Articles of Purpose was to revise the Articles of

Confederation Confederation • Philadelphia in 1787 – Independence Philadelphia in 1787 – Independence

HallHall• Preserve the Union!!!Preserve the Union!!!• 12 states sent 55 delegates - RI 12 states sent 55 delegates - RI

refused to attendrefused to attend– College educated w/ political College educated w/ political

experienceexperience

• James Madison - “Father of the James Madison - “Father of the Constitution”Constitution”

• Best prepared delegate – wanted to Best prepared delegate – wanted to preserve states rights w/ a strong preserve states rights w/ a strong UnionUnion

• Kept detailed records in his daily diaryKept detailed records in his daily diary– Absent – J. Adams, Jefferson, S. Adams, Absent – J. Adams, Jefferson, S. Adams,

P. HenryP. Henry

•Varied experienceVaried experience30 fought in revolution30 fought in revolution

- 15 saw serious action- 15 saw serious action39 members of Continental Congress39 members of Continental Congress8 served on state Const. Conventions8 served on state Const. Conventions3 State Governors – 4 past Governors3 State Governors – 4 past Governors8 Signers of the Declaration of Ind.8 Signers of the Declaration of Ind.8 Judges8 JudgesMore than half were lawyersMore than half were lawyers¼ owned large commercial farms or plantations¼ owned large commercial farms or plantations31 college graduates31 college graduates2 college presidents2 college presidents3 college professors3 college professors2 future US Presidents2 future US Presidents1 future Vice President1 future Vice President17 future Senators17 future Senators11 future Representatives11 future RepresentativesAll were known in their states and at least ¼ had All were known in their states and at least ¼ had

national reputationsnational reputations

Virginia Plan – MadisonVirginia Plan – Madison

• Strong national govt. w/ Strong national govt. w/ 3 branches3 branches

– Legislative – passes lawsLegislative – passes laws– Executive – carries out Executive – carries out

lawslaws– Judicial – interprets lawsJudicial – interprets laws

• Two-House legislature – Two-House legislature – based on populationbased on population

– Favored large states, so Favored large states, so small states opposedsmall states opposed

New Jersey Plan – William New Jersey Plan – William PatersonPaterson

• Small states response to Small states response to VA PlanVA Plan

• Three branchesThree branches

• One-house legislature: One-house legislature: one state = one voteone state = one vote

• Federal govt. powers: Federal govt. powers: taxes & regulate taxes & regulate commercecommerce

The Great Compromise – Roger The Great Compromise – Roger ShermanSherman

• Major disagreement between Major disagreement between VA/NJ Plans centered on VA/NJ Plans centered on representation of the people in representation of the people in govt.govt.

• Upper house – Senate gets two Upper house – Senate gets two reps per state (NJ plan)reps per state (NJ plan)

• Lower house – House of Reps. Lower house – House of Reps. – based on population (VA)– based on population (VA)

• Created a bicameral Congress Created a bicameral Congress based on population and equal based on population and equal representationrepresentation

• Three-Fifths Compromise - Three-Fifths Compromise - Southerners wanted slaves Southerners wanted slaves countedcounted

– Slaves were counted as 3/5 for Slaves were counted as 3/5 for purpose of representation in purpose of representation in CongressCongress

10. Compare the ideas held 10. Compare the ideas held by the Federalist and the by the Federalist and the Anti-Federalists. Anti-Federalists.

Opposing ViewsOpposing Views• Federalism – divide Federalism – divide

power between fed/state power between fed/state govt.govt.

• Checks and Balances - Checks and Balances - limit the power of govt.limit the power of govt.

– Each branch checks the Each branch checks the other two branchesother two branches

• Congress passes laws but Congress passes laws but Pres. can vetoPres. can veto

• Judicial Branch determines if Judicial Branch determines if laws passed by Congress laws passed by Congress are Constitutionalare Constitutional

• Federalists – supported Federalists – supported the Constitutionthe Constitution

• Anti-federalists opposed Anti-federalists opposed Constitution because it Constitution because it lacked a Bill of Rights lacked a Bill of Rights

– Claimed that it didn’t Claimed that it didn’t protect our rights!protect our rights!

11. What were the 11. What were the Federalist papers?Federalist papers?

The Federalists PapersThe Federalists Papers• Purpose was to rally Purpose was to rally

support for ratification support for ratification of the Constitutionof the Constitution

• Written by Alexander Written by Alexander Hamilton, James Hamilton, James Madison and John JayMadison and John Jay

• States wouldn’t be States wouldn’t be overpowered by fed. overpowered by fed. govt.govt.

