Unit 2 Unit 2

Englishes Englishes & &

Stop Being CoyStop Being Coy

Text A: EnglishesText A: EnglishesGuess the typical situations for thGuess the typical situations for the following two conversations:e following two conversations:

• A: I am so glad that you invited us, Mary. It is a great party and we had bags of fun.

B: I am glad , too, Jane. You are always my beloved.

• A: It was extremely gracious of you to invite me , Lady Jones. We had a wonderful time tonight.

B: It is my honour to have you here, Ms Smith. Thank you so much for your precious time!

Why Englishes?English styles: manners of speaking or writing• As an English learner, we should be aware that any laAs an English learner, we should be aware that any la

nguage has a variety of styles, and be able to distingunguage has a variety of styles, and be able to distinguish one style from another, and to use the various stylish one style from another, and to use the various styles of language in various situations appropriately. es of language in various situations appropriately.

• ““Style” can refer to: Style” can refer to: 1.1. personal stylepersonal style: Shakespeare’s style, Bacon’s style,: Shakespeare’s style, Bacon’s style,

Luxun’s style, Moyan’s style Luxun’s style, Moyan’s style2.2. literary stylesliterary styles, e.g. the style of Tang poetry, the style , e.g. the style of Tang poetry, the style

of Victorian novels of Victorian novels 3.3. situational stylesituational style: e.g. the informal style, the formal s: e.g. the informal style, the formal s

tyle, the style of newspapers, the style of salesmen, ttyle, the style of newspapers, the style of salesmen, the style of classroom conversation, and the style of The style of classroom conversation, and the style of TV advertisementsV advertisements

M. Joos ‘ five-point scale classification: frozen---formal---consultative---casual---intimate

Another way to classify English styles: formal---neutral---informal ---familiar

skimming and skimming and summarizingsummarizing

Read the text in Read the text in 10 minutes10 minutes, and , and

Task 1Task 1: underline the : underline the key words or key words or sentencessentences in each paragraph. At the in each paragraph. At the same time, mark the new words and same time, mark the new words and expressions for later treatment.expressions for later treatment.

Task 2Task 2: summarize: summarize the main idea the main idea of of the text in one sentence (p. 22). the text in one sentence (p. 22).

reading and guessingreading and guessing

• Read the text again, and try to guess the Read the text again, and try to guess the rough meanings of new words and exprerough meanings of new words and expressions in text (p. 25). ssions in text (p. 25).

• You may rely on You may rely on the the contextcontext of the worof the words, or, if still in a puzzle, turn to an Englisds, or, if still in a puzzle, turn to an English-Englishh-English dictionarydictionary..

reading and reading and understandingunderstanding1.1. I’ve got bags of fun (Para. 1)I’ve got bags of fun (Para. 1)2.2. … … does not mix with (ibid.)does not mix with (ibid.)

3.3. We must never tire of insisting (Para. 2) We must never tire of insisting (Para. 2) 4.4. can be labelled “bad” or ”slovenly” English (ibid.)can be labelled “bad” or ”slovenly” English (ibid.)5.5. Many people cannot write them without having a slight feMany people cannot write them without having a slight fe

eling of guilt (ibid.)eling of guilt (ibid.)

6.6. It is not merely that the judgment is faulty in this particulIt is not merely that the judgment is faulty in this particular instance (Para. 3)ar instance (Para. 3)

7.7. Equally, however, we should disapprove of the English usEqually, however, we should disapprove of the English used … (ibid.)ed … (ibid.)

8.8. … … would strike us as just right (ibid.)would strike us as just right (ibid.)

language pointslanguage points1. command1. commandn.n.(1) the ability to control and use (1) the ability to control and use 运用的能力，掌运用的能力，掌

握握have a (good) ~ of/over…have a (good) ~ of/over…e.g. e.g. • She has a good ~ of spoken English.She has a good ~ of spoken English.• He acquired an extraordinary ~ of English langHe acquired an extraordinary ~ of English lang

uage.uage.(2) an order (2) an order 命令命令e.g. e.g. • He is the breadmaker of the family, so his wish He is the breadmaker of the family, so his wish

is a ~.is a ~.• Give your ~s in a loud, confident voice.Give your ~s in a loud, confident voice.

(3) direct, control (3) direct, control 指挥，统帅 指挥，统帅 at/under sb.’s ~at/under sb.’s ~at/under the ~ of sb.at/under the ~ of sb. 听候某人的命令，差听候某人的命令，差

遣，指挥遣，指挥e.g. e.g. • The army is under the king’s direct ~.The army is under the king’s direct ~.• The army is under the ~ of the king.The army is under the ~ of the king.• I’m at your ~.I’m at your ~.• The department is at the Dean’s ~.The department is at the Dean’s ~.

by sb’s ~/according to sb’s ~by sb’s ~/according to sb’s ~ 根据某人的根据某人的命令命令

e.g. The report was written by the Queen’s e.g. The report was written by the Queen’s ~.~.

in ~ (of sth.)in ~ (of sth.) 控制控制e.g. e.g. • Who is in ~ here?Who is in ~ here?• Who is in ~ of the firm?Who is in ~ of the firm?take ~ oftake ~ of = (begin) to direct = (begin) to direct （开始）指挥（开始）指挥e.g. When the general was killed, the senior ce.g. When the general was killed, the senior c

aptain took ~ of the company.aptain took ~ of the company.

(4) a group of officers or officials with the (4) a group of officers or officials with the power to give orders power to give orders 司令部，司令官司令部，司令官

e.g. e.g. • the German High Command the German High Command 德国高级司令德国高级司令

部部• the Air Command the Air Command 空军司令部空军司令部

vt. vt. (1) (1) • He ~s English very well.He ~s English very well.• The employers ~ great wealth but we have nothiThe employers ~ great wealth but we have nothi

ng.ng.(2) (2) ~ sb. to do~ sb. to do • He ~ed the soldiers to attack.He ~ed the soldiers to attack.• She ~ed the man to shut the gates.She ~ed the man to shut the gates.~ that + (should) + v.~ that + (should) + v.• He ~ed that we (should) attack at once.He ~ed that we (should) attack at once.• A lighted sign ~ed that seat belts (should) be fastA lighted sign ~ed that seat belts (should) be fast

ened.ened.~ sth./sb.~ sth./sb.• He ~ed silence.He ~ed silence.• If I can be of any further use, ~ me.If I can be of any further use, ~ me.

(3) (3)

• General Smith ~ed the army.General Smith ~ed the army.

• A captain ~s a company of soldiers.A captain ~s a company of soldiers.

• I advised him to ~ his temper.I advised him to ~ his temper.

• Our leader is not fit to ~ (vi.). Our leader is not fit to ~ (vi.).

(4) (4)

• This great man is able to ~ everyone’s This great man is able to ~ everyone’s respect.respect.

• He ~ed the admiration of all the music lovers.He ~ed the admiration of all the music lovers.

(5) (5)

• The hill ~s a fine view.The hill ~s a fine view.

• This fort ~s the whole valley.This fort ~s the whole valley.

commanding adj.commanding adj.(1) (1) 负责指挥的，威严的负责指挥的，威严的e.g. e.g. • The speaker’s ~ manner quieted the crowd.The speaker’s ~ manner quieted the crowd.• He is a ~ officer.He is a ~ officer.(2) (2) 处于控制地位的，鸟瞰全局的，控制全局的处于控制地位的，鸟瞰全局的，控制全局的e.g. e.g. • The castle has a ~ position on the steep hill.The castle has a ~ position on the steep hill.• We must occupy the ~ heights of economy. We must occupy the ~ heights of economy.

(( 经济重要部门，如银行、铁路等经济重要部门，如银行、铁路等 ))

2. the + comparative degree, the + c2. the + comparative degree, the + comparative degreeomparative degree

Translate:Translate:我们越是努力学习，成绩越好。我们越是努力学习，成绩越好。The harder we study, the higher score/mark wThe harder we study, the higher score/mark w

e will get.e will get.中国越强大，就越多人学习汉语。中国越强大，就越多人学习汉语。The more powerful China is, the more people The more powerful China is, the more people

will learn Chinese. will learn Chinese.