Ratification of the Ratification of the ConstitutionConstitution

• 9 of 13 states needed 9 of 13 states needed to ratifyto ratify

• June 1788 – NH was June 1788 – NH was 9th state to approve9th state to approve

– NY, VA, NC, and RI ratify NY, VA, NC, and RI ratify laterlater

• Bill of Rights – the first Bill of Rights – the first 10 Amendments to the 10 Amendments to the Constitution Constitution

Ratification of the Ratification of the ConstitutionConstitution

• Amendments – 2/3 vote propose, ¾ vote ratifyAmendments – 2/3 vote propose, ¾ vote ratify• 1. Speech, religion & press1. Speech, religion & press• 2. Bear Arms2. Bear Arms• 3. Lodging Troops3. Lodging Troops• 4. Search and seizure4. Search and seizure• 5. Rights of accused5. Rights of accused• 6. Trial by jury6. Trial by jury• 7. Jury in civil case7. Jury in civil case• 8. Bail & punishment8. Bail & punishment• 9. Power of people9. Power of people• 10. Power of states10. Power of states• Constitution has three parts: Preamble, Articles Constitution has three parts: Preamble, Articles

1-7 and Amendments 1-271-7 and Amendments 1-27> > Greatest living document in history!Greatest living document in history!

Forging the New RepublicForging the New Republic

Washington Becomes Washington Becomes PresidentPresident

• A. Unanimous choice: A. Unanimous choice: Moved to NY – temporary Moved to NY – temporary capitalcapital

• B. Felt the responsibility B. Felt the responsibility of the nation was on his of the nation was on his shouldersshoulders

– i. “…feelings of a culprit i. “…feelings of a culprit who is going to execution”who is going to execution”

• C. Established C. Established precedents for future precedents for future Presidents to followPresidents to follow

12. Describe the 12. Describe the precedents (examples) set precedents (examples) set by George Washington.by George Washington.

Washington’s CabinetWashington’s Cabinet• Precedent established – Precedent established –

surrounded himself w/ surrounded himself w/ trusted advisors (Executive trusted advisors (Executive Cabinet)Cabinet)

• Secretary of State – Secretary of State – Thomas JeffersonThomas Jefferson

• Secretary of War – Henry Secretary of War – Henry KnoxKnox

• Secretary of Treasury – Secretary of Treasury – Alexander HamiltonAlexander Hamilton

• Attorney General – Edmund Attorney General – Edmund RandolphRandolph

13. Compare the two 13. Compare the two political parties of the first political parties of the first party system.party system.

First Political Parties in the U.S.

Federalists Led by Alexander HamiltonStrong national govt.Supported manufacturing/industryLoose constructionFavored national bank

vs. Democratic RepublicansLed by Thomas JeffersonSmall national govt. (power w/ states)Supported agricultureStrict constructionOpposed national bank

*Political parties formed due to disagreements over the role of govt.*

14. Describe the economic 14. Describe the economic policies of Alexander policies of Alexander Hamilton.Hamilton.

Hamilton’s Economic PlanHamilton’s Economic Plan

• A. An effective govt. A. An effective govt. needed an “enlightened needed an “enlightened ruling class”ruling class”

• B. Govt. should assume B. Govt. should assume all existing public debt all existing public debt from the warfrom the war

• C. The country needed a C. The country needed a national banknational bank

• D. The nation’s economy D. The nation’s economy should be based on should be based on industry and industry and manufacturingmanufacturing

Hamilton’s Economic Plan Hamilton’s Economic Plan Cont.Cont.• E. Needed to create E. Needed to create

govt. revenue – Taxes!govt. revenue – Taxes!– i. Tariff – tax on imported i. Tariff – tax on imported

goodsgoods– ii. Excise “sin” tax – ii. Excise “sin” tax –

liquor, tobacco and liquor, tobacco and luxuries luxuries

• Compromise reached – Compromise reached – moved the capital to moved the capital to Philadelphia, then DCPhiladelphia, then DC

– Southerners then agreed Southerners then agreed to state debt bill to state debt bill

National Bank IssueNational Bank Issue

• A. Most A. Most controversial part controversial part of Hamilton’s planof Hamilton’s plan

• B. Loose B. Loose construction – construction – loose interpretation loose interpretation of Constitutionof Constitution

– i. Hamilton – i. Hamilton – “necessary and “necessary and proper clause”proper clause”

– ii. Supported ii. Supported national banknational bank

•C. Strict construction – strict interpretation of Constitution

•i. Jefferson – “limit the power of govt.”ii. Opposed national bank

•D. President Washington signed the Bank Bill in 1791

Whiskey RebellionWhiskey Rebellion

• . . A. Farmers objected A. Farmers objected violently to excise taxviolently to excise tax

• B. Tax affected their B. Tax affected their pocketbooks - attacked tax pocketbooks - attacked tax collectorscollectors

• D. 2,000 rebels D. 2,000 rebels threatened Pittsburghthreatened Pittsburgh

• E. GW and Hamilton E. GW and Hamilton led 13,000 troops to squash led 13,000 troops to squash rebellionrebellion

• F. Farmers scattered F. Farmers scattered “without spilling a drop of “without spilling a drop of blood”blood”

Remaining NeutralRemaining Neutral

• A. Washington issued A. Washington issued Neutrality Proclamation in Neutrality Proclamation in 17931793

– i. U.S. would be i. U.S. would be friendly and impartial w/ France friendly and impartial w/ France and Great Britainand Great Britain