3. haphazard3. haphazard (1) adj. happening in an unplanned disor(1) adj. happening in an unplanned disor

derly manner derly manner 随意的，任意的随意的，任意的e.g. e.g. • It’s a ~ timetable.It’s a ~ timetable.• Don’t make any ~ plans.Don’t make any ~ plans.(2) adv. ((2) adv. ( ＝＝ haphazardly)haphazardly)e.g. He always does things ~.e.g. He always does things ~.(3) n.(3) n. by/at haphazard by/at haphazard 偶然地，碰巧地偶然地，碰巧地

4. no more … than …4. no more … than … 与……同样不 与……同样不

‘Bags of fun’ is no more a lazy substitute for thought in its appropriate setting than is ‘extremely gracious’ in the setting that is appropriate for this expression.

1. Neither ‘bags of fun’ nor ‘extremely gracious’ is a careless expression in its appropriate setting.

2. ‘Bags of fun’ is not a careless expression when put in suitable situations. Neither is ‘extremely gracious’.

e.g. e.g. He is no more able to speak Japanese than I am. He is no more able to speak Japanese than I am. I earn no more than you do. Why do I have to pay more?I earn no more than you do. Why do I have to pay more?I want to go no more than you do. But somebody has to I want to go no more than you do. But somebody has to

go there. go there. Without a degree and with no experience of doing office Without a degree and with no experience of doing office

work, the young man was no more fit to be a secretary thwork, the young man was no more fit to be a secretary than any of us.an any of us.

Sentence rewriting: Sentence rewriting: Neither he nor I am an engineer.Neither he nor I am an engineer.→ → He is no more an engineer than I am.He is no more an engineer than I am.Neither she nor her brother is able to speak Italian.Neither she nor her brother is able to speak Italian.→ → She is no more able to speak Italian than her brother is.She is no more able to speak Italian than her brother is.

Translate:Translate:1.1. 在室内设计方面，杰克和苏珊一样不够专业。在室内设计方面，杰克和苏珊一样不够专业。2. 2. 我们曾一度认为空气与水是免费的，其实不然，我们曾一度认为空气与水是免费的，其实不然，

它们和土地一样都不是免费的。 它们和土地一样都不是免费的。 Reference versions:Reference versions:1. In terms of interior design, Jack is no more pr1. In terms of interior design, Jack is no more pr

ofessional than Susan is. ofessional than Susan is. 2. We once thought of water and air as free; in f2. We once thought of water and air as free; in f

act they're not, no more than the land is free. act they're not, no more than the land is free.

5. condemn vt.5. condemn vt.(1) say that sth. has been done wrong, or sb. has done sth. wr(1) say that sth. has been done wrong, or sb. has done sth. wr

ong ong 责备，谴责责备，谴责~ sth./sb.~ sth./sb.e.g. e.g. • Everyone ~ed his foolish behaviour.Everyone ~ed his foolish behaviour.• We ~ cruelty and cruel people.We ~ cruelty and cruel people.~ sb. for sth.~ sb. for sth.e.g. The newspapers ~ed the president for his cruel tax policy.e.g. The newspapers ~ed the president for his cruel tax policy.(2) (law) give judgment against (2) (law) give judgment against 判罪，处刑判罪，处刑~ sb.~ sb.e.g. The court will ~ the murderer.e.g. The court will ~ the murderer.~ sb. to sth.~ sb. to sth.e.g. e.g. • He was ~ed to death.He was ~ed to death.• The judge ~ed the criminal to 10 years’ imprisonment.The judge ~ed the criminal to 10 years’ imprisonment.~ sb. to do sth.~ sb. to do sth.e.g. The court ~ed her to spend all her life in prison.e.g. The court ~ed her to spend all her life in prison.

(3) doom, force sb. into an unhappy sta(3) doom, force sb. into an unhappy state of affairs te of affairs 注定，迫使（某人）处于不注定，迫使（某人）处于不利之地位利之地位

~ sb. to sth.~ sb. to sth.e.g. e.g. •The fate ~ed him to a lonely life.The fate ~ed him to a lonely life.•He was ~ed to a lonely life.He was ~ed to a lonely life.•The refugee was ~ed to a wandering life.The refugee was ~ed to a wandering life.be ~ed to do sth.be ~ed to do sth.e.g. He is ~ed to fail (failure?).e.g. He is ~ed to fail (failure?).

(4) declare that sth. can not be used or to (4) declare that sth. can not be used or to be forfeited be forfeited 宣布…不能使用（或被没收）宣布…不能使用（或被没收）

e.g. e.g. • The building was ~ed and is to be torn doThe building was ~ed and is to be torn do

wn.wn.• The bridge has been ~ed because it is no lThe bridge has been ~ed because it is no l

onger safe.onger safe.• His property is ~ed.His property is ~ed.condemnation n. condemnation n. 谴责，定罪（的理由）谴责，定罪（的理由）e.g.e.g.• His cheating deserves our hardest ~.His cheating deserves our hardest ~.• His own actions are his ~.His own actions are his ~.

6. apprehend vt. 6. apprehend vt. (1) understand, comprehend ((1) understand, comprehend ( 旧用法旧用法 ) ) 了解了解~ that~ thate.g. e.g. • I ~ that you are ready to help her.I ~ that you are ready to help her.• I ~ that your work is well-performed.I ~ that your work is well-performed.(2) fear (2) fear 忧虑，恐惧忧虑，恐惧~ sth.~ sth.e.g. Do you ~ any difficulty in your study?e.g. Do you ~ any difficulty in your study?~ that~ thate.g. Do you ~ that you’ll meet with difficulties in your ste.g. Do you ~ that you’ll meet with difficulties in your st

udy?udy?(3) arrest, seize(3) arrest, seize （正式）逮捕，捉拿（正式）逮捕，捉拿e.g. ~ the thief.e.g. ~ the thief.

apprehensible adj.apprehensible adj. capable of being appr capable of being apprehended ehended 可了解的，可明了的可了解的，可明了的

e.g. e.g. • What he said is ~.What he said is ~.• It is an ~ example.It is an ~ example.apprehensive adj.apprehensive adj. uneasy, worried uneasy, worried 不安的，不安的，

担心担心be ~ of/for sth.be ~ of/for sth.e.g. e.g. • He is ~ of future defeats.He is ~ of future defeats.• The mother is ~ for her son’s safety.The mother is ~ for her son’s safety.be ~ thatbe ~ thate.g. The mother is ~ that her son will be hurt.e.g. The mother is ~ that her son will be hurt.

apprehension n.apprehension n.

(1) understanding (1) understanding 了解，明了了解，明了e.g. be quick/slow of ~ e.g. be quick/slow of ~ 悟性好的悟性好的 // 差的差的(2) worry, fear(2) worry, feare.g. feel ~ for sb’s safetye.g. feel ~ for sb’s safetybe filled with apprehensionbe filled with apprehension 充满忧愁充满忧愁(3) arrest(3) arreste.g. the ~ of a thief/a criminale.g. the ~ of a thief/a criminal

7. strike sb. as7. strike sb. as: appear to sb. to be …, give the i: appear to sb. to be …, give the impression of …mpression of …

e.g. e.g. • Your suggestion to hitch-hike to Huolushan ~s Your suggestion to hitch-hike to Huolushan ~s

me as ridiculous because there are very few cme as ridiculous because there are very few cars traveling there.ars traveling there.

• Kate’s idea about gaining their point indirecKate’s idea about gaining their point indirectly struck me as really great.tly struck me as really great.

strike v. struck, struck; (AmE) struck, stricken

Text B: Stop Being CoyText B: Stop Being Coy

The meaning of the title: The meaning of the title:

• Do away with your shyness. Do away with your shyness.

• Stop being afraid of using plain, Stop being afraid of using plain, simple, direct words.simple, direct words.