– ii. GW opted to ii. GW opted to stay out of French Revolutionstay out of French Revolution

• B. Edmund Genet, French B. Edmund Genet, French ambassador, openly defied ambassador, openly defied Neutrality ProclamationNeutrality Proclamation

• C. Washington demanded C. Washington demanded France replace GenetFrance replace Genet

Remaining NeutralRemaining Neutral• Diplomatic challengesDiplomatic challenges

– Jefferson resigned as Sec. Of Jefferson resigned as Sec. Of StateState

– British seized American ships & British seized American ships & sailors imprisonedsailors imprisoned

– Britain stirred up trouble in NW Britain stirred up trouble in NW Territory w/ nativesTerritory w/ natives

• Jay’s Treaty (1794) - Chief Jay’s Treaty (1794) - Chief Justice John Jay negotiated w/ Justice John Jay negotiated w/ BritishBritish

– Brits paid for damages to ships Brits paid for damages to ships & left forts in NW Territory& left forts in NW Territory

– No more impressments of sailorsNo more impressments of sailors

• Pinckney’s Treaty- settled Pinckney’s Treaty- settled border and trade disputes w/ border and trade disputes w/ SpainSpain

Conflicts in the NW Territory Conflicts in the NW Territory (1790’s)(1790’s)

• A. Violence over A. Violence over land w/ Native Americans land w/ Native Americans - Ohio and Indiana- Ohio and Indiana

• B. Little Turtle led B. Little Turtle led forces to victory - forces to victory - greatest Native American greatest Native American victory over white manvictory over white man

• C. Battle of Fallen C. Battle of Fallen Timbers - Miami’s were Timbers - Miami’s were defeateddefeated

• D. Treaty of Greenville D. Treaty of Greenville (1795) gained OH, IN, IL (1795) gained OH, IN, IL and MIand MI

Farewell Address by Farewell Address by WashingtonWashington

• A. Precedent established A. Precedent established for our future leadersfor our future leaders

– i. Warned of dangers of i. Warned of dangers of political parties (divided political parties (divided country)country)

– ii. Avoid foreign ii. Avoid foreign entanglements – supported entanglements – supported his policy of neutralityhis policy of neutrality

– iii. Two-term limit for the iii. Two-term limit for the PresidentPresident

– iv. Executive Cabinetiv. Executive Cabinet

• B. Religious principle B. Religious principle would guide national would guide national moralitymorality

President AdamsPresident Adams

• A. Election of 1796: Adams A. Election of 1796: Adams (F) defeated Jefferson (D-R) 71 to (F) defeated Jefferson (D-R) 71 to 6868

• B. Flaw in the Constitution- B. Flaw in the Constitution- Jefferson was VP, (Adams rival)Jefferson was VP, (Adams rival)

• C. XYZ AffairC. XYZ Affair– Jay’s Treaty didn’t sit well w/ FranceJay’s Treaty didn’t sit well w/ France– US diplomats were disrespected US diplomats were disrespected

and French wanted bribesand French wanted bribes– Adams went to Congress and Adams went to Congress and

named French agents X,Y and Znamed French agents X,Y and Z– Americans wanted warAmericans wanted war– Congress responded - cut-off trade Congress responded - cut-off trade

w/ France, cancelled wartime w/ France, cancelled wartime treaties, built warshipstreaties, built warships and and captured French vesselscaptured French vessels

– US skillfully avoided costly war w/ US skillfully avoided costly war w/ FranceFrance

Alien and Sedition ActsAlien and Sedition Acts

• Response to XYZ and Response to XYZ and resentment of foreignersresentment of foreigners

• Foreigners must register w/ Foreigners must register w/ govt.govt.

• Allowed president to jail or Allowed president to jail or deport “dangerous” deport “dangerous” foreignersforeigners

• Prohibited criticism of public Prohibited criticism of public officials (FREEDOM OF officials (FREEDOM OF SPEECH?)SPEECH?)

• Jefferson and Madison Jefferson and Madison argued that acts were argued that acts were unconstitutionalunconstitutional

• Created deeper divide in Created deeper divide in Congress and the countryCongress and the country

15. Explain the contributions 15. Explain the contributions of John Marshall in the of John Marshall in the establishment of the Judicial establishment of the Judicial Branch as an equal branch of Branch as an equal branch of government.government.

Marbury vs. MadisonMarbury vs. Madison

• A. Supreme Court A. Supreme Court defined its power of defined its power of judicial judicial reviewreview by declaring an act of by declaring an act of Congress unconstitutionalCongress unconstitutional

• B. John Marshall ~ B. John Marshall ~ “Father of the Supreme “Father of the Supreme Court”Court”

– Chief Justice from 1801 -1835Chief Justice from 1801 -1835– Established Supreme Court as Established Supreme Court as

co-equal third branch of govt.co-equal third branch of govt.

• C. Helped establish C. Helped establish power of judicial branch w/ power of judicial branch w/ judicial review judicial review

– Judicial review provides checks Judicial review provides checks and balances w/ other two and balances w/ other two branches of govt.branches of govt.