• Don’t try to show off by using Don’t try to show off by using big words.big words.

• Call a spade a spade. Call a spade a spade.

euphemismseuphemisms• Test A is a very short piece of exposition, while Text B is Test A is a very short piece of exposition, while Text B is

a short, forceful piece of argumentative writing to show a short, forceful piece of argumentative writing to show the writer’s attitude towards the use of euphemisms. the writer’s attitude towards the use of euphemisms.

What is euphemism?What is euphemism?• Euphemism is an example of the use of a pleasanter, lesEuphemism is an example of the use of a pleasanter, les

s direct name for something thought to be unpleasant.s direct name for something thought to be unpleasant.What is the major function of euphemism?What is the major function of euphemism?• Euphemisms are usually used to replace words Euphemisms are usually used to replace words

associated with subjects that are ”associated with subjects that are ”sensitivesensitive”, ”, ““tabootaboo” such as die, sex, madness and so on ” such as die, sex, madness and so on which make the hearers upset and embarrassed, in which make the hearers upset and embarrassed, in order to beautify the facts and realities/to avoid order to beautify the facts and realities/to avoid unpleasantness. unpleasantness.

Some examples in ChineseSome examples in Chinese

•“ 老王，最近又发福咯。要突破 130 大关了吧。”

•“ 王先生，您看起来总是那么仙风道骨。有什么秘诀吗？”

•猪肝 vs. 猪红，猪润•吉屋出租

Reading and understandingReading and understanding

Task 1Task 1: Read the text in : Read the text in 10 minutes10 minutes and answer the question: is the writer and answer the question: is the writer for or against “euphemism”? Give for or against “euphemism”? Give your reasons why you say so. (p.24)your reasons why you say so. (p.24)

Task 2Task 2: Make a list of all the words : Make a list of all the words and phrases found in the text that and phrases found in the text that ordinary people will use and their ordinary people will use and their corresponding euphemisms. corresponding euphemisms.

ordinary wordsordinary words euphemismseuphemisms1. an old man2. cripple3. old-age pension4. raise vegetable on an allotment 5. die6. going on strike7. being bloody-minded8. white arse9. poor10. ill11. stupid12. dole13. Ministry of War14. talk

15. pet

1. a senior citizen2. a disabled man3. retirement pension4. rent a leisure garden5. pass away6. withdrawing our services or taking industrial action7. working to rule8. wheatear9. lower income brackets10. under the weather11. low IQ12. unemployment benefit13. Ministry of Defence14. have a dialogue15. companion animal

harsh harsh expressioexpressionn

eueuphemismphemismgoodgood ＋＋ speech speech ＝ ＝ word of good omen 吉言

diedie

•pass away

•pass to the other side

•go to meet your maker

•find a happy release

•breathe one’s last

•go west

•snuff it

•leave this world

•kick the bucket

•join the great (silent) majority

•the deceased, the departed

•the late Mr. …

euphemismeuphemism

•less developed less developed countriescountries

•economically economically depriveddeprived

•lowlow-income dresses

•negative savings

•chemical dependency

harsh expressionharsh expression

•developing/poor countries

•poor

•cheap/shabby clothes

•debts

•drug addiction

Language pointsLanguage points

1. vast quantities of1. vast quantities of = lots of = lots of• To express the idea of ‘many’:To express the idea of ‘many’: many a, a great/good many, countless, many a, a great/good many, countless,

numerous, a large number of, large numbers numerous, a large number of, large numbers of, dozens of, masses of, scores ofof, dozens of, masses of, scores of

• To express the idea of ‘much’:To express the idea of ‘much’: a great/good deal of, a large/great amount of, a great/good deal of, a large/great amount of,

large/great amounts of, large/great amounts of, • modify both the idea of ‘many’ and modify both the idea of ‘many’ and

‘much’:‘much’: a lot of, lots of, plenty of, a large quantity of, a lot of, lots of, plenty of, a large quantity of,

large quantities of, a supply of, supplies of large quantities of, a supply of, supplies of

2. work to rule2. work to rule to obey the rules of one’s work exacto obey the rules of one’s work exac

tly in such a way that one causes incontly in such a way that one causes inconvenience to others (usu. these rules arvenience to others (usu. these rules are informally changed for convenience), e informally changed for convenience), in order to give force to a claim for morin order to give force to a claim for more money, shorter working hours, etc. e money, shorter working hours, etc. 按章工作（工作完全照章行事，并以此为借按章工作（工作完全照章行事，并以此为借口对加薪等要求施加压力）口对加薪等要求施加压力）

3. appeal vi.3. appeal vi.(1) attract, move the feelings (1) attract, move the feelings 吸引吸引~ to sb.~ to sb.e.g. This book does not ~ to children.e.g. This book does not ~ to children.Sentence rewriting:Sentence rewriting:• The film attracted many young people.The film attracted many young people.• What he said interested the boys.What he said interested the boys.(2) make an earnest request (2) make an earnest request 请求，呼吁请求，呼吁~ to sb. to do sth./for sth.~ to sb. to do sth./for sth.e.g. e.g. • He ~ed to his friends to help the poor.He ~ed to his friends to help the poor.• She ~ed to me for help.She ~ed to me for help.• The man ~ed to the court for mercy.The man ~ed to the court for mercy.

(3) take the question (to a higher court) for a ne(3) take the question (to a higher court) for a new decision w decision 上诉上诉

~ to (the court) for/against~ to (the court) for/againste.g. e.g. • I will ~ to a higher court against being found guiltI will ~ to a higher court against being found guilt

y.y.• He ~ed to the higher court for a new decision.He ~ed to the higher court for a new decision.• The court has not been ~ed to.The court has not been ~ed to.(4) go to sb. for a decision (4) go to sb. for a decision 请求某人决定，求助于请求某人决定，求助于

……~ to sb./sth.~ to sb./sth.e.g. e.g. • Whenever I have questions, I will ~ to my father.Whenever I have questions, I will ~ to my father.• If you don’t obey me, I’ll ~ to arms/force (= beIf you don’t obey me, I’ll ~ to arms/force (= be

at you).at you).~ to law/reason~ to law/reason

appeal n.appeal n.(1) (1) Make/have much/little/no ~ to sb.Make/have much/little/no ~ to sb.e.g. e.g. • eye-catching ~eye-catching ~• The book has no ~ to me. The book has no ~ to me. (2)(2)make an ~ to sb. to do sth./for sth.make an ~ to sb. to do sth./for sth.e.g. He made an ~ to his father to forgive him/for mercy.e.g. He made an ~ to his father to forgive him/for mercy.(3) (3) make an ~ to the court for/against …make an ~ to the court for/against …(4) (4) make an ~ to sb./sth.make an ~ to sb./sth.e.g. I make an ~ to a dictionary when I have some questione.g. I make an ~ to a dictionary when I have some question

s.s.

appealing adj.appealing adj.(1) causing people’s sympathy (1) causing people’s sympathy 引人同情引人同情

的，打动人心的的，打动人心的e.g. Her ~ eyes made people sympathize wite.g. Her ~ eyes made people sympathize wit

h her.h her.(2) attractive or interesting (2) attractive or interesting 引人兴趣的引人兴趣的e.g. Her ~ appearance made people like her e.g. Her ~ appearance made people like her

at once.at once.

4. for all I care4. for all I care:: in spite of my in spite of my objection, in spite of the fact that objection, in spite of the fact that I object to the use of euphemismI object to the use of euphemism

for all + n./clausefor all + n./clause = in spite of = in spite of

e.g. e.g.

• I’ll do it for all the objections.I’ll do it for all the objections.

• For all his efforts, he didn’t succeed.For all his efforts, he didn’t succeed.

5. do away with:5. do away with: get rid of get rid of

e.g. e.g.

• If atomic cars should be invented in the If atomic cars should be invented in the future, the cars we are using would all future, the cars we are using would all be done away with.be done away with.

• The practice of regarding prize-fighting The practice of regarding prize-fighting as a perfectly proper enterprise and as a perfectly proper enterprise and vehicle of entertainment should be vehicle of entertainment should be done away with immediately.done away with immediately.

Key phrasesKey phrases• a scale of a scale of • command over sth.command over sth.• slide from one to anotherslide from one to another• no more … thanno more … than• go round with a single yardstickgo round with a single yardstick• nothing butnothing but• in this particular instancein this particular instance• disapprove ofdisapprove of• strike sb. as just rightstrike sb. as just right• vast quantities ofvast quantities of• appeal toappeal to• for all …for all …• do away withdo away with

Blank-filling exercises:Blank-filling exercises:

1. The boy’s command ____the skill of catching fish needs to be improved.

2. What will happen if we mix sugar _____vinegar?3. _____this occasion a lady usually keeps silent.4.The criminal was condemned____ death by the

Supreme Court.5. You can address the lady ___her family name.6.The new computer game appealed ____the children.7. My grandpa passed ____long before, leaving my

grandma alone.8.We can’t judge man _____appearances.

Translation exercisesTranslation exercises1.1. 英语有很多文体，我们必须掌握各种文体，并在不同场合使英语有很多文体，我们必须掌握各种文体，并在不同场合使

用不同的文体。用不同的文体。2.2. 有些人反对委婉语的使用，因为它们会造成误解。有些人反对委婉语的使用，因为它们会造成误解。3.3. 他的儿子因抢劫银行被判处无期徒刑。他的儿子因抢劫银行被判处无期徒刑。4.4. 他对原判不服而向上级法院上诉。他对原判不服而向上级法院上诉。5.5. 史密斯太太为她先生的身体健康担忧。史密斯太太为她先生的身体健康担忧。6.6. 当我碰到不懂的词时，我就求助于字典。当我碰到不懂的词时，我就求助于字典。7.7. 如果你不努力学习，你就注定要补考。如果你不努力学习，你就注定要补考。8.8. 新书展览吸引了很多年轻人，因为书展上有很多新的科技书新书展览吸引了很多年轻人，因为书展上有很多新的科技书

籍。籍。9.9. 老师要求说，所有的学生都要在星期五前完成毕业论文的初老师要求说，所有的学生都要在星期五前完成毕业论文的初

稿。稿。10.10. 联合国秘书长呼吁双方克制，以避免战争。联合国秘书长呼吁双方克制，以避免战争。

Suggested key to translation Suggested key to translation exercisesexercises

1.1. There is a wide range of English styles over which we must have a good There is a wide range of English styles over which we must have a good command so that we know how to use each style consistently.command so that we know how to use each style consistently.

2.2. Some people are opposed to the use of euphemisms because they may Some people are opposed to the use of euphemisms because they may cause misunderstandings.cause misunderstandings.

3.3. His son was condemned to life imprisonment for bank robbery.His son was condemned to life imprisonment for bank robbery.4.4. He appealed to the higher court against the original sentence.He appealed to the higher court against the original sentence.5.5. Mrs. Smith is apprehensive for her husband’s health.Mrs. Smith is apprehensive for her husband’s health.6.6. When I come across an unfamiliar/unknown word, I’ll appeal to my When I come across an unfamiliar/unknown word, I’ll appeal to my

dictionary.dictionary.7.7. If you don’t work hard enough, you are condemned to take a make-up If you don’t work hard enough, you are condemned to take a make-up

exam.exam.8.8. The exhibition of new books appealed very much to young people for The exhibition of new books appealed very much to young people for

there are many new publications on science and technology.there are many new publications on science and technology.9.9. The teacher commanded that all students finish the first draft of their The teacher commanded that all students finish the first draft of their

graduation papers before Friday.graduation papers before Friday.10.10. The Secretary General of the United Nations appealed to the two sides The Secretary General of the United Nations appealed to the two sides

to exercise restraint in order to avoid a war. to exercise restraint in order to avoid a war.

WritingWriting

Write a 150-word essay with the Write a 150-word essay with the following title:following title:

A couch tomatoA couch tomato

or or

a bookworm?a bookworm?